Chapter 22 Notes taught contemporaries how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster own

n power nick named "the small" won support of French people for 3 years national assembly rejected wish to revise constitution and reelection used troops to seize control over gov restored universal male suffrage asked French people to restructure gov by electing him for president for 10 years majority of people voted yes asked for restoration of empire controlled armed forces, police, and civil service first five years were success believed in using gov. resources to stimulate national economy encouraged industrial growth completed major French railway lines provided hospitals and free medicine for workers wanted better housing under direction of Baron Haussmann replaced narrow streets with modern broad boulevards, buildings, plazas, and squares served as military as well as beauty broad streets=easier for troops to move and harder for barricades legalized trade unions and right to strike for working class liberalization policy was to strengthen gov. war with Prussia was bad for napoleon regime napoleon motivated to free france from restrictions of peace settlements had initial success in crimean war nationalist revolts led to creation of independent sebia and freedom of Greece Russia wanted right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine but Ottomans refused and Russia invaded Then Britain declared war on Russia because of upset in balance of power and fear of Russia

I FRANCE OF NAPOLEON III

A) LOUIS NAPOLEON AS PRESIDENT Winning support

Election as emperor

B) SECOND NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE Stimulating the economy

Rebuilding paris

Liberalization

Foreign policy and the Crimean war

II NATIONAL UNIFICATION MOVEMENTS

A) UNIFICATION OF ITALY House of savoy and Victor Emmanuel II Camillo di Cavour

taking over sea France b/c they wanted to replace them as protectors of Christians in Ottoman Empire Austria wouldn't help Russia Treaty of Paris, Russia forced to give up Bessarabia and accept neutrality of Black sea 60 percent of deaths from disease especially cholera Florence Nightgale- British women who insisted on sanitation which saved lives destroyed concert of Europe Piedmont assumed major role in uniting Austria still dominant power on italian peninsula ruled kingdom of piedmont prime minister wanted constitutional gov. used money for large army asked french for help to defeat austria french withdrew after two battles raised army of thousand red shirts won by brains not army size under centralized gov. to control of piedmont Prussia completed task of unification Result of Franco Prussian war ended with French troops leaving rome italian army annexed rome and it became new capital of italy tried to achieve unification after failure at Frankfurt assembly Prussia formed Zollverin, german customs union eliminated tolls on rivers and roads all states joined except Austria had bicameral legislature and biggest tax payers would have most seats and allowed control to fall under middle class army was in dire need of change double size of army appointed by William I as prime minister succeeding in guiding Prussia's unification of germany foremost practitioner of realpolitik wanted army appropriations bill to parliament

Garibaldi and his red shirts Unification (1861) Rome (1770)

B) UNIFACATION OF GERMANY

William I Hohenzollern Otto von Bismark and Realpolitik

 Danish War (1864) Franco Prussian War (18701871) Unification (1871)

Austro Prussian War (1866)

III NATION BUILIDING AND REFORM: NATIONAL STATE AT MID CENTURY

A) AUSTRIAN EMPIRE Francis Joseph and the Dual Monarchy Domination by Germans and Magyars B) IMPERIAL RUSSIA

but was denied blamed liberals for causing breakdown of constitutional gov. governed Prussia by ignoring parliament arose over duchies of schleswig and holstein danes were defeated and surrendered both Prussia took schleswig/ austria took holstein Russia agreed b/c Austria helped with Polish revolt Austrians defeated and lost Venetia to italy bismark wanted parliament to pass bill of indemnity, legalizing taxes he collected illegally bismark proved liberalism and nationalism can be separated craeted two bodies: Bundesrat composed of delegates nominated by states and lower house reichstag elected by universal male suffrage believed that peasants were conservative at heart but used to overcome librals. Prussia dominated all of nothern germany throne of spain offered to leopold of Hohenzolleren bismark edited telegram to french and made it sound more insulting French then declared war on Prussia France had to pay indemnity of 5 billion francs (1 billion u.s) french lost alsace and lorraine in halls of mirrors in Louis XIV's palace at Versailles William I proclaimed kaiser or emperor of second german empire unity achieved by army and monarchy became strongest power on continent freed serfs and eliminated all compulsory labor services revolutionary constitutions abolished after defeat in italian war emperor attempted to establish imperial parliament alienated minorities like hungarians Ausgleich or compromise created dual monarchy of austria hungary and held by on monarch dominated minorities especially slavic defeated in Crimean war by British and French

Alexander II and the Emancipation of the Serfs

Zemstvos Assemblies Alexander Herzen and Populism

C) BRITIAN'S VICTORIAN AGE

Palmerston's Conservatism

Disraeli and the Reform of 1867

Gladstone and the Liberal Party

D) UNITED STATES: CIVIL WAR AND

serfdom was most burdensome problem Alexander II issued emancipation edict where peasants could marry who they want, own property, and bring suits in the law courts peasants were not free/ had to pay state in installments and subjected to authority of mirvillage commune zemstvos- local assemblies and given limited power to provide public services radical writer and russian exile solgon "land and Freedom" believed that russian peasants must be chief instrument for social reform believed village commune could serve as independent self governing body formed movement called populism- whose aim was to create new society through the revolutionary acts of the peasants People's Will assassinated Alexander II but son Alexander III returned to traditional methods stability was continuing economic growth real wages increased 25 percent national pride was reflected in Queen Victoria whose reign is longest in english history and attitudes of her age known as victorian age politically was unstable prime minister whig (called liberals) opposed expanding franchise Tory (called conservatives) leader in parliament lowered requirements for voting and increased voters to 2 million from 1 mill. industrial workers helped produce huge liberal victory opened civil service position to competitive exams rather than patronage introduced secret ballot for voting and abolished practice of purchasing military commissions Education act of 1870 tried to make elementary schools for all children eliminated abuses and people earned their positions cotton economy and social structure of south was based on exploitation of slaves

REUNION

E) EMERGENCE OF A CANADIAN NATION

IV) INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE MARXIST RESPONSE

A) INDUSTRIALIZATION ON THE CONTINENT Less Barriers to International Trade

Weak Trade Unions

B) MARX AND MARXISM Life and Experience of Karl Marx

produced cotton worth 10 million dollars 93% of cotton was produced by slaves slavery questions caused whigs to become defunct and democrats to split Kansas Nebraska Act- allowed slavery in Kansas and Nebraska territory to be determined by popular sovereignty and created firestorm in north republicans- antislavery repelled u.s constitution and formed confederate states of america american civil war- more than 600,00 died Lincolns emancipation proclamation made most of the nation's slaves forever free Union troops under General Ulysses S. Grant defeated confederate General robert e. Lee also called new france and passed into hands of british upper canada- english lower canada- french canadians lower canada wanted republic but britian wouldn't let after american civil war, british afraid it would happen to them and gave in to demands made canadian nation/ dominion of canada had own constitution but foreign affairs still under british gov. was age of economic prosperity especially in domestic and foreign affairs railroads stimulated growth of iron and coal industries continental iron made transition from charcoal iron smelting to cokeblast smelting elimination of barriers to international trade important to expansion of markets trade treaties in 1860 eliminated protective tariffs throughout much of western europe encouraged formation of joint stock investment banks and banks were important b/c they mobilized enormous capital resources for investment workers fought for better conditions but were ineffective because they were so little of them real change would come with development of socialist parties and socialist trade unions wanted to teach but couldn't

The Communist Manifesto

Classless Society

became editor but newspaper suppressed everything evolves idea written by marx and friedrich engels both joined Communist league advocated of radical working class and drafted ideas resulting in communist manifesto history of society is history of class struggle would overpower and class struggle would be over

V) SCIENCE AND CULTURE IN AN AGE OF REALISM

A) NEW AGE OF SCIENCE

Faith in science's

B) DARWIN AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTOIN

Darwin's Trip on the Beagle

"natural selection"

advances in industrial revolution sparked interest in basic scientific research development of steam engine was important b/c it worked out theoretical foundations and led to thermodynamics relationship between heat and mechanical energy produced widespread acceptance of scientific method undermined faith of many people in religious revelation and truth discard notion of special creation and believe animals evolve over time in response to environment on the origin of species by means of natural selection was to study animals on h.m.s beagle to survey and study landmasses of south america and south pacific struggle for existence survival of the fittest origin of species discussed plants and animals only applied natural selection to humans in the descent of man first steps taken in paris hospitals breakthrough was discovery of

C) REVOLUTION IN HEALTH CARE

Pasteur

Medical Training Women in medicine

D) AUGUSTE COMTE'S POSITIVISM

microorganisms wanted to lessen pain of patient germ theory examination of disease threatening wine industry led to pasteurization- heating to destroy germs wanted to do more than identify germs created preventive vaccination for cholera, plague, etc every western country found medical schools found professional organizations john hopkins university school of medicine provided new medical training most medical schools were closed to women Harriet Hunt applied to Harvard medical school but male students had resolutions to stop her admittance Elizabeth Blackwell- admitted by mistake and also intelligence formed separate schools for women Female medical college of pennsylvania was first in america denied license after school wrote system of positive philosophy tried to apply methods of science systematically to study of society created system of positive knowledge based on hierarchy of all sciences

E) REALISIM IN LITERATURE AND ART

Realistic novel:

first used to describe new style of painting world should be viewed realistically rejection of romanticism wanted to deal with ordinary characters from real life rather than romantic heroes in

weird setting avoided flowery and sentimental language used careful observation and accurate description Gustave Flaubert Gustave Courbet Jean Francois Millet F) MUSIC: TWILIGHT OF ROMANTICISM Franz Liszt wrote madame bovary perfected realist novel contempt for bourgeois society wrote Vanity Fair: a novel without a hero flouted romantic conventions novel should convey reality greatest of victorian novelists focused on lower class descriptions were vividly real depict everyday life of ordinary people natural environment french became leaders in realism painting most famous artist of realist school no subject was too ordinary too harsh or too ugly painted that stonebreakers liked scenes from rural life especially peasants laboring painted the Gleaners shows symbolism between humans and nature made landscape and country life important new group of musicians New german school emphasized emotional content rather than abstract form used music to express literary or pictorial ideas hungarian best exemplifies achievements of new german school called greatest pianist of all time introduced concept of modern piano recital invented term symphonic poem to refer to orchestral works

Wililam Thackeray

Charles Dickens Realism in Art:

Richard Wagner

Lister

romantic music reached peak son in law of liszt called culmination of romantic era and beginning of avantgarde, music is monumental to development of classical music believed opera was best form of artistic expression transformed opera into music drama abandoned traditional divisions of opera and used device called leitmotiv: recurring musical theme in which human voice combined with line of orchestra instead of rising above it most ambitious: the ring of the nibelung- four music dramas developed antiseptic method knew bacteria would enter wound used carbolic acid, newly discovered disinfectant