Simulation Of SVPWM Method For Two Level Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive

Manish G Prajapati1,Rohit D Prajapati2 and Prof. Pinkal J Patel3

Student,Dept. of Electrical Engineering, S.P.C.E, Visnagar, Gujarat, India Assis. Professor, Dept of Electrical Engineering, S.P.C.E,Visnagar, Gujarat, India E-Mail Id :- manish.er570@gmail.com, rohit.er777@gmail.com and pinkal_ldce@yahoo.com
3 1&2

Abstract This paper describes on how to formulate a space vector modulator for the two-level inverter topology typically used for Low power induction motor drives. Space vector Pulse Width Modulation variable speed drives are increasingly applied in Many new industrial applications that require superior performance. In this Scheme V/Hz (Scalar control) ratio maintain constant in order to get constant Torque over the entire operating range. In such scheme A constant voltage and frequency (V/Hz) supply to a.c drives is invariably obtained from a three-phase two level voltage source inverter. There is an increasing trend of using space vector PWM (SVPWM) because of their easier digital realization and better dc bus utilization. The model of a three-phase voltage source inverter is discussed based on space vector theory. Simulation results are obtained using PSIM Software with a 45-KW (60 Hp) motor drive. Test result are given for effectiveness of the study. Index TermsTwo Level Inverter, space vector modulation (SVM), Scalar control (Constant V/Hz)

TABLE 1

SWITCHING VECTORS, PHASE VOLTAGES AND LINE VOLTAGES

Voltage Vector V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 Switching Vector a b c 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Line to Neutral Voltage Van Vbn Vcn 0 2/3 1/3 -1/3 -2/3 -1/3 1/3 0 0 -1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 -1/3 -2/3 0 0 -1/3 -2/3 -1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 0 Line to Line Voltage Vab Vbc Vca 0 1 0 -1 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 1 1 0 0

I.

INTRODUCTION
In this case, the ac line currents freewheel through either the upper or lower components[9]. The remaining states (1 to 6 in Table 1) produce non-zero ac output voltages. In order to generate a given voltage waveform, the inverter moves from one state to another. Thus the resulting ac output line voltages consist of discrete values of voltages that are Vi , 0, and -Vi for the topology shown in Fig. 1. The selection of the states in order to generate the given waveform is done by the modulating technique that should ensure the use of only the valid states[2] II.

HE TWO-Level inverter topology has attracted attention in high power medium voltage drive applications. Fig. 1 shows Main circuit of Three phase voltage source inverter.Single-phase VSI cover low-range power applications and three-phase VSI cover the medium- to high-power applications[1]. The Main purpose of these topologies is to provide a three-phase voltage source, where the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the voltages should always be controllable. Although most of the applications require sinusoidal voltage waveforms (e.g., ASDs, UPSs, FACTS, VAR compensators), arbitrary voltages are also required in some emerging applications (e.g., active filters, voltage compensators)[2]. The standard three-phase VSI topology is shown in Fig. 1 it has = 8 eight switching states and are given in Table 1[3]. The switches of any leg of the inverter (S1 and S4, S3 and S6, or S5 and S2) cannot be switched on simultaneously because this would result in a short circuit across the dc link voltage supply. Similarly, in order to avoid undefined states in the VSI, and thus undefined ac output line voltages, the switches of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously as this will result in voltages that will depend upon the respective line current polarity. Out of the eight switching states, two of them (7 and 8 in Table 1) produce zero ac line voltages[2].

TWO - LEVEL INVERTER SCHEME FOR AN INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

The circuit model of a typical three-phase voltage source PWM inverter is shown in Fig. 1 There are the six power switches(IGBT) that shape the output, which are controlled by the switching variables a, a, b, b, c and c[4]. When an upper IGBT is switched on, i.e., when a, b or c is 1,the corresponding lower IGBT is switched off, i.e .,the corresponding a, b or c is 0.Therefore, the on and off states of the upper IGBT S1, S3 and S5 can be used to determine the output voltage[5].The relationship between the switching variable vector [a, b, c]t and the line-to-line voltage Vector [Vab Vbc Vca]t is given by (2.1) in the following:[5][6]

Fig. 1. Three-phase voltage source PWM Inverter

= Vdc

(2.1)

Fig 2 Basic switching vectors and sectors

Also, the relationship between the switching variable vector [a, b, c]t and the phase voltage Vector [Va Vb Vc]t can be expressed below[5][6]. =

voltage can be adjusted by the Magnitude of Vref. The Vref (called the reference vector) vector rotates counter clockwise with the angle varying between 0 and 360 degrees.[9]

Vdc 3

(2.2) III.

PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT V/HZ CONTROL FOR INDUCTION MOTORS

As illustrated in Fig. 1, there are eight possible combinations of on and off patterns for the three upper power switches[6]. The on and off states of the lower power devices are opposite to the upper one and so are easily determined once the states of the upper IGBT are determined[2]. According to equations (2.1) and (2.2), the eight switching vectors, output line to neutral voltage (phase voltage), and output line-to-line voltages in terms of DC-link Vdc, are given in Table 1 [5]. Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) refers to a special switching sequence of the upper three power igbt of

In this type of control, the motor is fed with variable frequency supply generated by the PWM control of an inverter[10]. At steady state the machine terminal voltage is given by V = jA (3.1)

where V and A are the phasors of stator voltage and stator flux,

a three-phase inverter [6]. It has been shown to generate less harmonic distortion in the output voltages and or
currents applied to the phases of an AC motor and to provide more efficient use of supply voltage compared with sinusoidal modulation technique [4]. Fig 2 Show the basic Switching Vector of SVPWM Technique. In this schemes there are eight valid switching state out of six active switching space vector are evenly distributed 60 interval with 2 Vdc/3 length and form a hexagon also two zero space vector are located at the center of hexagon in the complex plane as shown in fig 2.[7] For a given Magnitude (length) and position, Vref can be synthesized by three near by stationary vectors, based on which the switching states of the inverter can be selected and gate signals for the active switches can be generated [8]. When Vref passes through sectors one by one, different sets of switches will be turned on or off. As a result, when Vref rotates one revolution in space, the inverter output voltage varies one cycle over time. The inverter output frequency corresponds to the rotating speed of Vref, while its output

1V 2

(3.2)

It follows that if the ratio V/f remains constant with the change of f, then A also remains constant and the torque is independent of the supply frequency[3]. So in order to get constant torque over the entire operating range The V/f ratio is maintain constant. Since only magnitudes of the input variables frequency and voltage are controlled, this is known as scalar control[10] In actual implementation the ratio between the Magnitude and frequency of the stator voltage is usually based on the rated values of these variables, also known as motor ratings.[6] The realistic control limits that are placed on the applied voltage and frequency are illustrated in Fig. 3 [4] A disadvantage of such a control is that the torque developed is load dependent as it is not controlled directly. Also, the transient response of such a control is not fast due to the predefined switching pattern of the Inverter[10].

Where, TS = Sampling Time Ma = Modulation Index Fs = Sampling Frequency

Fig. 3. V/f limits on frequency and voltage.

Fig. 4. Vector Diagram When Reference Vector in Sector 1

IV.

ALGORITHAM FOR SIMULATING THE SPACE

VECTOR PWM

(Where = 60)

Step 1. Determine Vref, and angle (Theta) Step 2. Determine time duration T1, T2, T0 Step 3. Determine the switching time of each IGBT (s1 to s6) C. Step 3: Determine the switching time of each IGBT (s1 to s6) Fig.5 shows space vector PWM switching patterns at each sector. Based on this Fig. the switching time at each sector is summarized in Table 2, and it will be built in Simulink model to simulate SVPWM [5]

A. Step 1. Determine Vref, and angle (Theta)

Freq Speed ref Pole 120 Freq Vbase Fbase
(4.1)

Vref

(4.2)
(4.3) (4.4)

Ma
Theta

Vref Vdc

2 Frequency time

SVPWM Switching Pattern at Sector 1 and 2

B. Step 2. Determine time duration T1, T2,T0 From Fig. 4, the switching time duration in any Sector can be calculated as follows:

Ts
T1

1 Fs
(Ts Ma) sin (pi 3) Theta

(4.5)
(4.6) (4.7) (4.8)
SVPWM Switching Pattern at Sector 3 and 4

T2

(Ts Ma) sin (Theta) )

T0

Ts - T1 - T2

frequency and Base voltage input in DLL block is used to Maintain V/f ratio constant. At low frequency the reference vector rotate in region-1 so the two levels in voltage are getting in inverter.

SVPWM Switching Pattern at Sector 5 and 6 Fig 5 Space Vector PWM switching patterns at each sector

Table.5
SWITCHING TIME CALCULATION AT EACH SECTOR

SECTOR

UPPER SWITCHES (S1,S2,S3) S1 = T1+T2+T0/2 S3=T2+T0/2 S5=T0/2 S1 = T1+T0/2 S3=T1+T2+T0/2 S5=T0/2 S1 = T0/2 S3=T1+T2+T0/2 S5=T2+T0/2 S1 = T0/2 S3=T1+T0/2 S5=T1+T2+T0/2 S1 = T2+T0/2 S3=T0/2 S5=T1+T2+T0/2 S1 = T1+T2+T0/2 S3=T0/2 S5=T1+T0/2

UPPER SWITCHES (S4,S6,S2) S4 = T0/2 S6=T1+T0/2 S2=T1+T2+T0/2 S4 = T2+T0/2 S6=T0/2 S2=T1+T2+T0/2 S4 = T1+T2+T0/2 S6=T0/2 S2=T1+T0/2 S4 = T1+T2+T0/2 S6=T2+T0/2 S2=T0/2 S4 = T1+T0/2 S6=T1+T2+T0/2 S2=T0/2 S4 = T0/2 S6=T1+T2+T0/2 S2=T2+T0/2 Fig 6 Simulation Circuit For Two level Inverter

The 2-level SVPWM scheme is used for the PWM signal generation, based on the sampled amplitudes of reference phase voltages. The line voltage, line current and Speed waveforms for inverter operation are presented in Figs. The simulation results prove the ability of open loop SVPWM scheme.

(X- axis: 1 div = 50 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

V.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proposed scheme is simulated on a 45 kW (60 Hp) 4-Pole,415 volts three-phase induction motor at no load with open loop V/f control for different modulation indices covering the entire speed range. The dc link voltage of around 585V is used. The carrier frequency used for PWM generation is limited to 5kHz. The simulation circuit for two-level inverter is shown in fig. 7. The open loop dc link capacitor voltage scheme is implemented using DLL (Dynamic Link Library) block of PSIM simulation software package [1]. Output frequency can be varied according to the reference speed input in DLL (Dynamic Link Library) block. Base

(X- axis: 1 div = 50 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 1s, Y- axis: 1 div= 100 RPM) Fig 7; Line Voltage, Line Current and Speed Waveform at 10Hz, Ma=0.34

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 12.5 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 1 s, Y- axis: 1 div= 200 RPM) Fig 8; Line Voltage, Line Current and Speed Waveform at 20Hz,Ma=0.69

(X- axis: 1 div = 1 s, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 RPM ) Fig 10;Line Voltage, Line Current and Speed Waveform at 40Hz,Ma=1.3

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 1 s, Y- axis: 1 div= 200 RPM) Fig 9; Line Voltage, Line Current and Speed Waveform at 30Hz , Ma=1.02

(X- axis: 1 div = 1 s, Y- axis: 1 div= 500 RPM) Fig 11; Line Voltage, Line Current and Speed Waveform at 50Hz,Ma=1.73

VI.

CONCLUSION

In this paper a space vector pulse width modulator is proposed to generate switching patterns for a two-level inverter from an input command voltage vector. It has been shown that the SVPWM technique utilizes DC bus voltage more efficiently and generates less harmonic distortion in a three-phase voltage-source inverter. The switching pattern available from the direct switching between positive and negative half buses is violated all times and minimum switching is assured. The feasibility of the proposed method Further more, a low-cost implementation of the control technique has been shown to provide satisfactory performance. Therefore, the economical feasibility of the general purpose two-level inverter in low voltage drive applications has been strengthened and its application range. The proposed method is based on standard two level inverter and then uses a mapping process to achieve the SVM for multilevel. Simulation results have been provided to prove the viability of the scheme.

REFERENCES
[1] Prof P J Patel, Rakesh A Patel, Vinod Patel,Prof. P. N. Tekwani Implementation of Self Balancing Space Vector Switching Modulator for Three-Level Inverter, IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December, 2008 [2] Sunil Panda, Anupam Mishra, B SrinivasControl of Voltage Source Inverters using PWM/ SVPWM for Adjustable Speed Drive Applications thesis of Department of Electrical Engineering National Institute Of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela ,May- 2009 [3] Mr.Venkatara Mana Naik, Mrs. K.Sree Gowri Space Vector Based Hybrid Pulse Width Modulation for reduced Current Ripple National Conference on Intelligent Electrical Systems (NCIES09), April 2009 [4] Zhenyu Yu and David FigoliAC Induction Motor Control Using Constant V/Hz Principle and Space Vector PWM Technique with TMS320C240 DSP Digital Control System Applications, April 1998,pp 10-18. [5] jin-woo jung space vector pwm inverter mechatronic systems laboratory department of electrical and computer engineering he ohio state university, pp 4 - 14. [6] Hamid A. Toliyat and Steven Campbell dsp-based electromechanical motion controlTexas A&M University Department of Electrical Engineering College Station, Texas, pp 223,224 (v/f control) [7] Do-Hyun jang and duck yong yoon Space vector technique for two phase inverter fed single phase induction Motor IEEE 1999 [8] B. Wu, High-Power Converters and AC Drives, IEEE Press and Wiley,2006, pp 101-117. [9] Krisztina Leban, Cristian Lascu, and Alin Argeseanu Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Strategies for Voltage Source Inverters for Induction Motor Drives University of Timisoara [10] M. Lakshmi Swarupa, G. Tulasi Ram Das and P.V Raj Gopal Simulation and Analysis of SVPWM Based 2-Level and 3-Level Inverters for Direct Torque of Induction Motor International Journal of Electronic Engineering Research ISSN 0975 - 6450 Vol- 1 No.3 (2009) pp. 169184