Efm Pon Tutorial v2

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) A Tutorial
Overview
A Passive Optical Network (PON) is a single, shared optical fiber that uses inexpensive optical splitters to divide the single fiber into separate strands feeding individual subscribers. PONS are called "passive" because, other than at the CO and subscriber endpoints, there are no active electronics within the access network. Using these techniques to create a passive optical infrastructure, Ethernet in the First Mile PON (EFMP) builds a point-to-multi-point fiber topology that supports a speed of 1 Gbps for up to 20 km. While subscribers are connected via dedicated distribution fibers to the site, they share the Optical Distribution Network (ODN) trunk fiber back to the Central Office. Eliminating the need for electrical equipment in the first mile network is a key facet of the EFMP topology. Another advantage is that much less fiber is required than in point-to-point topologies. To visualize the lower fiber requirements, it is useful to look at the topologies of point to point Ethernet and curb switched Ethernet along with EPON. Figure 1 illustrates all of these options. EPON is based on the Ethernet standard, unlike other PON technologies, which are based on the ATM standard. This lets you utilize the economies-of-scale of Ethernet, and provides simple, easy-to-manage connectivity to Ethernet-based, IP equipment, both at the customer premises and at the central office. As with other Gigabit Ethernet media, it is well-suited to carry packetized traffic, which is dominant at the access layer, as well as time-sensitive voice and video traffic.
Figure 1: Point to Point Ethernet, Curb-Switched Ethernet, and EPON Point-to-point Ethernet might use either N or 2N fibers, and thus has 2N optical transceivers. Curb-switched Ethernet uses one trunk fiber and thus saves fiber and space in the Central Office (CO). But it uses 2N+2 optical transceivers and needs electrical power in the field. EPON also uses only one trunk fiber and thus minimizes fibers and space in the CO, and also only uses N+1 optical transceivers. It requires no electrical power in the field. The drop throughput can be up to the line rate on the trunk link. EPON can support downstream broadcast such as video. The IEEE 802.3ah EPON specification defines MultiPoint Control Protocol (MPCP), Point-to-Point Emulation (P2PE), and two 1490/1310 nm PMDs for 10 and 20 km, required to build an EPON system. Typical EPON-based systems may include extra features above the IEEE 802.3ah standard, including security, authentication and dynamic bandwidth allocation.
The Metro Ethernet Forum 2005. Any reproduction of this document, or any portion thereof, shall contain the following statement: "Reproduced with permission of the Metro Ethernet Forum." No user of this document is authorized to modify any of the information contained herein.
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EPON Topologies
As Figure 2 shows, EPON is typically deployed as a tree or tree-and-branch topology, using passive 1:N optical splitters.
EPON Network
An EPON network includes an optical line terminal (OLT) and an optical network unit (ONU). The OLT resides in the CO (POP or local exchange). This would typically be an Ethernet switch or Media Converter platform. The ONU resides at or near the customer premise. It can be located at the subscriber residence, in a building, or on the curb outside. The ONU typically has an 802.3ah WAN interface, and an 802.3 subscriber interface. In Figure 3, the OLT is on the left and several ONUs are shown on the right
OLT System
Photos courtesy of Alloptic, Inc.
EPON 1:N
Figure 2: EPON System Architecture
Figure 3:ONU and OLT
EPON Systems
EPON is configured in full duplex mode (no CSMA/CD) in a single fiber point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topology. Subscribers, or ONUs, see traffic only from the headend; each subscriber cannot see traffic transmitted by other subscribers, and peer-to-peer communication is done through the headend, or OLT.. As Figure 4 shows, the headend allows only one subscriber at a time to transmit using a Time Division Multiplex Access (TDMA) protocol
1:N optical splitter
single fiber optics
Figure 4: EPON Configuration
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EPON systems use an optical splitter architecture, multiplexing signals with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream as such: 1490 nm downstream 1310 nm upstream
MPCP provides hooks for network resource optimization. Ranging is performed to reduce slack, and bandwidth reporting satisfies requirements by ONUs for DBA. Optical parameters are negotiated to optimize performance.
ONU and OLT Operation

The ONU performs an auto-discovery process which includes ranging and the assignment of both Logical Link IDs and bandwidth. Using timestamps on the downstream GATE MAC Control Message, the ONU synchronizes to the OLT timing. It receives the GATE message and transmits within the permitted time period. The OLT generates time stamped messages to be used as global time reference. It generates discovery windows for new ONUs, and controls the registration process. The OLT also assigns bandwidth and performs ranging operations.
Though configured as point to multipoint, Ethernet PON can be deployed in an Ethernet access platform, with both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint access cards, as shown in Figure 5.
Model 1 Service Providers IP Router VoIP GW Video Server IP Router SP2 Model 2 VoIP GW SP3 SP4 Video Server
L3 Service Multiplexing Switch
L3 L2
SP1
EPON Downstream
L2 Bandwidth Concentration Switch
P2M P OLT P2P OLT P2P OLT P2P OLT 2 1 P2MP and P2P System OLT + Optical Distribution Network
Demarcation Point
Downstream, EPON handles the physical broadcast of 802.3 frames. As Figure 6 shows, broadcast frames are extracted by the logical link ID in the preamble. 64-byte GATE messages are sent downstream to assign upstream bandwidth.
1 ONU 1 header Payload FCS
1 3 1 2
Network Operator
P2P ONT P2P ONT
1 USER 1
P2M P ONT
802.3 frame
Figure 5: EPON in the Ethernet Access Model
EPON Protocol
To control the P2MP fiber network, EPON uses the Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP). MPCP performs bandwidth assignment, bandwidth polling, auto-discovery, and ranging. It is implemented in the MAC Layer, introducing new 64-byte control messages: GATE and REPORT are used to assign and request bandwidth REGISTER is used to control the autodiscovery process
1 3 1 2 OLT
1 3 1 2 ONU 2
1 3 1 2
2 USER 2
3 ONU 3 USER 3
Figure 6: Downstream EPON Operation More detail on the 64-byte GATE message is shown in Figure 7.
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OLT
MAC Control Client
Generate GATE Start message Stop
ONU
MAC Control Client
OLT
MAC Control Client
Q1 Q0
ONU
MAC Control Client
Q1 Q0 Generate REPORT message
MA_CONTROL.request(GATE)
MA_CONTROL.indication(GATE)
MA_DATA.request( )
MA_CONTROL.indication(REPORT)
MA_CONTROL.request(REPORT)
MAC Control S C O P E
Clock register Timestamp GATE message TS Start Stop
MAC Control
Upstream Data Path
TS W registers Start rite Stop Clock register Slot Start register Slot Stop register Laser ON/OFF
MAC Control
Clock register RTT register Measure Round-Trip Time
TS Q1 Q0
I N
MAC PHY
MAC PHY
E P O C S N I
MAC Control
TS Q1 Q0 Clock register Timestamp REPORT message
MAC PHY
MAC PHY
Figure 7: Path of GATE Message from OLT to ONU
Figure 9: The REPORT Message
EPON Upstream
Figure 8 outlines the upstream control; the MPCP uses time slots containing multiple 802.3 frames, where each ONU sends a 64-byte REPORT message, with ONU state information to the OLT. There are no collisions and no packet fragmentation in this architecture.
ONU 1 1 1 USER 1
Round Trip Time Measurement

The calculation of round trip time is as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. OLT sends GATE at T1 ONU receives GATE at T1 ONU sends REPORT at T2 OLT receives REPORT at T3 OLT calculates RTT = T3 T2
The following figure illustrates this.

1 1
T1 (T3-T1) T3
OLT 1 1 2 333 2
ONU 2 2
USER 2
GATE
OLT
3
Tx Rx
T1
... T2 (T2-T1) ... REPORT
time slot 802.3 frame

3 3
ONU 3 3 3 3
USER 3
REPORT
header
Payload
FCS
ONU
Tx Rx T1 T1 ... T2 GATE
T2
...
Figure 8: EPON Upstream Control
Figure 9 describes the REPORT message.
Figure 10: Calculation of Round Trip Time Measurement The bottom line is that: RTT = (T3-T1) (T2-T1) = T3-T2
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EPON Standards within P802.3ah Objectives

To see where EPON fits among MEF standards, consider the following table, which lists all of the P802.3ah objectives by technology. Subscriber Access Technology Point to point on optical fiber (EFMF) Point to multipoint on optical fiber (EPON) Point to point on copper Physical Layer Specifications 1000BASE-LX extended temperature range optics 1000BASE-X >= 10km over single SM fiber 100BASE-X >= 10km over SM fiber PHY for PON, >= 10km, 1000Mbps, single SM fiber, >=1:16 PHY for PON, >= 20km, 1000Mbps, single SM fiber, >=1:16 PHY for single pair non-loaded voice grade copper, distance >=750m and speed >=10Mbps full duplex Table 1: P8023ah Objectives
Summary
EPON is suitable for Fiber-to-the-Home/Building/Business applications, including voice, data and video services. EPON is one type of fiber-based Ethernet access, using a passive optical 1:N infrastructure. An EPON network is a shared network, analogous to hybrid-fiber-coax networks, but with much greater bandwidth (1 Gbps). EPON systems are a highly attractive access solution because of cost and performance advantage, resulting from their nature as all-passive networks, point-to-multipoint architecture, and native Ethernet protocol.
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Appendix
Terminology
Term CWDM Definition Coarse Wave Division Multiplexing
References and Resources

Reference
Ethernet
EFMC EFMF EFMP
EFMA
A packet-based protocol that is used universally in local area networks and strong candidate for cost efficient deployment in access and metropolitan networks. Ethernet in First Mile topology for voicegrade copper. Ethernet in First Mile using Point-to-Point Fiber topology Etehrnet in First Mile using Point-toMultipoint topology, based on Passive Optical Networks (PONs). Ethernet in First Mile Alliance. An alliance of companies whose goal is to focus the necessary resources to make IEEE 802.3ah a successful industry standard. In 2004, the EFMA became part of the Metro Ethernet Forum
Fiber to the building Fiber to the curb Fiber to the home
IEEE 802.32002
IEEE 802.1Q
MEF 10
MEN Technical Overview
Description CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications, http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std/lan man/restricted/802.3-2002.pdf Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks, http://standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/std/lan man/802.1Q-1998.pdf MEF Technical Specification Ethernet Service Attributes, Phase 1, http://www.metroethernetforum.org/PDFs/S tandards/MEF10.pdf Metro Ethernet Networks A Technical Overview, http://www.metroethernetforum.org/PDFs/ WhitePapers/metro-ethernet-networks.pdf
Disclaimer
This paper reflects ongoing work within the MEF captured in a series of technical specifications which are a work in progress. The official MEF specifications are available at www.metroethernetforum.com/techspec. These represent a 75% member majority consensus as voted by members of the MEF Technical Committee at the time of their adoption. This paper will be updated as new work emerges from the MEF Technical Committee. Updates versions are available at http://www.metroethernetforum.org .
FTTB FTTC FTTH
First Mile
IEEE
MDU MTU OAM Network operator PON
Also called the last mile, the subscriber access network or the local loop, the first mile is the communications infrastructure of the business park or the neighborhood. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. A standards setting body responsible for many telecom and computing standards, including the Ethernet in the First Mile standard, IEEE 802.3ah. Multi-dwelling unit, such as an apartment house or hotel. Multi-tenant units, such as an apartment house or office building. The specification for managing EFM. Also called service providers and local exchange carriers, they provide access network services to subscribers. Passive Optical Network. A single, shared optical fiber that has inexpensive optical splitters located near the subscribers.
Physical Media Dependent sub-layer Physical Layer
About the Metro Ethernet Forum

The Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to accelerating the adoption of optical Ethernet as the technology of choice in metro networks worldwide. The Forum is comprised of leading service providers, major incumbent local exchange carriers, top network equipment vendors and other prominent networking companies that share an interest in metro Ethernet. As of December 2005, the MEF had over 70 members
PMD PHY
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network.
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Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) A Tutorial

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) A Tutorial

Figure 2: EPON System Architecture

Figure 3:ONU and OLT

1:N optical splitter

single fiber optics

Figure 4: EPON Configuration

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) A Tutorial

ONU and OLT Operation

L3 Service Multiplexing Switch

Figure 5: EPON in the Ethernet Access Model

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) A Tutorial

Figure 7: Path of GATE Message from OLT to ONU

Figure 9: The REPORT Message

Round Trip Time Measurement

The following figure illustrates this.

... T2 (T2-T1) ... REPORT

time slot 802.3 frame

Figure 8: EPON Upstream Control

Figure 9 describes the REPORT message.

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) A Tutorial

EPON Standards within P802.3ah Objectives

References and Resources

EFMC EFMF EFMP

MEN Technical Overview

FTTB FTTC FTTH

MDU MTU OAM Network operator PON

About the Metro Ethernet Forum

Public Switched Telephone Network.

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