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Waste to Energy

Waste to energy (WTE) technologies can use a variety of refuse types and technologies to produce electrical power. The direct use of municipal solid waste (MSW) and refuse derived fuel (RDF) to generate power are addressed in this section. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Latest Developments
Title Summary pubDate 31-May-11 Poland Changes Waste Poland has seven Waste to Energy projects in the pipeline, with calls for Handling Responsibility, tenders for four of these projects currently underway. More WTE Possible EBRD to Support Waste The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is to Energy in Kazahkstan considering establishing a Kazahkstan Waste Management Facility. The two main objectives of the acility will be to provide financing and technical assistance for the realisation of waste-to-energy projects, which will demonstrate the benefits of energy recovery from waste in conjunction with the introduction of modern waste management approaches. Azerbaijan: Substation at WTE Plant Needed Azerbaijani Economic Development Ministry has announced a tender to purchase work on the installation of certain auxiliaries and a 15/110 kV substation to transmit electricity produced at the municipal solid waste incineration plant to the state energy system, the tender commission said recently.

14-Apr-11

04-Apr-11

Slovenia Spreads Renewable Energy Expertise Five Percent of Serbian Electricity From WTE Minister

Under these MoUs, Slovenian entrepreneurs will provide new 28-Nov-10 technologies to develop alternate/renewable energy resources in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for power in this part of the world with special focus on reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Serbia could produce three to five percent of its electric and heat energy 11-Mar-10 from waste, Minister for Mining and Energy Petar kundri says. 25-Nov-09

Latvian Municipal Solid LatgaleMSW facility is offered for sale. Various operating and financing Waste Facility Offered - options are presented. Biogas Options Outlined Russian Wood Waste Thought to be 175M Tonnes Per Year. According to Mikhail Kovalchuk, Director of Moscow's Kurchatov Nuclear Research Institute, 175 million tonnes of wood waste remain unprocessed in Russia annually. The amount of energy that can be produced by this volume of waste would be equivalent to the energy of all petrol consumed in Russia every year.

30-Oct-09

Recycling/Waste to Energy Income Trust International (EITI), a Canadian renewable energy 31-Aug-09 Energy Plant Considered company that develops waste-to-energy projects worldwide, said it plans for Macedonia to invest some $200 million (140 million euro) in a plant for waste recycling and production of renewable energy in Macedonia, Skopjebased media reported on Monday. Russia Considers More Waste to Energy Moscow has turned to generating electricity from its 5 million tones of 18-Apr-09 annual refuse, with plans for 6 new incinerators to turn household waste into watts.

NFI Foksal Fund Wants Warsaw (Puls Biznesu) NFI Foksal wants to win EUR 1.55 billion 23-Aug-07 to Produce Energy From market. It will get rid of waste and produce energy. Foksal will buy 51.05 Waste percent in Energo-Eko. Today, the waste energy is not treated as renewable one but the Ministry of Economy wants to change it. A suitable regulation will be ready this year, Grzegorz Kubica added. In addition, the company will be able to sell rights to emit carbon dioxide. UK-Hungarian Energy Merger British based company ENER-G Plc, has acquired leading Hungarian 27-Jul-06 energy service provider Kipszer Kazntechnolgiai Zrt. ENER-G will bring services such as renewable energy and waste to energy to eastern europe.

Scania's Head of R&D at UITP: Robust Technology for Sustainable Transport

"Existing engine technology combined with a controlled gradual shift to biofuels and increased use of robust hybrid systems will lead the way into a sustainable and affordable public transport system," said Scania's Hasse Johansson at the opening session of the UITP world congress in Rome, recommending the way forward for urban bus transport in the next 15-20 years.

06-Jun-05

Czech Republic: Ministry A request to the Environment Ministry by four German and Austrian ruling on dumping companies seeking permission to export garbage for incineration in appealed Liberec has been denied. Plasma Converter Projects in Poland Startech Environmental Corporation has signed an agreement with Strabag for the design, construction, commissioning and startup for a plasma waste conversion facilty in Poland.

27-Jan-05

02-May-05

Projects
Project Title Veolia Waste to Energy Plant Klaipeda WTE Eesti Energia Tallinn WTE Plant Balakhany MSW WTE Odvoz Wte Szczecin Idm Polgardi Oslavany Strabag Plasma Arc Country-Region Capacity MW Status Poland Lithuania Estonia Azerbaijan Slovakia Poland Hungary Czech Republic Poland 20 5.4 15 8.5 22 4 50 planned planned planned Sponsor Bioleux Polska Fortum Corp. Eesti Energia

under construction CNIM Operating Planned Planned Planned Planned Startech Environmental

Municipal Solid Waste Mass Burn


Converting refuse or MSW to energy can be accomplished by a variety of technologies. The degree of refuse processing determines the method used to convert municipal solid waste to energy. Unprocessed refuse is typically combusted in a water wall furnace (mass burning). After only limited processing to remove non-combustible and oversized items, the MSW is fed on to a reciprocating grate in the boiler. The combustion generates steam in the walls of the furnace, which is converted to electrical energy via a steam turbine generator system. This is similar to coal and biomass furnaces. Other furnaces used in mass burning applications include refractory furnaces and rotary kiln furnaces, which use other means to transfer the heat to the steam cycle or add a mixing process to the combustion. For smaller modular units, controlled air furnaces, which utilize two-stage burning for more efficient combustion, can be used in mass burning applications. Applications The avoided cost of disposal is a primary component in determining the economic viability of a waste to energy facility. For this reason, areas where land costs are high and landfills must be sited far from waste sources are the most likely locations for WTE plants. Large MSW facilities typically process 500 to 3,000 tons of MSW per day, although there are a number of facilities in the 200 to 500 ton per day size range. Resource Availability MSW plants are high capital cost projects that require a cheap and abundant fuel source to operate profitably. For this reason, they are typically cited near large population centers or in areas where land is valued at a premium. The average American generates about 4.5 pounds of garbage per day, most of which would otherwise be sent to landfill.1[1] Similar to biomass, the cost of fuel transportation is a primary factor in the economics of an MSW plant. New plants are usually not

1 [1] EPA, available at: http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/basifact.htm, accessed August 2004.

economically viable unless a high tipping fee can be secured. Environmental Impacts The products of combustion of MSW are similar to those of most organic combustion materials. Particulate matter must be abated and nitrogen oxides can form if the combustion temperature is too high. Unlike coal, the sulfur emissions from MSW are low. One possible emission that is atypical of other fuels is dioxin. The US EPA has ruled that some types of dioxins are carcinogenic. This issue is debated intensely in the scientific community, but MSW plant construction faces opposition in many communities because of it. An obvious benefit of burning MSW is that it reduces landfill deposits. The bottom ash recovered from a MSW furnace is reduced to one-tenth of its original volume.

Refuse Derived Fuel


Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an evolution of MSW technology. Instead of burning the trash in its bulky native form, trash is processed and converted to fluff or pellets for ease of handling and improved combustibility. To ensure a proper mix of fuel, trash is typically sorted to remove metals, heavies and other undesirable materials. The remaining clean trash is conveyed to a mulching facility that shreds the material into small pieces. These pieces are delivered as fuel to a combustor. Due to the extensive pre-processing and sorting of the material, RDF facilities are often considered to be more compatible with local recycling efforts than mass burn facilities. Applications RDF is preferred in many refuse to energy applications because it can be combusted with technology traditionally used for coal. Spreader stoker fired boilers, suspension fired boilers, fluidized bed boilers, and cyclone furnace units have all been utilized to generate steam from RDF. Fluidized bed combustors are often preferred for RDF energy applications due to their high combustion efficiency, capability to handle RDF with minimal processing, and inherent ability to effectively reduce nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide emissions. In all MSW or RDF boiler types, the boiler tube metal temperature must be kept at a temperature less than 800F to minimize boiler tube degradation due to chlorine compounds in the flue gas. Typical RDF facilities process 500 to 2,000 tons of RDF per day (the average amount produced by 200,000 to 800,000 residents). Environmental Impacts RDF faces the same environmental opposition as MSW while providing the same environmental benefits. RDF plants are generally viewed as being more compatible with recycling efforts. RDF plants using fluidized bed technology can potentially achieve lower emissions than mass burn plants.

Economics Economic feasibility of WTE facilities is generally difficult to assess. Costs are highly dependent on transportation, processing, and tipping fees associated with a particular location. Values given in this section should be considered representative of the technology at a generic site.

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