Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

A Case Study in Majalengka Regency, Indonesia

Ilhamdaniah 1 and Bayu Erfianto2
1 2

Department of Architecture, Universitas Komputer Indonesia (UNIKOM), West Java, Indonesia Faculty of Informatics,TELKOM Institute of Technology (IT TELKOM), West Java, Indonesia

Key words: Abstract:

GIS, Spatial Database, Decission Support Tool, Spatial Planning This paper focus on the development of GIS spatial database as a tool for decision support in spatial planning in Majalengka Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The spatial planning and decision support tool in this paper is limited to the development of spatial database that enhance the use and application of geo-information in planning and decision support. WebGIS used further as tool for disseminating the spatial database to stakeholders outside the government agency.

1. 1.1

INTRODUCTION Background

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (BAPPEDA) Majalengka or Agency for Regional Development, is government planning agency responsible for spatial planning in Majalengka Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. In recent practise, BAPPEDA depends on paper-based map to do spatial planning. Difficulties occur while the plan involves the integration of environmental, societal, and economical aspects into the spatial planning process. Not all paper-map and supporting attribute data is available and easy to access. GIS had not been used and introduced in BAPPEDA Majalengka. There is a need for a decision aid to make use of development in various related fields and provide facility to support planning and decision-making processes. 1

DDSS 2008

Figure 1. Location of Majalengka Regency in Indonesia

On the other hand, GIS technology has been used by planners to prepare plans and to research, develop, implement and monitor the progress of their plans. Once the spatial database is ready, GIS tools enable design and map spatial plans on local, county, regional and even on state level. Through GIS, project planners have possibility to search, interconnect, inspect and analyze data for expert studies. GIS can be used for environmental analysis, social analysis and economical analysis, as long as the data is spatial. In terms of spatial planning, GIS can be used in land-use analysis, location analysis, and infrastructure analysis. There are advantages of GIS in spatial planning, among those are less time consuming in analytical step; enable faster and easier decision making; easier control over project; easier data addition, data updating, data management; easier comparison with other spatial plans; faster data exchange with other planning agencies, etc. Once the spatial database is developed, the planning agency can use it as tool of spatial planning. Therefore, GIS is introduced in Majalengka as a tool for government to assist spatial planning. GIS is introduced gradually. The development of spatial database using GIS in Majalengka Regency is a multi year project. The initial stage is developing the simple spatial database in the first year, converting the paper map and statistical data and incorporate them into the database. This task is tidious, labor intensive. The next step is to share the spatial database among the department in Majalengka district, so that the data can be used with the same data format. The information can interchangeable among the planning agencies in Majalengka. Furthermore the data can be used in the analytical step of spatial planning in Majalengka, such as land-use analysis, suitability location analysis, and infrastructure analysis, etc.

Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

1.2

Objectives

The spatial database development in BAPPEDA Majalengka Regency aims at developing and applying innovative systems allowing for enhanced integration of environmental, societal, and economical aspects into the spatial planning process using GIS as tool of analysis. The overall goal is to support informed decision-making in the context of spatial planning and spatial development in government planning agency of Majalengka.

2. 2.1

REVIEW ON GIS DATABASE DEVELOPMENT AND DISSEMINATION GIS Utilization in Urban Planning

Spatial planning can be implemented in different domains such as urban and regional development, water resource management, natural resource management. It depends on data availability. Application of urban/rural spatial planning using GIS are as follows: demand and supply projection, suitability assessment, allocation and evaluation, generic techniques to develop customized design of site location, location allocation, land use selection and land use allocation. Typical GIS applications in the urban planning and management are divided into three businesses: inquiry on the content of urban plan decision, register management, and planning. The most successful GIS application in the local government is an inquiry system on the content of urban plan decision (Hiroyuki, 2004). This kind GIS application also can be incorporated in GIS Majalengka Regency once it is established.

2.2

Development of GIS Spatial Database

A complete database schema will contain much more information than merely a data dictionary and table/relationships diagrams.The elements such as queries, reports and forms, optional metadata, and so on, are all part of a schema. A well-designed database can support a very wide range of reports, input forms, queries, and workflows. It is the design of the tables and the relationships between them that is at the core of the schema.

DDSS 2008

2.3

Disseminating the Spatial Information

To share the database and disseminate the spatial information to public, the spatial database can be shared through web. This needs the development of webGIS-based system, integrating GIS and web, by utilizing the webGIS opensource software. The development of a Web-based system by integrating GIS and Relational DataBase Management System would serve two purposes. Firstly it would allow the user to operate the system without having to grapple with the underlying intricacies of GIS and RDBMS technology. Secondly, it would allow sharing of information and technical expertise among a wide range of users (Raghavan, 2001).

3. 3.1

METHODOLOGY Framework

To develop Spatial Database Infrastructure for Decission and Planning purpose, in this paper, we develop a framework as a guideline of steps. The framework is depicted in the following figure.
Preparation

1
Reviewing Policy and Existing Literature Review Paperbased Map Numeric data

Data conversion

Field Survey/ Ground check

Creating GIS spatial map

Non spatial/ Attribute data entry

3
GIS Data dissemination trough webGIS

GIS spatial database

GIS spatial analysis

Decission & Planning based on GIS

Figure 2. Projects Framework

Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

In general, the steps can be clustered into three groups of action. First, developing spatial database; secondly, utilization of spatial database to perform spatial analysis and supporting decision making; and thirdly, dissemination of spatial data and information resulted from the analysis and planning process to public.

3.2
3.2.1

Preparation and Data Gathering

Preparation

In the preparation process, we identify the problems and the requirement to develop GIS spatial database infrastructure as the initial point. The following steps are literature review, reviewing existing system, numerical data gathering, and spatial data gathering. The data retrieved usually in the paper-based format, or in other format not compatible with GIS data format. Therefore, data conversion must be carried out.

3.2.2

Data Sources

The source of data is obtained from the Majalengka municipal office and from some government agencies. Mostly the data are still in paper-based format, not digitally processed. Some data have digital copy, but with different level of accuracy. Some data can be converted to .shp files, however still need further editing, georeferencing, etc. It is important to identify problems, especially at the source data level, since it is usually the easiest and cheapest to correct errors prior to data conversion. Problems with digital data accuracy resulting from source data flaws, are bound to arise.
Table 1. Data Source Data Source BAPPEDA (Majalengka Development Agency) Data Details  Statistics of Majalengka 2005  Statistics of Majalengka 2007  Administrative Map  Landuse Map  Digitized Map  Poverty Data 2008


Data Usage in Database As attribute data to be intregated into spatial database

To create GIS Tematic map

Badan Pusat Statistik (National Statistic

Demographic Data 2006 (23 Subdistricts)

As attribute data to be intregated into spatial database

6
Data Source Bureau) Data Details  Demographic Data 2008 (26 Subdictricts)  Subdistricts Poverty Data  Demographic Data 2006 (23 Subdistricts)
 

DDSS 2008
Data Usage in Database

Dinas Kependudukan (Majalengka Demographic Agency) Dinas Permukiman dan Prasarana Wilayah (Regional Residential and Infrastructure Agency) Dinas Pendidikan (Agency of Education) Dinas Kesehatan (Majalengka Health Office) Dinas Pertanian dan Perikanan (Majalengka Agriculture and Fishery Office) Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan (Majalengka Foresrty and Plantation Office) Dinas Pariwisata (Majalengka Tourism Ofiice)

As attribute data to be intregated into spatial database To create Landuse Map in GIS To create map of Road Network in GIS As attribute to be intregated into spatial database To create spatial location of Health Facility in GIS Map To create spatial map of agriculture commodity distribution Attributes of agriculture commodity in GIS Map To create spatial location and attributes of Forestry and Plantation commodity in GIS Map To create spatial location of tourist attraction in GIS Map

Landuse Map Map of Network Road

    

 

Statistics of Education 2008/2009 Schools in subdistricts Health Facility Location of Health Facility Tematics map of Agriculture commodity, Husbandry and Fishery Statictics of Agriculture commodity 2004-2008 Statistics of Foresty and Plantation

  

Tourism Development Plan 2008 Cultural Tourism Map Map of Tourism Attraction

Usually, the source data used for a project are not in the proper format required for the best possible data result. Problems arise when the source data for a certain data layer consists of maps which are at various scales. These various scale differences can create error when these digitized layers are joined into a single layer. Other problems arise when there are not adequate control points found upon map sheets in order to accurately register coverages while they are being digitized. Procedures for dealing with all known source data problems need to be specified prior to the start of data conversion.

Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

3.3

Database Development Process

A database construction process is divided into two major activities, which are creation of digital files from maps, air photos, sattelite imagery, tables and other source documents; and organization of the digital files into a GIS database.

3.3.1

Initial Database Development

The critical part of an initial database development is building database schema. Database schema is a diagram that shows the relationships among the various tables in the database. Relationships have a property called cardinality that describes the type of relationship, which are: one to one, one to many, and many to many.

3.3.2

Data Conversion

The process of data convertion incorporate the process of manual digitizing, scanning, raster to vector conversion, and overlaying vector format data with a geo-referenced backdrop image (hybrid solution). Here are the description of the process. Manual digitizing involves the use of a digitizing tablet and cursor tool. The work is time-consuming and labor intensive. Traditional data conversion efforts are based on producing a vector data file compiled by manually digitizing paper maps. Vector data provides a high degree of GIS functionality by associating attributes with map features, allowing graphic selections, spatial queries and other analytical uses of the data. Scanning converts lines and text on paper maps into a series of picture elements or pixels. The higher the resolution of the scanned image (more dots per square-inch), the smoother and more accurately defined the data will appear. One of the main advantages to scanning is that the user sees a digital image that looks identical to their paper maps, complete with notes, symbology, text style and coffee stains, etc (Hodgkinson, 2001). Overlaying vector format data with a geo-referenced backdrop image is also done to produce the map. The combined display solution could show the vector map features and their attributes and an exact replica of the scanned source material. Entire maps can be vectorized from the geo-referenced scanned images. This process is called incremental conversion. It allows the county to convert scanned raster data to vector formatted data on an asneeded basis (Hodgkinson, 2001).

DDSS 2008

3.3.3 Attri

te Data E try
 

4. 4.1

SPAT AL DATABASE DE EL PME T GIS Maps and Spatial Database

           

T emati maps are t e isuali ation of t e spatial data and attribute ad been developed in t e initial stage. T e t emati map is data w i produced by adding layers of object into a map. T ematic maps serve t ree primary purposes. First t ey provide specific information about particular locations. econd, t ey provide general information about spatial patterns. T ird, t ey can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps. T e t ematic maps of Majalengka include t e map of road infrastructure, map of population distribution, map of landcover, map of landuse, map of precipitation, etc, accross all region of Majalengka Regency.         

Fi

3. Left: Road infrastructure. Right: population distribution

added t t e database by j ining a table Additi l ttri t data an w i ntains t e new attributes t an existing table already in t e G T n field ust be resent Most G j in t ese tables t get er a software an t en use t e resulting table to display t e new attributes linked to t e entities. T ere are arious sour es for building an attribute database for a G .  

   # "!

Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

Figure 4. Left: Landuse map. Right: precipitation accross Majalengka

4.2

Spatial Analysis in GIS

Performing simple analytical process from various layers can be done in GIS environment. As an example, by overlaying the built-up area map on top of forestry/plantation area can give information regarding to the villages which depend upon the forest production as their source of income.

Figure 5. Left: Map resulted from overlaying layer of built-up area on top plantation area. Right: Critical forest area in Majalengka.

10

DDSS 2008

By overlaying plantation area on top of soil type map, precipitation map, altitude map, can give information regarding to the suitability of certain plantation commodity to be planted in certain area.

Figure 6. Left: Overlay Map of Soil Type and Forest & Plantation Area. Right: Overlay Map of Soil Type and Altitude

The distribution of education facilities and health care facilities in Majalengka are one of the thematic map resulted. They are depicted in figure below. These facilities were mapped ward-wise and analysed in GIS environment in order to ascertain the population and utilization of various resources. The buffer analysis can be done to calculate accessibility of people to the education or health care facility.

Figure 7. Distribution of education facilities and health care facilities

Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

11

5.

OUTPUT

The output of this spatial database development are thematic maps and spatial database which contain the attribute data describing the entity in the map. The layers in GIS spatial database furthermore can be used to perform analytical process to support planning process and decision making process.

5.1

GIS Spatial Database as Tool for Forestry Analysis and Decision Support

Spatial database and maps resulted from this process can be used for analysis, and furthermore the result of analysis can lead to help decision making. In this case, the department which already utilize the spatial database and GIS map in planning is Department of Forestry. They utilize the data from Majalengka spatial database to decide the proper plantation comodity to plant in each district in Majalengka.
Table 2. Suitability analysis in forestry planning Subdistrict Soil Type Altitude (M dpl) Argapura Andosol 600 3000 0-15, 15-40, >40 Lereng Precipit ation 3000 4500 Recommended Plants
y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Banjaran

Andosol Latosol

&

600 1800

0-15, 15-40, >40

2500 3500

Bantarujeg

Latosol

&

100 1200

0-15 15-40 >40%

3000 3500

Brownforest

Bamboo Clove Coffee Gnetum Patchouli Murbei Coconut Sugar Palm Murbei Clove Candlenut Tea Tobacco Coffee Sugar Palm Patchouli Patchouli Bamboo Tea Tobacco Sugar Palm Coffe

12

DDSS 2008

Besides the plantation, the data can be utilized for forestry planning. From the analysis, the forestry planning agency can propose for available development project for forest resources sustainable utilization for the forest farm. This also provides the plan for protection and management of forest resources and the strategy of sustainable forestry development with scientific foundation from spatial data analysis.

5.2

Dissemination of Spatial Database through Web (WebGIS)

Spatial plans designed in GIS and spatial database developed, furthermore are published through GIS Web services. The web-based GIS provides a user-friendly tool for local decision makers, regional planners and other stakeholders in understanding and visualizing the various dimensions to be considered in spatial planning and development. The webGIS is linked in the website of BAPPEDA Majalengka, in the following address: http://bappeda.majalengkakab.go.id. The webGIS application is called Infrastruktur Data Spasial Daerah (IDSD) Majalengka. The further project is to link the GIS database of Majalengka with the national spatial data infrastructure or Jaringan Data Spasial Nasional (JDSN), so that the data can be shared and used to broader stakeholders, for spatial planning purposes.

Figure 8. Visualization of webGIS page of Majalengka Regency

Development of GIS Spatial Database as Decision Support Tool in Spatial Planning

13

6.

CONCLUSION

The spatial database development in BAPPEDA Majalengka Regency aims at developing and applying innovative systems allowing for enhanced integration of environmental, societal, and economical aspects into the spatial planning process using GIS as tool of analysis. In the initial stage, the spatial database development is a priority. In the next stage, the spatial database can be used in various spatial analysis using GIS, and can be used in assisting decision-making process. The planning information furthermore published through webGIS of Majalengka Regency, and the data are interchangeable to various planning agencies and public. The overall goal is to support informed decision-making in the context of spatial planning and spatial development in government planning agency of Majalengka.

7.

REFERENCES

Anthony Gar-On Yeh,2008,GIS as Planning Support System for the Planning of Harmonious City,UN HABITAT Lecture Award Series, United Nations Human S ettlements Programme, Nairobi. Fazal, Shahab,2008,GIS Basics, New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi. Hodgkinson, Eva , 2001, Developing a GIS Database in MsAccess and ArView 3.2 for Hazard Vulnerability Assessment, USAID. Hiroyuki, Kohsaka, 2000, Applications of GIS to urban planning and management: Problems facing Japanese local governments, GeoJournal, Volume 52 (3), Springer Netherlands Publisher, p.271-280, http://www.springerlink.com/content/h518pp7nu8766567/ retrieved April 27th 2010. Raghavan V., Santitamont P., et al, 2000, Implementing Web GIS Applications using Open Source Software, http://www.gisdevelopment.net/technology/gis/techgi0062.htm retrieved April 26th 2010. Agency for Regional Development of Majalengka, 2009, Laporan Akhir Penyusunan Infrastruktur Data Spasial Daerah Kabupaten Majalengka , Majalengka. Majalengka Forestry Agency, 2009, Laporan Akhir Pemetaan Potensi dan Arahan Penataan Kawasan Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Kabupaten Majalengka, Majalengka. Biro Pusat Statistik Majalengka, 2005, Statistics of Majalengka 2005. Biro Pusat Statistik Majalengka, 2007, Statistics of Majalengka 2007. Biro Pusat Statistik Majalengka, 2009, Statistics of Majalengka 2009. Agency for Regional Developm ent of West Java, 2009, Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Jawa Barat 2010-2015. Agency for Regional Development of Majalengka, 2009, Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah Kabupaten Majalengka 2010-2015.