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GENERATION
SUB-TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
DEFINATIONS
SUBSTATION:AN ASSEMBLAGE OF EQUIPMENT THROUGH WHICH ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN BULK IS PASSED FOR THE PURPOSE OF SWITCHING OR MODIFYING ITS CHARACTERISTICS
SWITCHYARD:AN ASSEMBLAGE OF SWITCHES, POWER CIRCUIT BREAKERS, BUSES AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT THAT IS USED TO COLLECT POWER FROM THE GENERATORS OF A POWER PLANT AND DISTRIBUTE IT TO THE TRANSMISSION LINES AT A LOAD POINT. AS FAR AS STRUCTURES ARE CONCERNED, THE TERMS SUBSTAION AND SWITCHYARD WILL BE USED INTERCHANGEABLY.
Switchyard Type
Conventional Air Insulated Type. Gas Insulated type. Outdoor Gas Insulated type.
Switchyard Type
AIR INSULATED SUBSTATION : AN AIR INSULATED SUBSTATION OR SWITCHYARD HAS THE INSULATING MEDIUM OF AIR
BUSWORK SYSTEM
RIGID BUS SYSTEM :An Extruded Metallic Conductor. The conductor material is usually an aluminum alloy / also be Copper.
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCE
ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES PROVIDE THE PHYSICAL SEPRATION NEEDED FOR PHASE-TO-PHASE, PHASE-TO-STRUCTURE AND PHASE-TO-GROUND AIR GAPS TO PROVIDE SAFE WORKING AREAS AND TO PREVENT FLASHOVERS.
SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCE
SHORT-CIRCUIT FORCES ARE STRUCTURE LOADS THAT ARE CAUSED BY SHORTCIRCUIT CURRENTS. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS ARE THE RESULT OF ELECTRICAL FAULTS CAUSED BY EQUIPMENT OR MATERIAL FAILURE, LIGHTNING OR OTHER WEATHER-RELATED CAUSES, AND ACCIDENTS
GENERAL DEFINITION:
TRANSFORMER IS AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE THAT TRANSFERS ENERGY FROM ONE CIRCUIT TO ANOTHER BY MAGNETIC COUPLING WITH NO MOVING PARTS TRANSFORMERS ARE USED TO CONVERT BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW VOLTAGES, TO CHANGE IMPEDANCE, AND TO PROVIDE ELECTRICAL ISOLATION BETWEEN CIRCUITS
TRANSFORMER FOUNDATION
fs = w.Lc2 8.T fs = maximum conductor sag (m) wi = weight of conductor (kg/m) Lc = conductor span length (m) T = tension per conductor (kg)
These sub station land is initially selected and the final level to be kept for construction of substation is decided on the basis of contour survey of the sub station land. So that the land development is carried out economically. The land development is then carried out accordingly The sub station equipments and gantry foundations are then cast. The control room is also constructed as per drawing.
-: Design Example :Design a Single Phase Bus Support for a Substation in Nagpur, given the following information,
Height of Bus Centerline above foundation = 5.5 m Schedule 40 aluminum bus = 100 mm (mass = 5.51 kg/m) Maximum Short Circuit force = 550 N/m Short Circuit reduction factor = 0.66 Bus Support Spacing = 6.0 m Insulator Height (hi) = 2.0 m Insulator Diameter (Di) = 0.28 m Insulator Weight (Wi) = 140 kg Basic Wind Speed (Vb) = 33 m/sec (Zone = 1) Reliability level = 2 (Return period of design loads 150 yrs) Terrain Category = 2
LATTICE STRUCTURE DETAILS:Main Leg = ISA65x65x6 @ 5.8kg/m Bracing, Inclined = ISA45x45x5 @ 3.4kg/m Plan = ISA45x45x5 @ 3.4kg/m Part of Structure = 04 Each Part Length = 850 mm Inclined Length = 931 mm Back to Back of Str. = 380 mm
Short-Circuit Loading: Fsc = 6.0 m x 0.66 x 550 N/m Fsc = 2178 N Mom @ Base = 5.5 m x 2178 N Mom @ Base = 11979 N.m
Wind Loading : IS 802 (Part 1 / Sec 1) :1995, Basic wind speed Vb = 33 m/sec Metrological Reference wind speed VR is, VR = Vb / K0 , where K0 = 1.375 (cl. 8.2 pg 3) VR = 33 / 1.375 = 24 m/sec Design wind speed Vd = VR x K1 x K2, Where K1 = Risk Coeff. (cl. 8.3.1) K1 = 1.08 (Table 2) Where K2 = Terrain roughness coeff. (cl.8.3.2) K2 = 1.00 (Table 3) Design wind speed Vd = 24 x 1.08 x 1.0 = 25.92 m/sec
Wind Loading :Design wind pressure Pd = 0.6 Vd2 (cl. 8.4) Pd = 0.6 x 25.92 x 25.92 = 403.11 N/sq.m ============================================== Wind load on Conductor Fwc (cl 9.2) Fwc = Pd x Cdc x L x d x Gc, Where, Cdc = Drag coeff, taken as 1.0 for conductor L = wind span, being sum of half the span on either side of supporting point in meters d = diameter of cable / tube Gc = gust response factor (Table 7) = 1.83 Fwc = 403.11 x 1.0 x 6 x 0.1 x 1.83 Fwc = 442.615 N (737.7 N/sq.m)
Wind Loading : Wind load on Insulator Strings (Fwi) :- (cl 9.3) Fwi = Cdi x Pd x Ai x Gi Where, Cdi = drag coeff to be taken as 1.2 Ai = 50 % of the area of insulator string projected on a plane which is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the string Gi = Gust response factor (Table 6) = 1.92 Fwi = 1.2 x 403.11 x 0.5 x 2 x 0.28 x 1.92 Fwi = 260.1 N (928.8 N/sq.m)
Wind Loading : Wind on structure Fwt = Pd x Cdt x Ae x Gt Where, Cdt = Drag coeff for panel under consideration against which the wind is blowing . Values of Cdt for different solidity ratios are given in Table 5. Solidity ratio () is equal to the effective area of a frame normal to the wind direction divided by the area enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the wind direction. Solidity ratio () = Aeff / Agross Ae = Total net surface area of the legs, bracing, cross arms and secondary members of the panel projected normal to the face in m2 Gt = Gust response factor, Table 6
Nos 2 4 4
Solidity Ratio () = Ae / Ag = 0.678 / 1.292 = 0.525 Drag Coeff Cdt = 2.0 (Table 5) Gt = 1.92 (Table 6) Fwt = 403.11 x 2 x 0.678 x 1.92 Fwt = 1049.50 N (1547.92 N/sq.m)
Wind load summary :Description Wind on Bus (Fwc) Wind on Insulator (Fwi) Wind on Structure (Fwt) Totals Force (N) 442.62 260.1 1049.5 1752.22 Lever Arm (m) 5.5 4.4 1.7 Moment @ Base (N.m) 2434.41 1144.44 1784.15 5363.00
Earthquake Loading:IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Design Horizontal Acceleration Coeff (Ah), Ah = Z I / 2R * Sa/g Z = Zone factor = Zone II = 0.10 (Table 2) I = Importance factor = 1.5 (Table 6) R = Response reduction factor = 4 (Table 7) Sa/g = Avg. response acceleration coeff for rock or soil sites as given by fig 2 & Table 3 based on appropriate natural periods and damping of the structure. Fundamental Natural Period Ta = 0.085 h0.75 Ta = 0.085 x 3.40.75 = 0.213 sec Sa/g = 2.5 Hence, Ah = 0.10 x 1.5 x 2.5 / 2 x 4 = 0.047
Earthquake Loading:IS 1893 (Part 1) : 2002 Design Seismic Base Shear VB = Ah W W = Seismic weight of the structure Description
EQ on Bus EQ on Insulator EQ on Structure
Force (N)
L.A (m)
Totals
6m x 5.51 kg/m x 9.81 5.5 x 0.047 = 15.24 140kg x 9.81 x 0.047 = 4.4 64.55 180kg x 9.81 x 0.047 = 1.7 82.99 162.78
Results: SCF + WL :Force = 2178 + 1752.22 = 3930.22 N Moment @ Base = 11979 + 5363 = 17342 N SCF + EQ :Force = 2178 + 162.78 = 2340.78 N Moment @ Base = 11979 + 508.92 = 12487.92 N The combined loading of wind and short-circuit forces produce the greatest forces and moment at the base design for this condition. Therefore seismic forces are not critical for this structure.
Forces in the Member:Moment at the base causes tension and compression in the chord angles. C = Tensile or Compressive force C = 17342 N.m / [ 2(0.380 2 x 0.0181)] C = 25221.1 N per leg P = Applied load P + C = [140 x 9.81 + 6 x 54] / 4 + 25221.1 P + C = 25645.45 N per leg Forces in bracing member shall be 25 % of the leg member.
Thank you..