Verbal Session 3 Sentence Correction Learning the right approach The Directions: Each of the sentence correction questions

s presents a sentence, part or all of which is underlined. Beneath the sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the underlined part. The first of these repeats the original; the other four are different. Follow the requirements of standard written English to choose your answer, paying attention to grammar, word choice, and sentence construction. Select the answer that produces the most effective sentence; your answer should make the sentence clear, exact, and free of grammatical error. It should also minimize awkwardness, ambiguity, and redundancy. RULES RULE: Intuition is your last resort So any choice that seems right, feels right, sounds right, smells right, etc. may not be the right answer. SC is not about Conventional Grammar: It is about GMAT-specific SC Questions. Understand the Examiners mindset. POE: Dont try to select the correct answer eliminate wrong ones SCAN: Use Horizontal / Vertical Scanning to look for differences in the choices Paper: Use a tick cross system with a pencil SPLIT: Look for a 2/3 or a 3/2 split. Most likely you are likely to narrow down to two choices. TRAP: Choice A can be the right choice in a substantial number of questions. So dont reject an answer only because it is A. Read the full sentence: Even the non-underlined portion no exception to this rule.

LOCATION of Errors: Most of the errors on GMAT-SC occur at four potential places o The Beginning of the Underlined Portion o The End of the Underlined Portion o After the Comma o One word / phrase before the underlined portion The following are crucial (in the respective order of importance) o Grammar o Idiom (long list has to be memorized very crucial for success on GMAT-SC) o Meaning Clarity o Concision (short vs. long) o GMAT favorites (long list has to be memorized) List of o o o GMAT-Idioms cant do without Idioms are expressions that are the way they are There can be no explanations / reasoning for idioms

You have to memorize a list, e.g., o Forbid to do NOT from doing o Cope with NOT cope up with o Comprise NOT comprise of o Mistake A for B NOT mistake A as B o Consider NOT consider to be or consider as The list continues

The best sources to learn Idiom list: 1. Manhattan GMAT SC guides (old and new editions) 2. Sandeep SC notes 3. www.platinumgmat.com / GMAT Idioms (all idioms of OG 12 and OG 10 discussed here)
Concision

AVOID Despite the fact that Have the capability Exactly the same In close proximity to Past experience Final Outcome GMAT favorites

USE Although Can Same Near Experience Outcome

In case there is a choice between the left column word / expression and the right column expression, the GMAT will prefer the word / expression on right column. Favorites are the last on the list of priorities on SC. Only after checking Grammar, Idiom, Meaning Clarity and Concision should you think of these as the tie-breakers. The use of favorites before checking Grammar, Idiom, Meaning Clarity and Concision will certainly land you in trouble in tougher problems. For example, there are a few sentences in the Official Guide in which the use of BEING is correct. Also, remember the entire phrase: for example the choice is between Instead of and Rather than, not between Instead and Rather. Apply these with a lot of caution.

Avoid Instead of Due to 2 times Being Compare to Do it May be If Hopefully As well as Enough Ability Capability As a result of One time 4 times Economical Try and Liable Ought to But Which after the comma Just like Like Like Noun form Apostrophe / Possessive forms Cases to avoid: Such like Occurring

Use Rather than Because of Double / Twice Lack of being Compare with Do so Perhaps Whether It is hoped And So Able Can Result from Once Quadruple Economic Try to Likely Should Although A NOUN or ING form Just as / Just as so / just as so too Such as As if / as though Verb Form

Seeming

On account of

Owing to

Lesser Not any

And also

Solving SC questions learning the right approach 1. Found throughout Central and South America, sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes. sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs and sleep 15 hours a day, moving infrequently enough sloths hang from trees by long rubbery limbs, they sleep 15 hours a day, and with such infrequent movements sloths use their long rubbery limbs to hang from trees, sleep 15 hours a day, and move so infrequently the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeps 15 hours a day, and it moves infrequently enough 2. Before the Civil War, Harriet Tubman, along with other former slaves and white abolitionists, helped create what had become known as the Underground Railroad, and were responsible for leading hundreds, if not thousands, of slaves to freedom. had become known as the Underground Railroad, and were would become known as the Underground Railroad, and were had become known as the Underground Railroad, and was has been becoming known as the Underground Railroad, and was would become known as the Underground Railroad, and was 3. The first trenches cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but 4. The amount of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like accidents caused by faulty wiring, has significantly since regulations on manufacturing have been relaxed. The amount of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like accidents caused by faulty wiring, has significantly since regulations on manufacturing have been relaxed. The amount of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like those caused by faulty wiring, have significantly since regulations on manufacturing were relaxed. The number of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like the number caused by faulty wiring, have significantly since regulations on manufacturing were relaxed. The number of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like accidents caused by faulty wiring, has significantly since regulations on manufacturing had been relaxed. The number of car accidents caused by faulty brakes, like the number caused by faulty wiring, has significantly since regulations on manufacturing were relaxed. increased increased increased increased increased increased

5. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932. Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered in 1932. Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America. Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points, spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto the faces, have been found all over North America. Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even though named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, but were found all over North America. While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into them, they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932.

6. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975. bringing and brings and it brings and it brought and brought 7. Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordans participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was televised nationwide. later in the United States House of Representatives, not until Barbara Jordans participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon in 1974 was she made a nationally recognized figure, as it was later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were later in the United States House of Representatives, it was not until 1974 that Barbara Jordan became a nationally recognized figure, with her participation in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was then also later in the United States House of Representatives, not until 1974 did Barbara Jordan become a nationally recognized figure, as she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, being then also later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which was 8. Researchers have found that individuals who have been blind from birth, and who thus have never seen anyone gesture, nevertheless make hand motions when speaking just as frequently and in virtually the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind person. who thus have never seen anyone gesture, nevertheless make hand motions when speaking just as frequently and in virtually the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture who thus never saw anyone gesturing, nevertheless make hand motions when speaking just as frequent and in virtually the same way as sighted people did, and that they will gesture who thus have never seen anyone gesture, nevertheless made hand motions when speaking just as frequently and in virtually the same way as sighted people do, as well as gesturing thus never having seen anyone gesture, nevertheless made hand motions when speaking just as frequent and in virtually the same way as sighted people did, as well as gesturing thus never having seen anyone gesture, nevertheless to make hand motions when speaking just as frequently and in virtually the same way as sighted people do, and to gesture 9. Unlike the conviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were relatively simple and static, Barbara McClintock adhered to her own more complicated ideas about how genes might operate, and in 1983, at the age of 81, was awarded a Nobel Prize for her discovery that the genes in corn are capable of moving from one chromosomal site to another. Unlike the conviction held by many of her colleagues that genes were Although many of her colleagues were of the conviction of genes being Contrary to many of her colleagues being convinced that genes were Even though many of her colleagues were convinced that genes were Even with many of her colleagues convinced of genes being 10. Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and the victory of the Usuli mujtahids in Shiite Iran and Iraq. Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and Manifestations of Islamic political militancy in the first period of religious reformism were shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and also In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamic political militancy were the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, of the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and In the first period of religious reformism, manifestations of Islamic political militancy were shown in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, the Mahdi in the Sudan, and In the first period of religious reformism, Islamic political militancy was manifested in the rise of the Wahhabis in Arabia, the Sanusi in Cyrenaica, the Fulani in Nigeria, and the Mahdi in the Sudan, and in

11. Combining enormous physical strength with higher intelligence, the Neanderthals appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, but their relatively sudden disappearance during the Paleolithic era indicates that an inability to adapt to some environmental change led to their extinction. appear as equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, appear to have been equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their path, appear as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths, appeared as equipped to face any obstacle the environment could put in their paths, appeared to have been equipped for facing any obstacle the environment could put in their path, 12. A wildlife expert predicts that the reintroduction of the caribou into northern Minnesota would fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more numerous than one wolf for every 39 square miles. would fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more numerous would fail provided the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more should fail if the timber wolf density in that region was greater will fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is greater will fail if the timber wolf density in that region were more numerous 13. Galileo was convinced that natural phenomena, as manifestations of the laws of physics, would appear the same to someone on the deck of a ship moving smoothly and uniformly through the water as a person standing on land. water as a water as to a water; just as it would to a water, as it would to the water; just as to the 14. Dr. Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body can constantly change its genes to fashion a seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at an invading microbe or foreign substance. seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each specifically targeted at seeming unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically to seeming unlimited number of antibodies, all specifically targeted at seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, all of them targeted specifically to seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at 15. In an effort to reduce their inventories, Italian vintners have cut prices; their wines have been priced to sell, and they are. have been priced to sell, and they are are priced to sell, and they have are priced to sell, and they do are being priced to sell, and have had been priced to sell, and they have 16. Originally developed by ancient Hawaiians, surfing appeals to people due to the sports unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high paced maneuvering, an unpredictable backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable, and the camaraderie that often develops among people in their common quest to conquer nature. surfing appeals to people due to the sports unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high paced maneuvering, an unpredictable backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable, and the camaraderie that often develops surfings appeal is its unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high paced maneuvering, an unpredictable backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable, and the camaraderie that often develops surfings appeal to people is due to the sports unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high paced maneuvering, an unpredictable backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable, and developing camaraderie surfing appeals to people due to the sports unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high paced maneuvering, a backdrop that is unpredictable and that is, by turns, gracefully and serenely violent and formidable, and the camaraderie that often develops surfing appeals to people due to their unusual confluence of adrenaline, skill, and high paced maneuvering, an unpredictable backdrop that is, by turns, graceful and serene, violent and formidable, and the camaraderie that often develops

17. The earliest English settlers in Virginia failed to survive their first winter in the New World because of factors such as inadequate food supplies, harsh weather, and an inability to communicate with Native Americans. an inability that they were unable because they were unable being unable lacking an ability 18. As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision. As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision, it would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind if it were an adult with such vision. A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500, or legally blind as an adult As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision would be rated about 20/500; qualifying it to be legally blind if an adult A baby emerges from the darkness of the womb with a rudimentary sense of vision that would be rated about 20/500; an adult with such vision would be deemed legally blind. As a baby emerges from the darkness of the womb, its rudimentary sense of vision, which would deemed legally blind for an adult, would be rated about 20/500. 19. More than thirty years ago Dr. Barbara McClintock, the Nobel Prize winner, reported that genes can jump, as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another. as pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another like pearls moving mysteriously from one necklace to another as pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others like pearls do that move mysteriously from one necklace to others as do pearls that move mysteriously from one necklace to some other one 20. From the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers and the sailors who have fought Americas wars. the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers and the Civil War to the Vietnam war, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers and soldiers in the Civil War and soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers and soldiers in the Civil War to soldiers in Vietnam, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers to the Civil War and the Vietnam war, Smith & Wesson, the legendary arms maker, equipped both the soldiers and 21. The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected it to and its business will improve in the second half of the year. had expected it to and its business will improve had expected and that its business would improve expected it would and that it will improve its business expected them to and its business would improve expected and that it will have improved its business 22. Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the worlds great cities. is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; were it to do so, so reflective that little polar ice melts during the summer, or else reflective, so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer, or reflects so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; if it did 23. Archaeologists have shown that ingesting lead in drinking water was a significant health hazard for the ancient Romans, like that of modern Americans. like that of modern Americans as that for modern Americans just as modern Americans do as do modern Americans as it is for modern Americans

24. Over the next few years, increasing demands on the Chattahoochee River, which flows into the Apalachicola River, could alter the saline content of Apalachicola Bay, which would rob the oysters there of their flavor, and to make them decrease in size, less distinctive, and less in demand. which would rob the oysters there of their flavor, and to make them decrease in size and it would rob the oysters there of their flavor, make them smaller and rob the oysters there of their flavor, making them decrease in size robbing the oysters there of their flavor and making them smaller robbing the oysters there of their flavor, and making them decrease in size 25. In the sixteenth century, the push for greater precision in measuring time was not, like more recently, motivated by complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, but the practical matters of navigation: sailors simply needed more highly accurate timepieces in order to compute their longitude form the positions of the stars. not, like more recently, motivated by complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, but the practical matters of navigation being motivated by the practical matters of navigation, instead of complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, as it has been recently motivated not by complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, like they were more recently, but by the practical matters of navigation motivated by the practical matters of navigation, not complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, which was the case more recently motivated not by complicated philosophical questions about the nature of matter and the universe, as has been the case more recently, but by the practical matters of navigation 26. In response to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models of car are so luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models. the interiors of the newest models of car are so luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models the interiors of the newest models of car are so luxurious that the cars sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models of car that are so luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models the interior of the newest models of car are so luxurious that they are sold for nearly twice the price of last year's models auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models of car that are so luxurious that the cars sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models 27. Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper crops, sugar beet and walnut in the region, but in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper crops, sugar beet and walnut in the region, but in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region, but in the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. Pests had destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region, but more effective pest-control methods that were introduced in the 1880s saved the citrus industry. In the 1880s, pests destroyed grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region and more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry. In the 1880s, more effective pest-control methods saved the citrus industry from what was destroying grape, celery, chili pepper, sugar beet and walnut crops in the region. 28. Used by many natural history museum curators in the preparation of animal skeletons for display, dermestid beetles feed on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses, pulling with its mouthparts to strip the bone of any residual fat or muscle tissue. dermestid beetles feed on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses, pulling dermestid beetles feed on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses and pull the dermestid beetle feeds on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses and pulls the dermestid beetle feeds on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses, pulling the dermestid beetle feeds on the decaying flesh of animal carcasses and it pulls

29. Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an allfemale cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, the good goddess. Based on accounts of various ancient writers Basing it on various ancient writers accounts With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis By the accounts of various ancient writers they used Using accounts of various ancient writers 30. Created in 1731, Anders Celsius original thermometer had a scale where the value of 0 corresponded to the boiling point of water; after he died in 1744 the scale was reversed to its present form. in 1731, Anders Celsius original thermometer had a scale where the value of 0 corresponded to the boiling point of water; after he died in 1744 the scale was reversed to its present form. in 1731, Anders Celsius original thermometer had a scale in which the value of 0 corresponded to the boiling point of water; after his death in 1744 the scale was reversed to its present form. in 1731, Anders Celsius original thermometer had a scale in which the value of 0 corresponded to the boiling point of water; after he died in 1744 the scale was reversed to its present form. by Anders Celsius in 1731, his original thermometer had a scale in which the value of 0 corresponded to the boiling point of water; reversing the scale to its present form after his death in 1744. by Anders Celsius in 1731, his original thermometer had a scale where the value of 0 corresponded to the boiling point of water; after his death in 1744 the scale reversed to its present form. 31. There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing. There are no legal limits, as there are for cod and haddock, on the size of monkfish that can be caught, a circumstance that contributes to their depletion through overfishing. There are no legal limits on the size of monkfish that can be caught, unlike cod or haddock, a circumstance that contributes to depleting them because they are being overfished. There are legal limits on the size of cod and haddock that can be caught, but not for monkfish, which contributes to its depletion through overfishing. Unlike cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, which contributes to its depletion by being overfished. Unlike catching cod and haddock, there are no legal size limits on catching monkfish, contributing to their depletion because they are overfished. 32. Heirloom tomatoes, grown from seeds saved from the previous year, only look less appetizing than their round and red supermarket cousins, often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but are more flavorful. cousins, often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but are cousins, often green and striped, or with plenty of bumps and bruises, although cousins, often green and striped, or they have plenty of bumps and bruises, although they are cousins; they are often green and striped, or with plenty of bumps and bruises, although cousins; they are often green and striped, or have plenty of bumps and bruises, but they are 33. Defense attorneys have occasionally argued that their clients misconduct stemmed from a reaction to something ingested, but in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, the perpetrators are in effect told that they are not responsible for their actions. in attributing criminal or delinquent behavior to some food allergy, if criminal or delinquent behavior is attributed to an allergy to some food, in attributing behavior that is criminal or delinquent to an allergy to some food, if some food allergy is attributed as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior, in attributing a food allergy as the cause of criminal or delinquent behavior, 34. Some museums regard themselves as keepers rather than owners of art, responsible for conserving it in the present and letting it go where circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future. letting it go where circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future letting them go where circumstances are auspicious to do so in the future letting them go when circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future letting it go when circumstances are auspicious to do so in the future letting it go when circumstances are auspicious to do it in the future

35. Agencies studying discrimination in housing have experimentally proved that minority clients are often discouraged as prospective buyers of residential real estate and the antidiscrimination legislation of recent decades were only mitigating, rather than abolishing, inequity in housing practices. the antidiscrimination legislation of recent decades were only mitigating, rather than abolishing, inequity in housing practices in recent decades, the antidiscrimination legislation only mitigated, rather than abolishing, inequity in housing practices that antidiscrimination legislation of recent decades has only mitigated, rather than abolished, inequity in housing practices that, in recent decades, antidiscrimination legislation has only mitigated, rather than abolishing, housing practices inequity that recent decades antidiscrimination legislation only were mitigating, rather than abolishing, housing practices inequity 36. Proponents of artificial intelligence say they will be able to make computers that can understand English and other human languages, recognize objects, and reason as an expert doescomputers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these. as an expert doescomputers that will be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan, or other purposes such as these as an expert does, which may be used for purposes such as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan like an expertcomputers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan like an expert, the use of which would be for purposes like the diagnosis of equipment breakdowns or the decision whether or not a loan should be authorized like an expert, to be used to diagnose equipment breakdowns, deciding whether to authorize a loan or not, or the like 37. Humans have been damaging the environment for centuries by overcutting trees and farming too intensively, and though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population and in the intensity of industrialization are causing a worldwide ecological crisis. though some protective measures, like the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great increases in population though some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, were taken decades ago, great increases in population though some protective measures, such as establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries having been taken decades ago, great population increases with some protective measures, like establishing national forests and wildlife sanctuaries that were taken decades ago, great increases in population with some protective measures, such as the establishment of national forests and wildlife sanctuaries, having been taken decades ago, great population increases 38. Studying the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled the secrets of how embryos develop to begin to be unraveled by scientists. Studying the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled the secrets of how embryos develop to begin to be unraveled by scientists. By the study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance and also a time-honored experimental subject, it was possible for the secrets of how embryos develo0p to begin to be unraveled by scientists. By studying a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, the fruit fly enabled scientists to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop. By studying the fruit fly, a household nuisance and also a time-honored experimental subject, the secrets of how embryos develop are beginning to be unraveled by scientists. The study of the fruit fly, a household nuisance but a time-honored experimental subject, has enabled scientists to begin to unravel the secrets of how embryos develop. 39. With government funding for the arts dwindling, even major orchestras would feel the pressure of trying to meet their payroll and travel costs over the past several years. would feel will feel have felt feel are feeling

40. When Congress reconvenes, some newly elected members from rural states will try and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage more aggressive sales of United States farm products overseas. and establish tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are to be allowed to grow and to encourage and establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain able to be grown by farmers and encouraging establishing tighter restrictions for the amount of grain farmers are allowed to grow and to encourage to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain capable of being grown by farmers and encouraging to establish tighter restrictions on the amount of grain farmers will be allowed to grow and to encourage 41. To tackle the issue of Congressional campaign spending is becoming embroiled in a war which is raging between those who support public financing with those who would lift the limits on the amount political parties and individuals may donate. becoming embroiled in a war which is raging between those who support public financing with becoming embroiled in a war raging among those who support public financing with to become embroiled in a war raging between those who support public financing and to become embroiled in a war which is raging among those who support public financing and becoming embroiled in a war raging between those who support public financing and 42. His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas. in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate 43. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor played often in concert halls until it was revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. Classical guitar was not prestigious and was not often played in concert halls until Andres Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, after he was won over by the sound despite the instrument's relative obscurity. Classical guitar did not have prestige nor was it performed often in concert halls until its revival by Andres Segovia, who in the mid-twentieth century was won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until Andres Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, when he was won over by the sound of the relatively obscure instrument. 44. Unlike Mozart, whose funeral was sparsely attended being buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethovens was attended by more than thirty-thousand mourners and his final resting place lies in a famous Vienna cemetery near the graves of Schubert and Brahms. being buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethovens was attended by about thirty-thousand mourners and his final resting place lies in a famous Vienna cemetery near the graves of Schubert and Brahms being buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethovens funeral was attended by about thirty-thousand mourners and his final resting place was near the graves of Schubert and Brahms in a famous Vienna cemetery and he was buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven was given a funeral attended by more than thirtythousand mourners and his final resting place lies near the graves of Schubert and Brahms in a famous Vienna cemetery and who was buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethovens funeral was attended by more than thirtythousand mourners and his final resting place lies in a famous Vienna cemetery near the graves of Schubert and Brahms and who was buried in an unmarked common grave, Beethoven was given a funeral attended by more than thirty-thousand mourners and lies buried near the graves of Schubert and Brahms in a famous Vienna cemetery

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45. Recent research has indicated that sustainable weight loss is generally a result not of self-deprivation or adopting an extreme diet, but a healthy lifestyle that integrates a balanced diet, regular exercise, and a long-term approach. self-deprivation or adopting an extreme diet, but self-deprivation or the adoption of an extreme diet, but of self-deprivation or the adoption of an extreme diet, but depriving oneself or adopting an extreme diet, but depriving oneself or adopting an extreme diet, but that of 46. Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire. Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire. Although he had resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire. Although he resisted the assignment, T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, had successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire. Although he had resisted the assignment, Lawrence of Arabia, who successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire, was earlier known as T. E. Lawrence. T. E. Lawrence, later known as Lawrence of Arabia, successfully led an Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire, although they had resisted the assignment. 47. Despite the sequel's poor critical reception, most people seeing it find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than the original. most people seeing it find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than the original most people seeing it find the acting and cinematography at least as good or as even better than the original's most people who see the film find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than those in the original most people who see it find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than those in the original most people seeing the film find the acting and cinematography at least as good as or even better than those of the original's Choose the correct inference 48. For many revisionist historians, Christopher Columbus has come to personify devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere. devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that has decimated native peoples of the Western Hemisphere devastation and enslavement in the name of progress by which native peoples of the Western Hemisphere decimated devastating and enslaving in the name of progress those native peoples of the Western Hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated devastating and enslaving those native peoples of the western Hemisphere which in the name of progress are decimated the devastation and enslavement in the name of progress that have decimated the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere 49. Todays technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history. small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in 50. The health commissioner said that the government had implemented strict measures to eradicate the contaminated food and, despite the recent illnesses, it will try to prevent the outbreak from recurring in the future. it will try that it tried it had tried it would have tried that it would try

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51. In the small, closed Bedouin world, in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and their families, subsequently lowering their chances for marriage should word get out that a genetic disease runs in her family. in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and their families, subsequently lowering their in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and her family, subsequently lowering her which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and her family, subsequently lowering her in which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing a carrier and her families, subsequently lowering her which secrets are hard to keep, there is the danger of stigmatizing carriers and their families, subsequently lowering their 52. While the stock market was bouncing back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; between 2001 to 2004, typical household savings plummeted nearly 25% and the median household debt rose by a third. was bouncing back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; between bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession, from has bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; between has bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; from bounced back from its 2002 low, U.S. families are still reeling from the recent recession; from 53. The category 1 to 5 rating known as the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale provides an estimate of a hurricanes potential of destroying or damaging property, and is primarily determined from wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind speeds so high as to blow away small buildings, completely destroy mobile homes, and cause severe window and door damage. of destroying or damaging property, and is primarily determined from wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind speeds so high as to destroy or damage property, and is primarily determined from wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind speeds high enough of destroying or damaging property, and is primarily determined by wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind speeds so high as to destroy or damage property, and is primarily determined by wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind speeds high enough to destroy or damage property, and is primarily determined by wind speed; a category 5 storm has wind speeds so high as 54. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear. An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past. Executives being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear. Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. 55. Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner, the investigators did not doubt whether the body recovered from the river was the man who had attempted to escape from the state prison. did not doubt whether the body recovered from the river was have no doubt whether the body recovered from the river was had not doubted that the body recovered from the river was have no doubt whether the body recovered from the river was that of had no doubt that the body recovered from the river was that of

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56. Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete. the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, was protected in his afterlife by an army of terracotta warriors that was created more than 2,000 years ago by 700,000 artisans who took more than 36 years to complete it it took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors more than 2,000 years ago that would protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas fi rst emperor, in his afterlife more than 2,000 years ago, 700,000 artisans worked more than 36 years to create an army of terra-cotta warriors to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas first emperor, in his afterlife more than 36 years were needed to complete the army of terra-cotta warriors that 700,000 artisans created 2,000 years ago to protect Qin Shi Huang, Chinas fi rst emperor, in his afterlife 57. New data from United States Forest Service ecologists show that for every dollar spent on controlled smallscale burning, forest thinning, and the training of firemanagement personnel, it saves seven dollars that would not be spent on having to extinguish big fires. that for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire-management personnel, it saves seven dollars that would not be spent on having to extinguish that for every dollar spent on controlled smallscale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire-management personnel, seven dollars are saved that would have been spent on extinguishing that for every dollar spent on controlled smallscale burning, forest thinning, and the training of fire-management personnel saves seven dollars on not having to extinguish for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of firemanagement personnel, that it saves seven dollars on not having to extinguish for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning, forest thinning, and the training of firemanagement personnel, that seven dollars are saved that would not have been spent on extinguishing 58. In 1995 Richard Stallman, a well-known critic of the patent system, testified in Patent Office hearings that, to test the system, a colleague of his had managed to win a patent for one of Kirchhoffs laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and now included in virtually every textbook of elementary physics. laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and laws, which was an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and it is laws, namely, it was an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and laws, an observation about electric current first made in 1845, it is laws that was an observation about electric current, first made in 1845, and is 59. The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities can collect student activity fees even with students objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be chosen without regard to their views. with students objections to particular activities, so long as the groups they give money to will be if they have objections to particular activities and the groups that are given the money are if they object to particular activities, but the groups that the money is given to have to be from students who object to particular activities, so long as the groups given money are though students have an objection to particular activities, but the groups that are given the money be 60. Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent. Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected It was seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, and ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, but the Erie Canal, connecting The Erie Canal was seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep and it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, which connected The Erie Canal, seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, connecting

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61. As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro. Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, trained several generations of actors who include Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several generations of actors whose ranks included one of the most influential artists in the American theater was Stella Adler, who trained several generations of actors including one of the most influential artists in the American theater, Stella Adler, trained several generations of actors whose ranks included 62. Examples of tulipomania, a term coined from the tulip craze of the seventeenth-century in the Netherlands, include speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s, Victorian real estate in the 1880s, the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, and the obsession for Beanie Babies in the 1990s. Examples of tulipomania, a term coined from the tulip craze of the seventeenth-century in the Netherlands, include speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s, Victorian real estate in the 1880s, the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, and Examples of tulipomania, a term coined from the seventeenth-century tulip craze in the Netherlands, include speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s, Victorian real estate in the 1880s, and the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, as well as Coined from the seventeenth-century tulip craze in the Netherlands, examples of tulipomania include speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s, Victorian real estate in the 1880s, and the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, as well as Coined from the seventeenth-century tulip craze in the Netherlands, tulipomania includes examples such as speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s, Victorian real estate in the 1880s, the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, and Tulipomania, coined from the seventeenth-century tulip craze in the Netherlands, included speculative bubbles in South Seas trading rights in the 1720s, Victorian real estate in the 1880s, the U.S. stock market in the 1920s, and 63. The discovery that Earths inner core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earths outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earths magnetic field. core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earths outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earths magnetic field. core rotates independently of and more quickly than Earths outer layers is responsible for advancing studies of how heat from the inner core flows through the outer planet, and the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earths magnetic field core rotates independently and more quickly than Earths outer layers are responsible for advancing studies of how heat from the inner core flows through the outer planet, and how Earths magnetic field forms and the periodic reversal of its direction core, rotating independently and more quickly than Earths outer layers, are responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet, and the formation and periodic reversal in direction of Earths magnetic field core, rotating independently of and more quickly than Earths outer layers, is responsible for advancing studies of the flow of heat from the inner through the outer planet and of how Earths magnetic field forms and the periodic reversal of its direction 64. There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar. the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them having bricks formed from mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they were laid to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them that bricks were formed from mud or clay, which, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, were laid

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65. Descending approximately 4,000 years ago from the African wildcat, it has been an exceedingly short time for the domestic cat with respect to genetic evolution and it scarcely seems sufficient to allow the marked physical changes that transformed the animal. Descending approximately 4,000 years ago from the African wildcat, it has been an exceedingly short time for the domestic cat with respect to genetic evolution and it scarcely seems sufficient to allow the marked physical changes that transformed the animal. The domestic cat descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, which is an exceedingly short time for the domestic cat's genetic evolution and scarcely sufficient for the marked physical changes that transformed the animal. Descending from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, the domestic cat has had an exceedingly short time for its genetic evolution and has been scarcely sufficient for the marked physical changes in the animal. Having descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, the domestic cat has had an exceedingly short time for its genetic evolution that has scarcely been sufficient for the marked physical changes that transformed the animal. The domestic cat descended from the African wildcat approximately 4,000 years ago, an exceedingly recent divergence with respect to genetic evolution and one which scarcely seems sufficient to allow the marked physical changes in the animal. 66. A recent study has cited overcomplexity, increasing worker mobility between companies, and poor financial planning in estimating that less than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans. A recent study has cited overcomplexity, increasing worker mobility between companies, and poor financial planning in estimating that less than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans. Overcomplexity, increasing worker mobility between companies, and poor financial planning have been cited by a recent study that estimated that over half of eligible American workers do not contribute the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans. Citing overcomplexity, increasing mobility of workers between companies, and poor financial planning, less than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans, a recent study estimates. A recent study of American workers, citing overcomplexity, increasing mobility of workers between companies, and poor financial planning, has estimated that less than half of eligible American workers had contributed the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans. Citing overcomplexity, increasing mobility of workers between companies, and poor financial planning, a recent study has estimated that less than half of eligible American workers contribute the maximum amount to their employer-offered retirement plans. 67. Finally reaching a decision on an issue that has long been politically charged in the Pacific Northwest, politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan to protect wild salmon and other endangered fish, instead of which they proposed a series of smaller steps, by which they intend to protect the fish. politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan to protect wild salmon and other endangered fish, instead of which they proposed a series of smaller steps, by which they intend politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan to protect wild salmon and other endangered fish, proposing instead a series of smaller steps intended politicians decided to postpone by at least five years an ambitious plan for protecting wild salmon and other endangered fish, and instead they proposed a series of smaller steps, intending an ambitious plan to protect wild salmon and other endangered fish was postponed by politicians, who instead proposed a series of smaller steps, intending an ambitious plan to protect wild salmon and other endangered fish has been postponed by politicians, proposing instead a series of smaller steps intended 68. The first woman elected to Congress in the United States, many people regard Jeanette Rankin to be a role model because of her committing to peace, as shown by her legislative votes against joining both World Wars. many people regard Jeanette Rankin to be a role model because of her committing to peace many people view Jeanette Rankin to be a role model because of her commitment to peace Jeanette Rankin is considered as a role model by many people because of her commitment to peace many people see Jeanette Rankin as a role model because of her commitment to peace Jeanette Rankin is regarded by many people as a role model because of her commitment to peace

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69. Though laypeople often refer to the panda as a bear, due to its physical resemblance to one, DNA testing has shown that it is more closely related to the common raccoon than any member of the bear family. due to its physical resemblance to one, DNA testing has shown that it is more closely related to the common raccoon than due to the fact that it physically resembles one, DNA testing showed that it is more closely related to the common raccoon than is because of its physical resemblance to one, DNA testing has shown that it is more closely related to the common raccoon than because of its resemblance to one physically, DNA testing has shown that it is more closely related to the common raccoon than is because of its physical resemblance to one, DNA testing has shown that it is more closely related to the common raccoon than to 70. Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians even since 1788, when Europeans saw Dharug-peaking men tossing bumariny in the area later known as Sydney. Regardless of their form or function, all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing have been called boomerangs by non-Australians even since 1788, Regardless of their form or function, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians even since 1788, Ever since 1788, non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing boomerangs, regardless of their form or function, from Ever since 1788, any aerodynamically enhanced, curved object made for throwing has been called a boomerang by non-Australians, regardless of its form or function, from Non-Australians have called all aerodynamically enhanced, curved objects made for throwing boomerang ever since 1788, regardless of their form or function, from 71. Being that she was secretary of labor, Frances Perkins considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used preventing him from restraining strikes by longshoremen and automobile workers. Being that she was secretary of labor, Frances Perkins considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used preventing As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used to prevent Being secretary of labor, Frances Perkins considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt was used preventing As secretary of labor, Frances Perkins used her considerable influence with Franklin D. Roosevelt to prevent Secretary of labor, Frances Perkins considerable influence was used with Franklin D. Roosevelt preventing 72. When a ton of wheat was being moved from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100, but when the canal was used, it took less than eight days and cost less than $6. When a ton of wheat was being moved from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100, but when the canal was used, it Moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100; using the canal, it Before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York City took three weeks and cost $100; on the canal the move In 1825, before opening the Erie Canal, to move a ton of wheat took three weeks from Buffalo to New York City, which cost $100; moving it on the canal To move a ton of wheat in 1825 from Buffalo to New York City took three weeks before the opening of the Erie Canal, costing $100, but in using the canal, the move 73. Most of the purported health benefits of tea comes from antioxidantscompounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the bodys blood vessels. comes from antioxidantscompounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that comes from antioxidantscompounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they come from antioxidantscompounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and come from antioxidantscompounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that come from antioxidantscompounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

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74. Biologists working in Spain say that their discovery of teeming life in a highly acidic river may not only broaden the search for life, or for evidence of past life, no other planets but also show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that scientists have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria. show that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that scientists have long thought hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria may show that a number of forms of microscopic life is capable of adapting to conditions that scientists have long thought hostile to all bacteria but the hardiest ones shows a number of forms of microscopic life to be capable to adapt to conditions that scientists have long thought had been hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria showing that a number of forms of microscopic life is capable of adapting to conditions that scientists have long thought had been hostile to all but the hardiest bacteria showing that a number of forms of microscopic life can adapt to conditions that scientists have long thought hostile to all bacteria but the hardiest 75. More than fifty years after the Second World War, a number of African American soldiers were awardedsome of them posthumouslywith the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nations highest military award, and which was long overdue in recognition of their outstanding bravery. with the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nations highest military award, and which was long overdue in with the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nations highest military award for long-overdue the Congressional Medal of Honor, which was the nations highest military award, long-overdue in the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nations highest military award for long-overdue the Congressional Medal of Honor, the nations highest military award, in long-overdue 76. In 1926, in her second attempt to swim across the English Channel, Gertrude Ederle not only crossed the Channel against currents that Forced her to swim thirty-five miles instead of the minimal twenty-one, but she set a record for speed as well, by swimming the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done. but she set a record for speed as well, by swimming the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done. but also set a record for speed, swimming the distance almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done. but also swam the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done, and setting a record for speed. but also setting a record for speed by swimming the distance in almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done. but, swimming the distance almost two hours faster than anyone had yet done, she also set a record for speed. 77. The ancient Inca city of Macchu Picchu, perched on a ridge in the Andes Mountains of Peru, had been built at a high enough altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick with oxygen deprivation. had been built at a high enough altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick with oxygen deprivation had been built at so high of an altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick from oxygen deprivation was built at a high enough altitude that modern day tourists from lower elevations often become sick with oxygen deprivation when visiting the city was built at such a high altitude that modern-day tourists from lower elevations often become sick from oxygen deprivation when visiting the city was built at so high of an altitude that it often makes modern-day tourists from lower elevations sick from oxygen deprivation Choose the correct inference 78. Poor weather in early 14th-century Europe created meager harvests, causing the result of mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as many as 15 percent of the population. causing the result of mass starvation in some areas and the elimination as many as causing the result of mass starvation in some areas and eliminating as much as resulting in mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as much as and resulted in mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as many as causing mass starvation in some areas and the elimination of as many as 79. The declining number of graduate students majoring in engineering has resulted in less skilled engineers qualified to work in modern industries that have become increasingly high-tech. has resulted in less has resulted in fewer have resulted in fewer had resulted in less have resulted in less

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80. According to the National Science Foundation, in 2003 there were 198,113 female science and engineering graduate students, almost 42% of the graduate students in those fields, twice as much as 1981. twice as much as 1981 twice as many as 1981 double the figure for 1981 double what it was in 1981 a number double that of 1981s 81. By choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic that accentuated their luxury-laden lives. By choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic that accentuated By choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier generations, seeming younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic that accentuates In choosing glass apartments in hundred-foot towers instead of brownstone units designed for earlier generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic that accentuates In choosing glass apartments in hundred-foot towers instead of brownstone units designed for earlier generations, seemingly younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic that accentuated In choosing glass apartments towering a hundred feet over brownstone units designed for earlier generations, seeming younger-than-ever moneyed professionals have embraced a modern design ethic, accentuating 82. Geologists once thought that the molten rock known as lava was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, sporadically erupting through volcanoes, but they now know that it is continuously created by the heat of the radioactivity deep inside the planet. was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, sporadically erupting had been an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days and sporadically erupted was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, which sporadically erupted would be an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days that sporadically erupted was an underground remnant of Earth's earliest days, having sporadically erupted 83. The spending on durable goods like household appliances and automobiles is a cyclical pattern that depends on if the overall economy is healthy, whereas non-durable goods like food and shelter remain constant regardless of the economy. The spending on durable goods like household appliances and automobiles is a cyclical pattern that depends on if the overall economy is healthy, whereas non-durable goods like food and shelter remain constant regardless of the economy. Regardless of the economy, spending on non-durable goods like food and shelter remains constant even though spending on durable goods like household appliances and automobiles is a cyclical pattern that depends on whether the overall economy is healthy. Spending on durable goods, such as household appliances and automobiles, follows a cyclical pattern that depends on the health of the overall economy, whereas spending on non-durable goods such as food and shelter remains constant regardless of the economy's health. Whether the overall economy is healthy determines the cyclical pattern of spending on durable goods such as household appliances and automobiles, whereas non-durable spending such as food and shelter remains constant regardless of the economy. The cyclical pattern of spending on durable goods such as household appliances and automobiles depends on whether the overall economy is healthy but non-durable goods like food and shelter remain constant regardless of the economy. 84. Some scientists suggest the moon had been formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps by a meteor. the moon had been formed out of part of the Earth, which was dislodged perhaps that the moon was formed from part of the Earth that had perhaps been dislodged that part of the Earth formed the moon, which was dislodged perhaps the moon was formed out of part of the Earth, having perhaps been dislodged that the moon had been formed from part of the Earth, which perhaps had been dislodged

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85. The work of Byron and Shelley, like other poets of their era, explored themes of love and beauty, which gave rise to the school of poetry known as Romanticism. The work of Byron and Shelley, like other poets of their era, explored themes of love and beauty, which gave rise to the school of poetry known as Romanticism. Byron and Shelley, like other poets of their era, explored themes of love and beauty in their work, giving rise to the school of poetry known as Romanticism. Like other poets of their era, Byron and Shelley's work explored themes of love and beauty, giving rise to the school of poetry known as Romanticism. Love and beauty are themes explored by the work of Byron and Shelley, like they were by other poets of the era, and they gave rise to the school of poetry known as Romanticism. The school of poetry known as Romanticism rose from the works of Byron and Shelley, which was like that of other poets of the era in exploring themes of love and beauty. 86. Quarried from a site over five miles away, scientists are still puzzled as to how the prehistoric Britons managed to transport the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge over such a great distance without machinery. scientists are still puzzled as to how the prehistoric Britons managed to transport the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge over such a great distance without machinery. the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge are still puzzling to scientists because of how the ancient Britons managed to transport them over such a great distance without machinery. scientists are still puzzled by how the prehistoric Britons managed the transportation of the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge without machinery over such a great distance. the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge still puzzle scientists, who wonder how the prehistoric Britons managed to transport them over such a great distance without machinery. the massive stone blocks of Stonehenge are still a puzzle to scientists due to being transported over such a great distance without machinery. 87. Between 1990 and 2000, the annual precipitation in Henan, one of the main agricultural provinces in central China, has fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches per year, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether or not the rapid economic growth of the province could be sustained in the future. has fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches per year, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether or not the fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches per year, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether or not the fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether its fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether or not the fluctuated from 250 to 470 inches, causing substantial variation in the productivity of local crops and making it difficult to predict whether the 88. The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, makes some people sweat is because they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerve endings in the mouth as does a rise in temperature; this stimulation sometimes results in the activation of certain biological cooling mechanisms, one of which is perspiration. The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, makes some people sweat is because they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerve endings in the mouth as does a rise in temperature The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, makes some people sweat is that these foods contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth like a rise in temperature Certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, make some people sweat because they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth like a rise in temperature does The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, make some people sweat is that these foods contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth and on the tongue as does a rise in temperature The reason that certain spicy foods, such as the Habanero pepper, make some people sweat is because they contain a chemical that stimulates the same nerves in the mouth as does a rise in temperature 89. Congestion pricing, the practice of charging a fee for driving into the busiest areas of a city at the busiest times; it has more support from economists than do politicians. at the busiest times; it has more support from economists than do politicians at the busiest times, has more support among economists than among politicians at the busiest times; it has more support among economists than among politicians at the busiest times, has more support from economists than do politicians at the busiest times, it has more support from economists than from among politicians

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90. Municipal governments are beginning to confront the growing pension liabilities; this leads local politicians throughout the country to become increasingly vocal about restraining costs and limiting services. the growing pension liabilities; this leads their growing pension liabilities; leading the growth in their pension liabilities, which leads their growing pension liabilities, leading their growing pension liabilities, that leads 91. Though considered aesthetically primitive at the time, Henri Rousseau has become an iconic figure of PostImpressionism for his dream-like canvases painted like he was naive. Henri Rousseau has become an iconic figure of Post- Impressionism for his dream-like canvases painted like he was naive. Henri Rousseau's canvases, painted in a naive, dream-like style, later established the artist as an icon of PostImpressionism. Henri Rousseau painted canvases in a naive, dream-like style that has become an icon of Post-Impressionism. Henri Rousseau's canvases were painted in a naive, dream- like style that was later iconic of Post-Impressionism. the canvases of Henri Rousseau are icons of Post- Impressionism due to being painted in a naive, dream-like style. Choose the correct inference 92. Because of differences in the humans body's internal pressure and the ocean's, it is essential that a diver returning to the surface ascends slowly or they will suffer a painful condition known as the "bends." Because of differences in the human body's internal pressure and the ocean's, it is essential that a diver returning to the surface ascends slowly or they Because of the difference between the human body's internal pressure and the ocean's, it is essential that a diver returning to the surface ascend slowly or they Because of the difference in the human body's internal pressure and that of the ocean, it is essential that a diver returning to the surface ascends slowly or he Because of differences in the human body's internal pressure and that of the ocean, it is essential that a diver returning to the surface ascend slowly or they Because of the difference between the internal pressure of the human body and that of the ocean, it is essential that a diver returning to the surface ascend slowly or he Choose the correct inference 93. Though now eaten in large quantities around the world and harmless, the tomato is a member of the generally toxic nightshade family, including belladonna, and was once thought to be poisonous itself as a result. Though now eaten in large quantities around the world and harmless, the tomato is a member of the generally toxic nightshade family, including belladonna, and was once thought to be poisonous itself as a result. The tomato, though now eaten in large quantities around the world and harmless, is a member of the generally toxic nightshade family, which includes belladonna, and it was therefore once thought to be poisonous itself. Once thought to be poisonous itself, the tomato is harmless and now eaten in large quantities around the world, and is a member of the generally toxic nightshade family, including belladonna. Though now eaten in large quantities around the world and known to be harmless, the tomato was once considered poisonous because it is a member of the generally toxic nightshade family, which includes belladonna. A member of the generally toxic nightshade family, including belladonna, the tomato was once considered poisonous even though it is harmless and now eaten in large quantities around the world. 94. Carbon monoxide levels in the atmosphere grew by enough of an increased percentage during the twentieth century that it began to trap heat radiating from the Earth, and it caused the average surface temperature to rise. Carbon monoxide levels in the atmosphere grew by enough of an increased percentage during the twentieth century that it began to trap heat radiating from the Earth, and it caused the average surface temperature to rise. Carbon monoxide levels in the atmosphere increased by enough of a percentage during the twentieth century that they began to trap heat radiating from the Earth, causing the average surface temperature to rise. Levels of atmospheric carbon monoxide increased sufficiently during the twentieth century to begin trapping heat radiating from the Earth, causing the average surface temperature to rise. Atmospheric carbon monoxide levels increased by a sufficient percentage during the twentieth century to begin trapping heat radiating from the Earth, which caused the average surface temperature to rise. Levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere during the twentieth century increased enough to begin trapping heat radiating from the Earth, causing the average surface temperature to rise. Choose the correct inference

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95. Having lived in Tahiti for several years, where life was slow and relaxed, it was difficult for Paul Gauguin to readjust to the hectic pace of Paris upon returning. Having lived in Tahiti for several years, where life was slow and relaxed, it was difficult for Paul Gauguin to readjust to the hectic pace of Paris upon returning. Having lived for several years in Tahiti, where life was slow and relaxed, it was difficult for Paul Gauguin to readjust to the hectic pace of Paris upon returning. Having lived in Tahiti for several years, where life was slow and relaxed, Paul Gauguin had difficulty readjusting to the hectic pace of Paris upon his return. Having lived for several years in Tahiti, where life was slow and relaxed, Paul Gauguin had difficulty readjusting to the hectic pace of Paris upon his return. Having lived for several years in Tahiti, where life was slow and relaxed, Paul Gauguin had difficulty readjusting upon returning to Paris because of the hectic pace. Choose the correct inference 96. Though some education experts claim that the low test scores of children in the city can be raised by hiring more teachers and an increase in the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing this cannot guarantee any improvement. by hiring more teachers and an increase in the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing this by hiring more teachers and increasing funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing so by a hiring of more teachers and increasing the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, other insist that doing so by hiring more teachers and increasing the amount of funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing this by hiring more teachers and an increase in funding for textbooks and other supplies, others insist that doing so Choose the correct inference 97. Congress has enacted legislation forbidding state and local governments from raising taxes on connections that link consumers to the Internet for the next three years. forbidding state and local governments from raising taxes on connections that link consumers to the Internet for the next three years. that forbids state and local governments for the next three years from raising taxes on connections that link consumers to the Internet. that for the next three years forbids state and local governments to raise taxes on connections that link consumers to the Internet. forbidding for the next three years to state and local governments the raising of taxes on connections that link consumers to the Internet that forbids for the next three years state and local governments from raising taxes on connections that link consumers to the Internet. 98. Instead of buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for someone new to financial planning, real estate has become increasingly attractive to young people looking for a first investment. Instead of buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for someone new to financial planning, real estate has become increasingly attractive to young people as a first investment. Instead of buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for those new to financial planning, young people have shown an increasing attraction to real estate as a first investment. Rather than buying stocks and bonds, which is the more conventional approach for someone new to financial planning, real estate has become increasingly attractive to young people looking for a first investment. Rather than buy stocks and bonds, which are the more conventional instruments for those new to financial planning, young people have turned increasingly to real estate as a first investment. Instead of stocks and bonds, which are the more conventional approach for those new to financial planning, young people have shown an increasing attraction to real estate as a first investment. Choose the correct inference 99. Famed for his masterful use of irony, many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics due to the author slowly revealing at the end of each piece a tragic twist of fate. Famed for his masterful use of irony, many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics due to the author slowly revealing at the end of each piece a tragic twist of fate. Many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because of how he famously and masterfully uses irony, evident in the slow revelation of a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece. Famed for using irony in a masterful way, many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because of the author slowly revealing a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece. Many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because of the author's famed and masterful use of irony, evidenced in the slow revelation of a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece. Many of Guy de Maupassant's short stories have become classics because he slowly revealed a tragic twist of fate at the end of each piece, demonstrating his famed and masterful use of irony

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100.

Supporters of tax breaks that local governments award to businesses each year to prevent them from moving consider them vital economic development tools while critics denounce the tax breaks as corporate welfare that helps some localities but weakens the national economy. Supporters of tax breaks that local governments award to businesses each year to prevent them from moving consider them vital economic development tools Supporters consider tax breaks that local governments award businesses each year to prevent them from moving to be vital economic development tools Supporters of tax breaks that local governments award businesses each year to prevent them from moving consider them vital economic development tools Supporters consider tax breaks that local governments award businesses each year to prevent them from moving vital economic development tools Supporters of tax breaks that local governments award businesses each year to prevent them from moving consider the tax breaks to be vital economic development tools

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

D E E E A A B A D E B D B E C A A D B B B B E D E E B D E B A E B D C C B E C E C B C E B B C A C E B D E E E

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56. A 57. B 58. A 59. D 60. B 61. C 62. B 63. A 64. D 65. E 66. E 67. B 68. E 69. E 70. A 71. D 72. C 73. D 74. A 75. E 76. B 77. D 78. C 79. B 80. C 81. C 82. A 83. C 84. B 85. B 86. D 87. E 88. D 89. B 90. D 91. B 92. E 93. D 94. C 95. D 96. B 97. C 98. D 99. D 100. 101.

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