Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
by Michael Montero
Introduction to DOE
Part 1 Full Factorial Design and Analysis Part 2 Fractional Factorial Design and Analysis Part 3 3-Level and Mixed-Level Design and Analysis
M. G. Montero
DOE Capability
Q: Why perform them? A: When deterministic reasoning on a system can not accurately describe all contributing factors that simultaneously effect the systems response for given a range of conditions. DOE Capability
Treatment or factor level comparison Detecting significant variables which effect the response the most Variable screening Detect most active main effects from larger set of variables Initial experiment followed by detailed DOE Response surface exploration Model building System optimization Finding minima, maxima to optimize response System robustness Identify robust factors to minimize variation in response
M. G. Montero
Goal: Adjust process parameters to maintain as close as possible to nominal thickness (14.5 m) while minimizing variation. Responses: 1) Signal = Average thickness measurements 2) Variation = Dispersion of thickness observations
14.5 m
E(L(y,o )) = cVar ( y ) + c[ E ( y )]2 2co E ( y ) + co 2 E(L(y,o )) = cVar ( y ) + c[ E ( y )]2 2co E ( y ) + co 2 E(L(y,o )) = cVar ( y ) + c( E ( y ) o ) 2
M. G. Montero
L(y,o ) = c(y o )2
L(y,o)
Factors
Replicates
Randomized Tests
M. G. Montero
1) Multiply desired effect column by response column element by element 2) Sum terms 3) Divide sum by total number of positive or negative 1s
Example (Layer Thickness Response) 1) Column ABCD x yave = {+13.59, -14.59,-14.05, +14.24, -13.94, .} 2) Sum = 13.59 + (-14.59) + (-14.05) + 14.24 + (-13.94) + ... 3) Effect of ABCD = Sum/8 = 0.0359
M. G. Montero
B+
A-
B-
A+
UC-Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering M. G. Montero
1 1 ythickness = AVE + (Main Effect of B)xB + (Main Effect of C)xC 2 2 1 + (Interaction Effect of BC)x BC 2
t = student-t statistic = confidence (typically .05) DOF = total DOF from observations Effect = Any effect value
M. G. Montero
Hierarchical Ordering Lower order effects are more likely to be important than higher order effects Probability of higher order effects being significant is low Analogous to Taylor expansion series Effects of the same order are equally likely to be important Typically in mechanical systems, 3-factor interactions or higher tend have a lower tendency of appearing significant within DOEs Effect Sparsity (Box and Meyer, 1986) Number of relatively important effects in a factorial experiment is small vital few and the trivial many Effect Heredity In order for an interaction to be significant, at least one of its parent factors should be significant (Wu and Hamada, 1992) Predictive models which contain interactions should always include main effects of the interacting variables even if main effects are not significant.
Part 1 Full Factorial Design and Analysis Part 2 Fractional Factorial Design and Analysis Part 3 3-Level and Mixed-Level Design and Analysis
M. G. Montero
time
4 pm
25
Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 A + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + B + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + C + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + D + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + E + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A + + + +
5 2III 2
B + + + + C + + + + D + + + + E + + + +
M. G. Montero
Design : 2
4 1 IV
Basic Factors
Added Factors Added factor D is confounded or aliased with three factor interaction of basic factors A, B, and C. Column D is generated by the column multiplication of A, B, and C.
UC-Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering M. G. Montero
D + ABC, Design Generator D(D) + (ABC)D, Multiply both sides by D I + ABCD, Defining Relation Ave + ABCD Effect A + BCD Effect B + ACD Effect C + ABD Effect D + ABC Effect AB + CD Effect AC + BD Effect AD + BC Word Defining relation is used to identify confounding patterns within effect estimates. Multiply effect variable through defining relation.
Smallest word within defining relation determines resolution of design I + ABCD Word length is 4, therefore resolution is IV:
4 2IV1
UC-Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering
Resolution will quickly tell you to what degree of confounding exists within your design of experiment:
Resolution III: Main effects and 2-factor interactions are confounded Resolution IV: Main effects and 3-factor interactions are confounded and 2-factor interactions are confounded with each other Resolution V: Main effects and 4-factor interactions are confounded and 2-factor interactions are confounded with 3-factor interations Ave + ABCD Effect A + BCD Effect B + ACD Effect C + ABD Effect D + ABC Effect AB + CD Effect AC + BD Effect AD + BC
M. G. Montero
Part 1 Full Factorial Design and Analysis (2 levels) Part 2 Fractional Factorial Design and Analysis (2 levels) Part 3 Software Introduction and 3-Level or Higher Designs
M. G. Montero
DOE Specific
UC-Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering M. G. Montero
Windows Based (Windows 9x, NT, and 2000) Spreadsheet-like interface and command line interface User-friendly menus 2k full and fractional factorial designs (regular and non-regular) Response surface building Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Multiple linear regression Statistical Process Control (SPC), time-series analysis (autoregression) Reproducibility and Repeatability (R&R) And more...
M. G. Montero
Select # of Factors
5
UC-Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering M. G. Montero
Design Selection
M. G. Montero
2441
UC-Berkeley, Mechanical Engineering M. G. Montero
Statistical Literature
Experimental Design and Optimization
Box, G. E. P., Hunter, W. G. and Hunter, J.S., Statistics for Experimenters: An Introduction to Design, Data Analysis, and Model Building, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, 1978. Devor, R. E., Chang, T. and Sutherland, J. W., Statistical Quality Design and Control: Contemporary Concepts and Methods, Macmillan, 1992. Ross, P. J., Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 1996. Wu, C. F. J. and Hamada, M., Experiments: Planning, Analysis, and Parameter Design Optimization, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, 2000. Myers, R. H. and Montgomery, D. C., Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments, Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics, 1995
M. G. Montero