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When you speak into a cellphone, a tiny microphone in the handset converts the up-anddown sounds of your voice

into a corresponding up-and-down pattern of electrical signals. A microchip inside the phone turns these signals into strings of numbers. The numbers are packed up into a radio wave and beamed out from the phones antenna.
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Basic Digital Principles: Modulation

Modulation means to vary or change. In wireless we first take a signal, say a telephone conversation, and then impress it on a constant radio wave called a carrier. Once done the voice signal varies or modulates this radio wave. The two go together over the air. Amplitude Modulation Amplitude modulation means a carrier wave is modulated in proportion to the strength of a signal. The carrier rises and falls instantaneously with each high and low of the conversation. Check out the diagram below. See how the voice current produces an immediate and equivalent change in the carrier. Low frequency commercial broadcast stations in the "A.M band" use amplitude modulation. Most C.B. or citizens band radios use it too. It's a simple, robust method to form a radio wave but it suffers from static and high battery power requirements, reasons enough that few personal communications devices use it. PREPARED BY M.SAKTHIVEL

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Frequency Modulation

An FM signal quality is apparent by listening to the FM band: low distortion, little static, good voice quality and immunity from electrical and atmospheric interference. It's why television audio and analog cellular use it. FM also exhibits a capture effect, whereby the receiver seizes on the strongest signal and rejects any others. That's unlike A.M, with signals fading in and out. What's more, F.M. needs far less power to transmit a signal the same distance than A.M.

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amplitude modulation, which changes the carrier wave by signal strength, and frequency modulation, which converts the originating signal into cycles. Now we look at phase modulation, which changes the angle of the carrier wave. Phase modulation is strictly for digital working and is closely related to F.M. Wireless services use amplitude, frequency, and phase modulation to send both analog or digital radio signals. But what converts an analog signal to digital in the first place? An encoding scheme. Pulse amplitude modulation first measures or samples the strength of an analog signal. Pulse code modulation encodes these plots into binary words, namely 0s and 1s. These binary digits are represented by on and off pulses of electrical energy.

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In wireless technology, a coder inside the mobile telephone converts sound to digital impulses on the transmitting side. On the receiving side it converts these impulses back to analog sounds. A coder or vocoder is a speech analyzer and synthesizer in one. Vocoders are in every digital wireless telephone, part of a larger chip set called a digital signal processor. Sound gets modeled and transmitted on one end by the analyzer part of the vocoder. On the receiving end the speech synthesizer part interprets the signal and produces a close match of the original. In T-1, the backbone of long distance telephone service, a caller's voice gets measured or sampled 8,000 times a second! That produces a highly accurate speech record, at least enough for landline telephones. In making a CD, by comparison, music gets sampled 44,000 times a second. Get what we mean by sampling? We take a numerical record of sound, with T-1, 8,000 times a second, and with a CD, 44,000 times a second. The more samples the more accurate our record.
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Back to sampling. This first step in digitizing is called pulse amplitude modulation or PAM. Amplitude refers to a signal's strength, the relative rise and fall that PAM takes measurements of. These levels, ranging from 0 to 256 in T-1, are plotted against time. After PAM takes its measurements, each sample gets converted to an 8 bit binary code word. It's now put into binary, transmitted by turning on or off an electrical current or light wave. Since this second step encodes the previous information, it is called pulse code modulation or PCM. Putting the measured strength or amplitude into 8 bit code words is also called quantization

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PCM, invented decades ago, isn't efficient for digital wireless working. Radio frequencies are limited in number and size, yet demand for them keeps growing. Data must be sampled and then compressed more effectively to conserve bandwidth .The circuit that does both the initial sampling and compression is called a voice coder, again, part of the digital signal processor or DSP. Many coders support digital speech interpolation or DSI, which gains compression by filling in the gaps during speech pauses. It's said that silence makes up 60% of a conversation,

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"Three methods of digital signal modulation. A digital signal, representing the binary digits 0 and 1 by a series of on and off amplitudes, is impressed onto an analog carrier wave of constant amplitude and frequency." "1) In amplitude-shift keying (ASK), the modulated wave represents the series of bits by shifting abruptly between high and low amplitude." "2) In frequency-shift keying (FSK), the bit stream is represented by shifts between two frequencies." "3) In phase-shift keying (PSK), amplitude and frequency remain constant; the bit stream is represented by shifts in the phase of the modulated signal."
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PREPARED BY M.SAKTHIVEL

Modem(modulator-demodulator) in analogue mobile networks (300 2400 bit/s) CSD(Circuit Switched Data) in GSM networks (9.6 Kbit/s) HSCSD(High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) in GSM networks(28.8, 43.2, or 57.6 Kbit/s) GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) EDGE(Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution) UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) HSPA(High-Speed Packet Access), HSPA+(=Evolved HSPA) LTE, LTE Advanced(Long Term Evolution)

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