National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST)

Laboratory Journal Basic Electrical Engineering (EE-111)

Name:

PN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PNS JAUHAR, HABIB REHMATULLAH ROAD, KARACHI 75350

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Rules for safe practice to avoid Electric Shock. Description on Lab Volt Console.

8. 9. 1 11 12 1 14

Power. y Measuring power in a DC Load. y Maximum power transfer. hevenins heorem. y Experimental verification of Thevenins Theorem. apacitors. y Capacitor testing & Identification. y Capacitor charge and Discharge (RC Time Constants). Introduction to related Instruments. y Function generator. y Oscilloscope. Electric urrent & agnetism. y Magnetic Field produced around current carrying conductor. Induced Force. y Force produced on a current carrying conductor lying in a magnetic field. Electromagnetic Induction y Inducing voltage in a coil. y Polarity of Induced voltage. y Magnitude of Induced Voltage. Voltage & urrent easurement. y To learn the use of AC voltmeters & ammeters. y To measure the effective value of an alternating voltage. y To verify Ohms Law for AC circuits. easuring with the scilloscope. y Measuring ac and dc voltages and frequency. Phase angle, eal & pparent Power. y To study the meaning of phase angle. y To study he relationship b/w real and apparent power. apacitive and Inductive eactance. y To study the behavior of capacitor and inductor in ac circuits. y Capacitive reactive power. y Inductive power.

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6.

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4.

2.

easurement of esistance using olor oding. y Use of Multimeter. y Resistance color code. y Resistance measurement by meter for verification easurement of voltage & urrent. y Using Voltmeter. y Measuring voltage and current. y Control of current by Resistance & Voltage. hms Law. y Experimental analysis of Ohms Law. Series Parallel ircuits. y Characteristics of series parallel circuits. irchhoffs Laws. y Kirchhoffs Voltage Law. y Kirchhoffs Current Law. Voltage urrent haracteristics. y Voltage Current characteristics of filament lamps & radiant heater.

1.

Introduction to Lab Volt onsole & Safety Precautions.

Inspecti n remarks by OI/C of Laboratory

MID SEMESTER ASSESME T

Signature Date:

TERMINAL ASSESMENT
Signature Date:

NOTE This journal is to be put up, complete in all respect for OI/C signature before midterm and terminal examination

PROGRESS REPORT MIDTERM

Max Marks: 10 Date Practical. No. Attendance marks(2) Assessment marks (8) Marks Obtained

Total Marks obtained Average Marks

Remarks: ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ ________________________________

Date : ___________________

Signature Instructor:_________________

Note: For assessment Instructor is to consider: Description, observation, analysis , Lab report, Cleanliness and behavior of the student during the lab session.

PROGRESS REPORT TERMINAL

Max Marks: 10 Date Practical. No. Attendance marks(2) Assessment marks (8) Marks Obtained

Total Marks obtained Average Marks

Remarks: ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ ________________________________

Date : ___________________

Signature Instructor:_________________

Note: For assessment Instructor is to consider: Description, observation, analysis , Lab report, Cleanliness and behavior of the student during the lab session.

EE 111 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 1. Prepared and taught by the Department of Electronic and Power Engineering at PNEC in the academic year 2004 Winter Semester by Lt Cdr Muhammad Ahsan Dar TI(M) PN and edited by Mrs. Beenish Sultana (Instructor EPE Department). 2. There are 18 Lab sessions of 2 contact hours (1 credit hour) each.

Text Books 3. The books used for preparation of this lab manual include the following: a. b. Basic Electricity Lab Manual by Zbar Rockmarker Experiments in basic circuits by David Buchla

Computer Usage 4. lab. Students use the WWW and appropriate search engines to research topics in the course

5. Students will use PSpice to analyze DC circuits. Assignments will be given requiring analysis, by hand, of challenging circuits; then, students will use computer analysis tools to solve the same circuits. These assignments will be graded. Laboratory Make-Up Policy 6. Every student is required to perform all laboratory exercises. Students who miss a lab and are unable to provide documentation excusing them run the risk of failing EE 200 and must see their course instructor immediately. Laboratory Journals 7. You are required to obtain the standard lab journal from stationery office into which data and notes are to be entered during each lab exercise. At the end of each lab exercise you, your lab partner, and the lab demonstrator must sign and date your journal. These journals will be examined periodically by your lab demonstrator and evaluated as part of your laboratory grade. Laboratory Reports 8. Laboratory reports will be due at the beginning of each lab meeting. Work that was performed the previous lab meeting is to be documented and turned in the following week at the beginning of the lab period. 9. Late reports will have points deducted at a rate of 10% per weekday. A report will be considered one day late if it is handed in after the lab has started. No lab reports may be handed in more than one week late. 10. All lab exercises must be performed, and all lab reports must be turned in to pass the course. 11. Laboratory exercises and the writing of laboratory reports are performed in groups. The lab report turned in by each student group must be entirely their own work. In addition, each student group is required to write the statement, We have neither received nor provided any help on the writing of this lab report", and sign their names beneath on the title page of their lab reports.

12. While content is clearly the primary objective, neatness and organization will be weighted significantly in the grading of your lab reports. It is required that you type your lab reports using word processing or type setting tools (LATEX). Circuit diagrams may be hand-drawn, but wires should be drawn using a straight edge. It is recommended that you learn to use Pspice schematic to draw your circuit diagrams and merge the diagrams as postscript files into your LATEX documents Laboratory Report Format 6. Use the following guide for your laboratory report format. Title: On a separate cover page provide the title of the lab exercise, your name, your partner's name, and the date the exercise was performed. On the bottom of the title page, write the phrase "I have neither received nor provided any assistance in the writing of this laboratory report," and sign your name beneath. Abstract: Provide a brief statement (no more than a few sentences) of your results and conclusions obtained from the laboratory exercise. Introduction: Describe the objective and summarize what you did in the laboratory exercise. Analysis: In some of the laboratory exercises you will be required to perform theoretical calculations. In this section, you are to present equations and their solutions as appropriate. If you need to make use of experimental data, you may choose to present this section after the section entitled Experimental Results. Experimental Results: In some of the laboratory exercises you will be required to make various measurements. In this section, you are to present your experimental set-up along with your measurements. State what equipment was used in your measurements and what was measured. Provide diagrams as necessary to illustrate your experimental set-up. Data are usually presented in the form of either a table or a graph. Provide tables, diagrams and figures as appropriate to present your experimental results. Simulation Results: In some of the laboratory exercises you will be required to perform computer simulations using PSpice. In this section, you are to present your simulation results. For details regarding PSpice syntax and numerous examples of the use of PSpice commands you should refer to SPICE for Circuits and Electronics us ing PSpice by Rashid (Limited copies available in the library). In general, you must include the following items in order to receive full credit for this portion of your laboratory reports:
y

Circuit diagram with the nodes labelled as used in the PSpice code, element values and problem statement. A listing of your PSpice code. PSpice and probe output as appropriate. Additional tables and graphs as required to present/illustrate your simulation results.

y y y

Discussion: In this section (if appropriate) you are to compare theoretical, experimental and simulation results. Most measurements will contain some error (difference between theoretical and measured values). Always calculate percent error and then describe possible or known sources of the error. An error percentage of 5% is not uncommon. If the percent error is less than 5%, consider the theory and measurements to coincide. If the error percentage is greater than 5%, it is very likely that something has not been accounted for in the theory or a measurement was not performed properly. Present theoretical values, measured values, simulated values and percent error in the form of a table. Conclusion: In this section you are to state whether the objectives of the lab were met. Were there any errors in measurements that you could not account for? What changes in the lab exercise would you suggest? Please explain and provide justification.

EXPERIMENT # 1
Title Introduction to Schematic diagrams and symbols, Power sources and supplies, Instruments, Tables and reports Objectives a. b. c. d. e. To identify electrical and electronics components from their physical appearance. To draw the circuit symbols for each of the observed components. To familiarize with schematic diagram and breadboards To familiarize with dc power sources and supplies. To familiarize with dc meters.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. Electric components: Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Transformers, Transistors Breadboard Power Supplies Ammeter, Voltmeter, Multimeter

Procedure Part 1 Identification and understanding of Electric Components

Study a relevant book and describe physical features of the components available in lab. Draw the circuit symbol for each part. In describing the part, give its shape, approximate size, characteristic markings (including value, if given), and facilities for mounting (number of leads or lugs). Identify the components physically. Part II Schematic Diagram and Breadboard The schematic diagram is an electronic blue print which tells how the electronic parts are connected in a circuit while a breadboard is a device which allows rapid connection and disassembly of the circuit using the guidelines of schematic diagrams. a. Breadboard the circuit shown in the figure 1.1 and get it graded by the instructor:

Figure 1.1 b. Get another circuit from the instructor and Breadboard it and get it graded by the instructor.

Part III

Familiarization with Laboratory Meters and Power Supplies

The most frequent measurements required in the laboratory are resistance, voltage and current. The meters that will be used during the experiments in this course will be ohmmeter for measuring resistance, voltmeter for voltage, ammeter for current and digital multimeter (DMM) for all the above. To have meters with long range, multiple scales are available for selection by the user. The use of multiple scale metre will be demonstrated by the instructor in the class. By using the LABVOLT test bench, select a resistor and measure its value, then set different values on the power supply and measure the value of voltage under the supervision of the lab demonstrator.

EXPERIMENT # 2
Title Measurement of resistance using Colour Code and Ohmmeter Objectives a. b. c. d. To interpret and record the ohmic value of a resistor when given a colour-coded resistor. To measure the ohmic value of a resistor using an analogue ohmmeter. To measure the ohmic value of a resistor using a digital multimeter. To determine whether a resistor is within its coded tolerance.

Materials Required a. b. 05 assorted colour-coded resistors One potentiometer Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5% 10% 20% Colour Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White Gold Silver No Band

Resistance Value, first three bands

1st digit

2nd digit

Multiplier Tolerance

Tolerance, fourth band

Red 2

Black 0

Orange 0

Silver 10%

Resistor is 20,000 10%

Procedure a. b. Take a resistor from the sample tray provided. Record its COLOUR CODE in column 1 of the table.

c. Determine, using a colour code chart, its Coded Resistance, in units of ohms (the symbol for which is ;). Write this coded resistance in column 2. d. Determine, using the colour code chart, the Tolerance (in percent) of the resistor, and record this tolerance in column 3. e. Using the Coded Resistance and the Tolerance, find the Maximum Coded Resistance, and record this value in column 4. f. Using the Coded Resistance and the Tolerance, find the Minimum Coded Resistance, and record this value in column 5.

g. Using the digital multimeter, set to the Ohms function, measure the resistance of the resistor. Note that you should always adjust the multimeter to obtain as many significant digits as possible. Record the Measured Resistance (using proper;, k; or M; notation) in column 6. The symbol k = kilo = 1,000; the symbol M = mega = 1,000,000. h. By comparing the measured resistance with the maximum and minimum coded resistances, decide if the resistor is within tolerance. Record the result (YES or NO) in column 7. j. Now, repeat steps A through H (on page 1), for 19 other resistors. Choose resistors so that you get several from each of the possible third band colors (gold, black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green).

Resistors Colour Code Coded Tolerance (Record four colour Resistance (%) bands) (; ) Red-Violet-OrangeSilver 27; 10%

Maximum Coded Resistance (;)

Measure Is the Minimum Coded d Resistor Resistance (;) Resistan Within ce (;) Tolerance? YES**

**YES because: 24.3 k; e 25.1k;e29.7k ;

LABORATORY REPORT:

27k+2.7k = 29.7k; 27k-2.7k=24.3k; 25.1 k

E PE IMENT #
Title M Objectives t of DC Volt C t and verifi ation of Ohms Law

a.

Understand use of multimeter to measure dc voltage and current

b. Verify Ohms Law by calculating, and then by measuring voltage, current and resistance, and then comparing the calculated and measured results. c. Verify Ohms Law relationships by increasing one quantity while holding the second quantity constant, then measuring and calculating the effect on the thirdquantity.
Materials equired a. b. c. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies

Procedure 1. Perform the following steps to verify that: CU a. ENT = VOLTAGE DIVIDED BY ESISTANCE

Measure the resistance of the selected resistor with the DMM. R1measured:

b.

Connect the circuit in igure 1 below:

c. mode.

Adjust the power supply voltage to 15.0 V using the DMM set on its DC voltage

d. Measure and record the voltage across the resistor R1 using the procedure of igure 1 and record. VR1:

e.

Look carefully at igure 2: the multimeter is i t t v lt R1 AND t v lt t

tl m mm t .

VR1, i

f. Figure 3 shows the correct way to measure VR1. Make sure that the voltage across R1 is still 15.0 V (it MAY have dropped slightly due to the milli ammeter). g. Measure and record the current through R1. IR1 =

h. Using the measured values of voltage and resistance, calculate the current through R1 using Ohms Law. Show calculations in the space below. (I = V/R) i. IR1 = What conclusion can you make from these procedures?

2.

Perform the following steps to verify that: RESISTANCE EQUALS VOLTAGE DIVIDED BY CURRENT

a. b.

Connect the same circuit as in Figure 3, except change the resistor to R2 Measure and record the voltage across R2 and the current flow through R2.

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it will

661205 3 85 1 3A A 1@ 9532

VR1 =

IR1 =

c. Calculate the resistance of R2 using the measured values of ER1 and IR1 with Ohms Law. Show calculation. R2 = d. Remove R2 from the circuit. Measure and record the resistance of R2 using the multimeter. R2 = e. What conclusion can you make from these procedures?

3.

Perform the following procedures to verify that: VOLTAGE E UALS CURRENT TIMES RESISTANCE

a.

Connect the circuit in Figure 3, except change the resistor to R3.

b. Measure the resistance of this resistor making sure that the resistor is removed from the circuit. R3 = c. Reinsert the resistor into the circuit and measure the current through the resistor.

I R3 = d. Calculate, using Ohms law, the resistor voltage using the measured values of resistance and current. Show calculation below. VR1 = e. Measure the resistor voltage. Record ER1 = f. What conclusion can you make from these procedures?

4.

Perform the following procedures to verify that:

IF THE RESISTANCE IS HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE VOLTAGE WILL INCREASE THE CURRENT a. V. b. Connect the circuit in Figure 3 using a 3.6 k resistor. Set the voltage source to 10.0

Measure the current through the resistor. Record: I=

c. Increase the voltage source to 20 volts and again measure the current through the resistor. Record. I=

d. Based on the results of this procedure, what conclusion can be made about the relationship between voltage and current for a fixed value of resistance?

5.

Perform the following procedures to verify that:

IF THE VOLTAGE IS HELD CONSTANT, INCREASING THE RESISTANCE WILL DECREASE THE CURRENT a. b. Connect the circuit in Figure 3, using resistor R2. Set the voltage source to 10.0 volts. Measure the current through the resistor. Record. I= c. Change the resistor to R1 and again measure the current through the resistor. Record. I=

d. Based on the results of this procedure, what conclusion can be made about the relationship between resistance and current for a fixed value of voltage?

EXPERIMENT # 4
Title Series Circuits Objectives
y For the student to investigate the characteristics of a series circuit. y For the student to verify experimentally, using measured and calculated values, the following series circuit rules: y y y

Total circuit resistance equals the sum of the individual resistances. The current is the same at all points in a series circuit. The sum of the voltage drops equals the source voltage.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values

Information 1. NEVER use an ohmmeter on a live circuit. Voltage from a circuit can damage an ohmmeter. 2. Always use the measured value of resistance for all calculations. 3. Always adjust the power supply voltage with the circuit connected. 4. When measuring voltage, the voltmeter must be connected across the circuit. 5. When measuring current, you must break the circuit and the current meter must be inserted into the circuit (in series). Procedure PART ONE Total resistance in a series circuit 1. Select any 3 resistors and without connecting them into any circuit, measure each individual resistor and record below. R1= R2= R3= 2. Now connect the circuit as shown in Figure 6.1 below. Note that there is no applied voltage.

3.

Measure the total resistance.

Rtotal = 4. Add the measured values of R1, R2, and R3 recorded in step 1 together and record.

R1 + R2 + R3 =

PART TWO Current relationship in a series circuit 1. Connect the circuit in Figure 6.2. Set the voltage source to 15.0 volts.

2. Break the circuit at point a. Insert the milli ammeter. Measure and record the current flow through point a. Ia = 3. Break the circuit at point b. Insert the milli ammeter. Measure and record the current flow through point b. Ib = 4. Break the circuit at point c. Insert the milli ammeter. Measure and record the current flow through point c. Ic = _______________________________ 5. Break the circuit at point d. Insert the milli ammeter. Measure and record the current flow through point d.

Id = _________________________________ PART THREE Voltage relationships in a series circuit 1. 2. Vab = Vbc = Vcd = 3. Add the voltage drops together and record. Total of voltage drops = 4. What conclusions can be made from the results of the previous procedures? Connect the circuit of Figure 6.2. Set the DC supply voltage to 15.0 volts. Measure the voltage drop across each resistor. Record:

E PERIMENT# 5
Title Voltage Divider Rule for Series Circuits Objectives y Understand & apply Voltage divider rule to series resistive circuits.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values

Information 1. NEVER use an ohmmeter on a live circuit. Voltage from a circuit can damage an ohmmeter. 2. Always use the measured value of resistance for all calculations. 3. Always adjust the power supply voltage with the circuit connected. 4. When measuring voltage, the voltmeter must be connected across the circuit. 5. When measuring current, you must break the circuit and the current meter must be inserted into the circuit (in series). Procedure 1. Verify by measurement, the voltages between various points in a series circuit: a. Connect the circuit in Figure 7.1. b. Measure and record the voltage drop across each resistor. When measuring V , the AB voltmeter probe should be connected to point A and the common lead to point B. This would be expressed as VAB. Therefore, the expression VAB means the voltage at point A in respect to

point B. VR1 = VAB = VR3 = VCD = VR5 = VEF = VR2 = VBC = VR4 = VDE = VR6 = VFG =

c. Properly label these measured voltage drops on each resistor in Figure 7.1. Mark the polarity (use a + and a - to indicate polarity) of the voltage drop on each resistor.

d. Measure the voltage, VCE, between point C and point E. When measuring, the voltmeter probe should be connected to point C and the common lead to point E. This would be expressed as VCE. Note that in the subscript CE, the first letter C is the point to which the probe is connected and the second letter E is the point to which the common lead is connected. Therefore, the expression VCE means the voltage at point C in respect to point E. Record this voltage. VCE = Does VCD + VDE = VCE? VCD e. VAC = VDG = + VDE = VCE

In a like manner, measure and record the following: VCA = VEA = (note opposite polarity!) VBF = VCG =

EXPERIMENTS # 6
Title Investigation of Parallel Circuits Objectives
y To investigate the characteristics of a parallel circuit. y To verify experimentally, using measured and calculated values, the following parallel circuit rules: The voltage is the same across each branch of a parallel circuit. The sum of the individual branch currents equals the total current in a parallel circuit. The reciprocal of the total resistance equals the sum of the reciprocals of the individual branch resistances. To determine the effects of changing a single resistor value, upon total resistance, total current and the distribution of branch currents.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values

Information 1. Always use the measured value of resistance for all calculations. 2. Always adjust the power supply voltage with the circuit connected. 3. When measuring voltage, the voltmeter must be connected across the circuit element of interest. 4. When measuring current, the current meter must be inserted into the break in the circuit (in series). Procedure

PART ONE VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT 1. Connect the circuit in Figure 8.1. Adjust the voltage source to a value of 12 volts (with the circuit connected).

2. VR1 = VR2 VR3 3.

Using the DMM, measure the voltage across each resistor. Record below.

What conclusion can be made from these procedures?

PART TWO CURRENT RELATIONS IPS IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT 1. Connect the circuit in Figure 8.2. Make sure that the source voltage is properly set to 12 volts with the circuit connected.

2. Using a current meter, measure the current through each resistor and the total current. Record below. IR1 = IR2 = IR3 = Itotal = 3. Add the measured currents through R1, R2, and R3 together and compare with the measured total current. Record the sum of measured currents. Itotal 4. What conclusions can be made from the above procedures?

PART T REE RESISTANCE RELATIONS IP IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT 1. Connect the circuit in Figure 8.3. Note that there is no source voltage connected.

2. R Total

Using a DMM, measure the total resistance. Record.

3. Remove each resistor from the circuit. Using the DMM, individually measure, R1, R2, and R3. Record each value below. R1 = R2 = R3 =

E PERIMENT #
Title Kirchhoffs Voltage Law, Subscripted Voltages Objectives y For the student to be able to measure the voltage across a circuit element, using a doubly subscripted notation for that voltage. For the student to assign a doubly-subscripted voltage to a circuit element. Materials Required a. b. c. d. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values

Information: In the circuit 10.1 below, it is totally obvious that the voltage across R1 is positive on top, negative on bottom. But, the polarity of voltage across resistor R2 in the circuit 10.2 depends on the relative si e of the voltage sources, and the resistors, in the circuit.

Procedure PART ONE DOUBLY-SUBSCRIPTED VOLTAGES 1.1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 10.3. The circuit has only one element, a voltage source. Point A & B are the positive and negative ends of the battery respectively. 1.2. Measure the voltage of this voltage source by connecting the RED lead of your DMM to point A, and the BLACK lead to point B. This is measuring VAB, the voltage at point A compared to the voltage at point B. Record VAB below: VAB =

This result should tell us that The voltage at point A is _____ volts more positive than the voltage at point B. 1.3. Measure the voltage by connecting the RED lead of your DMM to point B, and the BLACK lead to point A. This is measuring VBA, the voltage at point B compared to the voltage at point A. Record VBA below: VBA = This result should tell us that The voltage at point B is ________ volts morenegative than the voltage at point A. In the figure 10.4, VAB is the voltage across the resistor, expressed as the voltage at node A compared to the voltage at node B. Its actually unnecessary to have the + and - signs shown, since VAB says it all. Now V1 is the voltage of the source, but since it is not a doubly-subscripted voltage (VAB), V1 must have the + and signs to tell us how to measure V1 with a voltmeter.

PART TWO KIRC OFFS VOLTAGE LAW (Two-Element Circuit) Information KVL is commonly stated several ways: y the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop equals zero y the algebraic sum of the voltage rises around a closed loop equals zero y the algebraic sum of the voltage rises around a closed loop equals the algebraic sum of the voltage drops around the loop Sign Convention If we enter a components voltage at its negative sign, and go through the element to its positive sign, it is considered a positive voltage rise, and recorded as positive. If we enter a components voltage at its positive sign, and go through the element to its negative sign, it is considered a negative voltage rise (or, a voltage drop), and is recorded as negative.

Procedure

Clockwise 2.1. In the figure 10.5, start at point B, and go around the loop in a clockwise (CW) direction. Notice that we enter the negative end of each element. The KVL equation, done this way, is: EAB + VBA = 0 volts Verify this using the measured values of EAB and VBA from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above: + = EAB + VBA = 2.2. In the figure 10.6, start at point B, and go around the loop in a clockwise (CW) direction. Notice that we enter the negative end of the battery, and the positive end of the resistor. The KVL equation, done this way, is: EAB - VAB = 0 volts Verify this using the measured values of EAB and VAB from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above: EAB + VAB = Counter-Clockwise 2.3. In the figure 10.5, start at point B, and go around the loop in a counter-clockwise (CCW) direction. Now, we enter the positive end of each element. The KVL equation, done this way, is: -VBA - EAB = 0 volts Verify this using the measured values of EAB and VBA from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above: -VBA - EAB = = =

2.4. In the figure 10.6, start at point B, and go around the loop in a counter-clockwise (CCW) direction. Now we enter the negative end of the resistor, and the positive end of the battery. The KVL equation, done this way, is: VAB - EAB = 0 volts Verify this using the measured values of EAB and VAB from steps 1.2 and 1.3, above: VAB - EAB = =

PART T REE OFFS VOLTAGE LAW KIRC (Three Element Circuit One Loop)

3.1. In the figure 10.7, start at point C, and go around the loop in a clockwise (CW) direction. This is loop CABC. The KVL equation should be: VAC - VAB - VBC = 0 volts Verify that the equation above is true by measuring values of V , VAB and VBC, and writing the AC KVL equation with measured voltage values substituted (in box below). VAC = VAB = VBC =

3.2. Repeat step 3.1, except start at point C and go CCW around the loop. This is loop CBAC. Write the KVL equation with measured voltage values substituted (in box below).

E PERIMENT # 8
Title Kirchhoffs Current Law Objectives y For the student to be able to measure the current through a circuit element. y For the student to demonstrate the KCL. Materials Required a. LABVOLT test bench b. Digital multimeter c. Power Supplies d. Resistors of various values Information: y y Sum of all currents entering a node is zero Sum of currents entering node is equal to sum of currents leaving node
i 1(t i5 (t

i 2(t

i4(t

i
i3(t

j !1

Procedure 11.1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure 11.1 below: KIRC OFFS CURRENT LAW

11.2. 11.3.

Applying KCL at node A. Measure the current entering the node 'A' and the current leaving node B and record it. I1: I5:

11.4. The current is leaving the node 'A' through 3 paths (R1, R2 and R3). Measure the current passing through each resistor and record it.

B
j

(t ) ! 0

I2: I3: I4: 11.5. Apply KCL to figure 11.1 and write down the KCL equation at node 'A' (in box below).

11.6. Now write the KCL equation for node B with measured current values substituted (in box below).

11.7. Again apply KCL to figure 11.1 and write down the KCL equation at node B (in box below).

11.8. Now write the KCL equation for node B with measured current values substituted (in box below).

EXPERIMENT # 9
Title: Power Supplies, Instruments & Equipments. Objective: To learn how to use the power supplies, instruments & related equipments. Materials Required: y Power supply. y Function Generator y Oscilloscope y DMM

E PERIMENT # 10
Title Maximum Power Transfer Theorem Objectives y To verify by measurement, that maximum power is developed in a load when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source. y To construct a graph, using measured values of voltage, current and load resistance and calculated power to verify graphically Objective 1 above. Materials Required a. b. c. d. e. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values Breadboard

Information The maximum power transfer theorem states that when the load resistance is equal to the source's internal resistance, maximum power will be developed in the load. Since most low voltage DC power supplies have a very low internal resistance (10 ohms or less) great difficulty would result in trying to affect this condition under actual laboratory experimentation. If one were to connect a low value resistor across the terminals of a 10 volt supply, high power ratings would be required, and the resulting current would probably cause the supply's current rating to be exceeded. In this experiment, therefore, the student will simulate a higher internal resistance by purposely connecting a high value of resistance in series with the DC voltage suppl 's terminal. Refer to y Figure 13.1 below. The terminals (a & b) will be considered as the power supply's output voltage terminals. Use a potentiometer as a variable size of load resistance. For various settings of the potentiometer representing RL, the load current and load voltage will be measured. The power dissipated by the load resistor can then be calculated. For the condition of R = Ri, the student L will verify by measurement that maximum power is developed in the load resistor. Procedure 1. Refer to Figure 13.1, select Rin equal to 1 K representing the internal resistance of the power supply used and select a 10 K potentiometer as load resistance R . L a. Using the DMM set the potentiometer to 500 ohms.

b. Connect the circuit of Figure 13.1. Measure the current through and the voltage across RL. Record this data in Table 13.1.

c. Remove the potentiometer and set it to 1000 ohms. Return it to the circuit and again measure the current through and the voltage across RL. Record. d. Continue increasing the potentiometer resistance in 500 ohm steps until the value 10 k ohms is reached, each time measuring the current and voltage and recording same in Table 1. Be sure the applied voltage remains at the fixed value of 10 volts after each adjustment in potentiometer resistance. 2. For each value of RL in Table 13.1, calculate the power input to the circuit using the formula: Pinput = Vinput x IL = 10 x IL, since Vinput is always a constant 10 volts. 3. For each value of RL in Table 13.1, calculate the power output (the power developed in RL) using the formula: Pout = VRL x IL. 4. For each value of RL in Table 13.1, calculate the circuit efficiency using the formula: % efficiency = Pout/Pin x 100. 5. On linear graph paper, plot the curve of power output vs. RL. Plot RL on the horizontal axis (independent variable). Plot power developed in R L on the vertical axis (dependent variable). Label the point on the curve representing the maximum power. Table 13.1 RL ( ) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 IL (mA) VRL (V) Pinput (mW) Poutput (mW) % eff.

E PERIMENT # 11
Title Solving Circuits Using Mesh Currents Objectives y y To write the mesh equations for a resistive circuit Prove through measurement, that the equations written in objective 1 are valid.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. e. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values Breadboard

Information Refer to basic mesh analysis procedure covered in the theory course of EE 200 (3- 1) Loop A: - Vs + (I A IC) R1 + (IA IB) R3 = 0 Loop B: (IB - IA) R3 + (IB IC) R2 + IBR4 = 0 Loop C:

Procedure 1. Select resistors and record the values in table 14.1 Table 14.1: Selected resistors for the lab work Component Measured Value R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

PART ONE MES CURRENT ANALYSIS

2. Using the circuit design in figure 14.1, write the loop equations for loops A and B in the boxes given below: 3. Using Cramers rule/Determinants Method solve the equations in the space given below to determine the mesh/loop currents. 4. Record the computed values of current. IA: IB:

5. Using the computed loop currents, compute the current through each resistor (Note the direction of current in each loop with consistency). Then measure current through each resistor and confirm your calculations. Record the values in table 14.2. Table 14.2: Current through individual resistors Computed Current Measured Current I1 I2 I3 I4 6. Using the computed currents in each resistor, apply Ohms law to find computed voltage drop across each resistor. Then measure the voltage across each resistor and confirm your calculations. Record the values in table 14.3. Table 14.3: Voltage drops across individual resistors Computed Voltage Measured Voltage V1 V2 V3 V4

EXPERIMENT # 12
Title Thevenin theorem Objectives
y To calculate the current through (or the voltage across) any one of several resistors in any circuit by using Thevenin Theorem, and verifying results by measurement.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. e. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values Breadboard

Information Thevenin Theorem can be used for two purposes: a. To calculate the current through (or voltage across) a component in any circuit, b. To develop a constant voltage equivalent circuit, this may be used to simplify the analysis of a complex circuit. This means that any linear, bilateral network can be replaced with a single voltage source in series with a single resistor as shown in Figure 15.1.

Figure 15.1: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit The voltage source is called the Thevenin equivalent voltage, and the resistor is called the Thevenin equivalent resistance. The steps used for Thevenin Theorem are listed below: Remove the resistor (R) through which the current or across which the voltage is Step 1 required to be measured. Label these terminals (where the resistor was removed) a and b. Calculate the voltage across these open terminals. This is VTH. From the open terminals, (a and b) calculate the resistance looking back from Step 2 the open terminals with all voltage sources removed and replaced by their internal resistances (if Rinternal is 0 , then replace the voltage source with a short). This resistance is RTH. Step 3 The current (through R) and the voltage across it can be calculated by:
I! VTH  R

RTH

VR ! I v R !

VTH vR RTH  R

Where VTH is from Step 1, RTH is from Step 2, and R is the value of the resistor removed in step 1. Procedure 1. The purpose of this procedure is to practice the procedural steps of Thevenin Theorem and compare the resultant calculations with measured values. 2. Obtain four different valued resistors each with a value in the range 100 ; - 1 k;. Randomly designate the resistors R1, R2, R3, and R4. Measure and record the value of each resistor in table 15.1. Table 15.1: Selected resistors for the lab work Component Measured Value R1 R2 R3 R4 3. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 15.2 on the breadboard, using the DC power supply as vs. Once you have built the circuit, set the value of Vs to 10 V. Be sure to use the multimeter to make sure the terminal voltage produced by the power supply is 10V

Figure 15.2: Five Elements Circuit 4. Measure the current through R4 and the voltage across R4. Record them: IR4 = (meas) VR4 = (meas)

5. Use Thevenin Theorem to calculate the current through R4, by following the 3 steps outlined in the information section. 6. Verify Step 1 by measurement: Connect Figure 15.3, measure and record VTH. VTH = 7. Verify Step 2 by measurement: Connect Figure 15.4, measure and record VTH. RTH = (meas) (meas)

8. Next, label the Thevenin equivalent circuit shown in Figure 15.5, using your calculated values for VTH = VOC and RTH.

Figure 15.5: Thevenin Equivalent Circuit 9. Calculate IR3 using the Thevenin equivalent circuit (the VTH and RTH you found above).

10. Compare the current measured in Para 4 (original circuit) and the current calculated in Para 9 (which used Thevenin Theorem). If they are not reasonably close, find the reason for the discrepancy). 11. Build the circuit of Figure 15.5. Obtain a resistor for RTH as close as possible to its calculated value (or use a potentiometer, whose value you can set equal to RTH. 12. Measure the current through R4 and the voltage across R4 in the circuit of Figure 15.5. Record them: IR4 = (Meas) VR4 = (Meas)

13. Compare the measured results of Para 9 (using the Thevenin equivalent circuit) with the measured results of Para 4 (the original circuit). If the results are not close, find the reason for the discrepancy.

D FE ED

EXPERIMENT # 13
Title Norton theorem Objectives
y To calculate the voltage across any one of several resistors in any circuit by using Nortons Theorem, and verify the results by measurements.

Materials Required a. b. c. d. e. LABVOLT test bench Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values Breadboard

Information Nortons Theorem can be used for two purposes: a. To calculate the voltage across (or current through) any component in any circuit. b. To develop a constant current equivalent circuit, which may be used to simplify the analysis of a complex circuit. The steps used for Nortons Theorem are listed below: Remove the resistor (R) across which you desire to calculate the voltage. Label Step 1 these terminals a and b. Short these terminals together and determine the current that flows through this short. Call this short-circuit current In. Step 2 With the terminal opened and sources replaced with their internal resistances (if any), calculate the resistance looking back from the open terminals. This resistance is Rn. Step 3 The voltage you wish to calculate will be:

Rn R V ! In R R n

Where: In is from Step 1, Rn is from Step 2, and R is the value of the resistor removed in Step 1. The constant current equivalent circuit is developed from the values calculated in the above steps. See Figure 16.1.

Rn is Norton's Equivalent Resistance & In is the Norton's Constant Current Source

In

Rn

Figure 16.1: Norton's Constant Current Equivalent Circuit

Procedure
R 1 = 1K

12 V

V R 2 = 10K R 3 = 3K

F igur e 1 6 . 2: F o ur E le me n t C ir c uit

1. The Nortons Theorem will be used to find the voltage across R . Connect the circuit of 3 Figure 16.2. 2. Measure the voltage across R3 and the current through R3. Record. VR3 = (meas) I R3 = (meas)

3. To apply Nortons Theorem to calculate the voltage across R3 the steps enumerated in the Information part on page 1 are to be followed. Step 1 4. Calculate (do not m is replaced by a short circuit:

1 V 2

HRQ PIH
V

) , I repeat do not measure the short-circuit current, In, when R3

In =
R1 = 1 K

(calc)
a In

R2 = 1 K 0

mA

b
Figure 16.3: One Elem Short Circuited ent

5. Connect the circuit of Figure 16.3 (this is the circuit of Figure 16.2, with R3 removed and replaced by a short circuit, the ammeter). Make sure to use a current range higher than the calculated In above. This measurement is the short-circuit current. In = Step 2
R1 = 1K

(meas)

a
R2 = 10K

Rn b

Figure 16.4: Circuit for calculating Rn = Rth

6. Refer to Figure 16.4, which is Figure 16.2 with R3 removed and the 12 V source replaced by a short circuit (a dead voltage source). Calculate Rn from Figure and record. Rn = (calc)

7. Connect the circuit of Figure 16.4. Use the DMM to measure Rn. This measurement is the back resistance = Norton resistance = Rn. Rn = Step 3 8. Use Nortons Theorem (Ohms Law) to calculate the voltage (VR3) across R3 and record. (meas)

Rn R3 VR3 ! In R  R 3 n
VR3 =

(Calc)

9. Compare the measured voltage from Para 2 with the calculated voltage in Para 8 above. If they are not close, do both over again until the error is found. 10. Draw below a schematic diagram of the Nortons Theorem equivalent circuit and label all values. This is Figure 16.5.

Figure 16.5: Nortons constant current equivalent circuit.

E PERIMENT # 14
Title Capacitor Identification, Charging & Discharging. Materials Required y Polar & Non Polar Capacitors y Oscilloscope y Breadboard Theory: A device used to store charge in an electrical circuit. A capacitor functions much like a battery, but charges and discharges much more efficiently (batteries, though, can store much more charge). A basic capacitor is made up of two conductors separated by an insulator, or dielectric. The dielectric can be made of paper, plastic, mica, ceramic, glass, a vacuum or nearly any other nonconductive material. Some capacitors are called electrolytics, meaning that their dielectric is made up of a thin layer of oxide formed on a aluminum or tantalum foil conductor. Capacitor electron storing ability (called capacitance) is measured in Farads. One Farad is actually a huge amount of charge (6,280,000,000,000,000,000electrons to be exact), so we usually rate capacitors in microfarads (uF = 0.000,001F) and picofarads (pF = 0.000,000,000,001F ). Capacitors are also graded by their breakdown (i.e.,smoke) voltage. Capacitors rated for lower voltages are generally smaller in size and weight; you don't want to use too low a voltage rating, though, unless you enjoy replacing burnt out capacitors in your creation. For BEAMbots, you'll need to know about 2 main types of capacitors: Non-polari ed fixed capacitor A non-polarized ("non polar") capacitor is a type of capacitor that has no implicit polarity -- it can be connected either way in a circuit. Ceramic, mica and some electrolytic capacitors are non-polarized. You'll also sometimes hear people call them "bipolar" capacitors.

Polari ed fixed capacitor A polarized ("polar") capacitor is a type of capacitor that have implicit polarity-- it can only be connected one way in a circuit. The positive lead is shown on the schematic (and often on the capacitor) with a little "+" symbol. The negative lead is generally not shown on the schematic, but may be marked on the capacitor with a bar or "-" symbol. Polarized capacitors are generally electrolytics.

How to read Capacitor Codes

Large capacitor have the value printed plainly on them, such as 10.uF (Ten Micro Farads) but smaller disk types along with plastic film types often have just 2 or three numbers on them?

First, most will have three numbers, but sometimes there are just two numbers. These are read as Pico-Farads. An example: 47 printed on a small disk can be assumed to be 47 PicoFarads (or 47 puff as some like to say) Now, what about the three numbers? It is somewhat similar to the resistor code. The first two are the 1st and 2nd significant digits and the third is a multiplier code. Most of the time the last digit tells you how many zeros to write after the first two digits.

Third digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 not used 7 not used 8 9

Multiplier (this times the first two digits gives you the value in Pico-Farads) 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

.01 .1

Now for an example: A capacitor marked 104 is 10 with 4 more zeros or 100,000pF which is otherwise referred to as a .1 uF capacitor. Just to confuse you some more there is sometimes a tolerance code given by a single letter. So a 103J is a 10,000 pF with +/-5% tolerance

Table 2 Letter tolerance code Letter symbol Tolerance of capacitor B C D E F G H J K M N +/- 0.10% +/- 0.25% +/- 0.5% +/- 0.5% +/- 1% +/- 2% +/- 3% +/- 5% +/- 10% +/- 20% +/- 0.05%

P Z

+100% ,-0% +80%, -20%

Procedure: 1. Take different polar and non polar capacitors from the Lab components tray and determine their capacitance in micro Farads. 2.Now construct a series RC circuit and apply 10VSquare wave from function generator. Using T=RC calculate time constant and charging discharging time for it. 3. Now experimentally observe the result using an oscilloscope.

Calculations:

EXPERIMENT # 15
Title Measurement of AC Using Oscilloscope. Objectives To become familiar with the use of an oscilloscope. Materials Required a. b. c. d. e. Oscilloscope Digital multimeter Power Supplies Resistors of various values Breadboard

Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig.

R1 = ___________ R2 =___________ R3 =___________ R4 =___________

2. The input is sine wave provided from function generator of amplitude 5V. 3. Using oscilloscope determine the voltages across each resistor and verify your readings with the help of DMM.

E PERIMENT # 16
Title Series RC Circuit Objectives To study the steady state response of series RC circuit with AC supply and to determine the power, power factor and Impedence of the circuit. Materials Required y Resistor y Capacitor y Function Generator y Oscilloscope y DMM Theory: Series RC circuit contains both resistance (R) and reactance (XC). This is neither a pure , and is resistance or a pure reactance.; the combined characteristic is named im represented by the letter Z. To calculate Z, we must first note that, in accordance with Ohm's Law, R = vR/I and XC = vC/I. But we already know that the voltages are 90 out of phase. Since the circuit current, i, is the same everywhere, then R and XC must be 90 out of phase as well Mappi V la wi V

The real problem here is that 90 phase shift between vC and vR. Since they are not in phase and some voltage is dropped across each component, the phase relationship between generator voltage and generator current must be somewhere between the two extremes. We need to be able to determine that relationship, as well as to determine the combined effect of R and XC in this circuit.

One solution is to map the component voltages graphically, as shown to the right. Using X-Y coordinate axes, the positive X axis is defined as the zero-degree reference, and counter-clockwise rotation is defined as the direction of increasing positive angles. Since the circuit current is necessarily the same throughout the circuit, it is used as the reference phase angle. Resistive voltage, Vr is in phase with the current as shown in red. Capacitive voltage, vC, is at -90 as shown in blue. In this way, we can represent the voltages across R and C as vectors, having direction as well as magnitude. Now it is clear that the composite voltage comprising both vR and vC must be the vector sum of the two, as shown in violet. To find the composite voltage, we must apply the formula for the diagonal of a rectangle, and find the square root of the sum of the squares: Vs2 = Vr2 + Vc2

T XW VU T S

Formulae: 1. 2. 3. 4. Tan =Vc/Vr Power factor=Cos=Vs/Vr Active Power= VsIsCos Impedence=Z2 = R2 + Xc2

Observations: Input voltage Vs = Frequency = R= C= S No Vs(volts) Vr(volts) Vc (volts) Is (A) Ir (A)

Procedure: Connect the circuit on bread board as shown in figure. Using Oscilloscope and DMM measure the different quantities for the circuit and verify your result with your calculation work. Circuit Diagram: