SEMINAR REPORT ON

Architecture Design and Performance

Evaluation Of RFID Object tracking System

Submitted to:
Ms Shradda Tiwari Mr. Amit Pandey

Presented by:
Shobhit Sonkar (0812213106) B.tech(IT-63)

Contents:
(a) Acknowledgement (b) Abstract (c) Introduction (d) Problem study (e) Solution Findings (f) Discussion (g) Conclusion (h) References

Acknowledgement:
Intention, dedication, concentration, and work are very much essential to complete any task. But, still it needs lot of support, guidance, cooperation of people to make it success. Success of everything depends largely on the encouragement and guidance of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this seminar report.
I am indeed grateful to Mr. Ajay Kr. Srivastava (H.O.D. of IT Department) who gave me an opportunity to pen down every possible imagination I aimed for. I am highly obliged and grateful to Ms. Shradda Tiwari and Mr. Amit Pandey (IT Deptt.) for providing me with valuable advice and endless supply of new ideas and support for this report, without their support this task would not have been possible. I am thankful to them for their constant constructive criticism and invaluable suggestions, which benefited me a lot to learn in depth about the Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object

tracking System I also express our gratitude to our college for providing us the infrastructure to carry out this task I would also like to express my cordial gratitude towards all my friends who helped me directly or indirectly.

SHOBHIT SONKAR

Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object tracking System

Abstract:
The network architecture of an RFID system affects the operating performance and scalability of the entire system. The related researches about RFID system could be made easier as the bridge-based and the gateway-based network architecture. This study considers a scenario for an RFID object tracking system designs a hierarchical RFID network system and evaluates the operating performance of different RFID system architectures. The results of performance evaluations demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical RFID network architecture reduces the network and database system loading by 41.8% and 83.2%, respectively. The operation of RFID object tracking over the hierarchical network architecture is indicated to be highly efficient and scalable. The implementation of Radio Frequency Identification Device (R.F.I.D.) technology around the world is both a blessing and a curse. The benefits of these chips to society is undeniable. Theft will become virtually non-existent, audits of product inventory will no longer be necessary, and standing in line anywhere becomes a ritual of the past. However, the privacy implications created by the use of this technology also give reason for great concern. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a general term for technologies that use radio waves to automatically identify objects or people. Several methods have been proposed for RFID object tracking. This study creates a road map and summarizes the information

obtained from RFID object tracking in civil engineering. Everything you buy will be registered to your name and your bank account. Thieves could read every item that is in your home, without ever actually stepping foot inside. In fact everything you have will be readable from a distance. So the purpose of this paper is to explain R.F.I.D. technology, and weigh the pros against the cons, to see if some middle ground can be met where business gains the most and privacy loses the least.

Introduction:
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses communication through the use of radio waves to exchange data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, for the purpose of identification and tracking. It is possible in the near future, RFID technology will continue to proliferate in our daily lives the way that bar code technology did over the forty years leading up to the turn of the 21st century bringing unobtrusive but remarkable changes when it was new. RFID makes it possible to give each product in a grocery store its own unique identifying number, to provide assets, people, work in process, medical devices etc. all with individual unique identifiers - like the license plate on a car but for every item in the world. This is a vast improvement over paper and pencil tracking or bar code tracking that has been used since the 1970s. With bar codes, it is only possible to identify the brand and type of package in a grocery store, for instance. Furthermore, passive

Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object tracking System

RFID tags (those without a battery) can be read if passed within close enough proximity to an RFID reader. It is not necessary to "show" them to it, as with a bar code. In other words it does not require line of sight to "see" an RFID tag, the tag can be read inside a case, carton, box or other container, and unlike barcodes RFID tags can be read hundreds at a time. Bar codes can only read one at a time. Some RFID tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. The application of bulk reading enables an almost-parallel reading of tags. R.F.I.D. is a new consumer goods tracking system. It mixes radio frequency identification with greatly miniaturized computer chips that enable a product to be tracked from its beginning in the manufacturing line to its end on the shelves of a retailer. This technology can be applied to nearly every physical item, ranging from pill bottles (1) to cows (2); humans included (3). This improves the safety of products in as much as it tracks the history of the product. In theory our drugs cant be counterfeited, as they wouldnt be able to be tagged, livestock with diseases, such as mad cow, could be traced back to their source farm and a lot of other securities will be available to make the world a safer place, such as making all guns require a corresponding R.F.I.D. implanted to the owner.

computer chips that enable a product to be tracked from its beginning in the manufacturing line to its end on the shelves of a retailer. This technology can be applied to nearly every physical item, ranging from pill bottles (1) to cows (2); humans included (3). This improves the safety of products in as much as it tracks the history of the product. In theory our drugs cant be counterfeited, as they wouldnt be able to be tagged, livestock with diseases, such as mad cow, could be traced back to their source farm and a lot of other securities will be available to make the world a safer place, such as making all guns require a corresponding R.F.I.D. implanted to the owner.

Problem Study:
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology, is subcategory of the Automatic Identification and Data Collection(AIDC) technologies. Bar code technology was preferred for data collection activities and is one of the fastest developed technology. However, the bar code technology has some limitations. These, however, can be easily dealt with, by using the RFID technology. RFID technology was first used during the Second World War for tracking enemy aircrafts, by the Allied Forces. RFID is an emerging technology and it has not yet captured the commercial market, as the bar code system has. These are expensive tags that are used to track that days which are only afford by the governments. These are financed and firther

R.F.I.D. is a new consumer goods tracking system. It mixes radio frequency identification with greatly miniaturized

Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object tracking System

developed by the private expensive owners and the government. The RFID tags was generally used on illegal movements of military and terrorist finding etc.

In Micro-chip implant
It mixes radio frequency identification with greatly miniaturized computer chips that enable a product to be tracked from its beginning in the manufacturing line to its end on the shelves of a retailer.

Solutions Findings:
In Large Scale Inventry:
RFID systems collect accurate and real-time data and communicate it via radio waves. A typical RFID system has three components, tags, reader and RF unit. The RF reader sends out RF waves that are received by the RF tag within the reader's range. The tag in turn, sends information back to the reader, also in the form of RF waves. Then the RF reader transfers this information to RF unit. RFID technology finds its applications in various commercial sectors for example, at various stages of a supply chain, inventory management in a warehouse, access control for buildings, tracking passenger baggage in the airline industry, animal tracking. RFID holds great potential for inventory management for today's supply chains. Inventory management is an important aspect of supply chain management. Effective inventory management depends upon consolidating, integrating, and analyzing data collected from many sources such as, distribution centers and warehouses. Conventional tracking systems require manual intervention, which is labor intensive, time consuming, and error-prone. On the other hand, the use of RFID technology has significant advantages over the conventional methods;

Hand with the planned location of the RFID chip.

This technology can be applied to nearly every physical item, ranging from:pill bottles, cows, humans included (still under research).

This improves the safety of products in as much as it tracks the history of the product. In theory our drugs cant be counterfeited,as they wouldnt be able to be tagged, livestock with diseases, such as mad cow, could be traced back to their source farm and a lot of other securities will be available to make the

Just after the operation to insert the RFID tag was completed. The yellow is from the iodine disinfection before inserting the chip.

Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object tracking System

world a safer place, such as making all guns require a corresponding R.F.I.D. implanted to the owner.

ITAsset Tracking
Modern data centers are typically made up of thousands of servers that are frequently assembled in clusters distributed all over the world. Keeping track of these assets is an enormous task, and yet most IT managers still do it the traditional way: via a paper audit. Its a semi-annual process that can take several employees up to two months to complete and, even then, the results are often riddled with errors.

RFID Numbering System

R.F.I.D. employs a numbering system called EPC. This stands for Electronic Product Code and is intended to replace the current UPC system.(4) The UPC system only identifies product categories, with the advanced new EPC system having the ability to assign a number to every individual item. This means that your can of Coke is going to have a different number than my can of Coke. And it also means that your can of Coke is registered in your name. Think about that for a moment, we will have the ability to fine people who litter possibly months later, when the school students go and clean out the ditches along highways! This technology also appears to have the ability to keep our streets cleaner, which saves money that could be used somewhere else. It is worthy to note here that the implementation of R.F.I.D. tags is not a political issue. From a conservative stand point, this technology is a great business tool within a free market capitalist society. The impacts from this technology, towards a businesss ability to continuously track all their products, from assembly through the shipping process, onto retailers shelves and out their doors, will revolutionize the business world. And all this money saved logically leads to lower prices for the consumers. In our nations current economic state, lower prices on goods all around is a blessing to every consumer.

Although some existing technologies can help expedite the IT audit process (such as scanners that read bar codes attached to each server), every commercially available assettracking solution still requires someone to physically locate each server as part of the audit. HP Labs is creating a new generation of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology to enable a smart server-tracking system. Conventional RFID readers are not reliable if they are closely packed and in a metallic environment such as a rack. Therefore researchers are investigating how to confine the RFID reading area and get robust reads.

Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object tracking System

At the same time they are designing the new technology to be relatively inexpensive to produce.

A single rack of servers might have 2,000 identical optical cables running into and out of it; it can take two people three days to connect just 500 of them. With RFID cable tracking in place, system managers have an accurate, real-time record of where every cable is placed -- making repairs and upgrades faster, more accurate, and easier to plan, manage and perform. Significantly, both these solutions can be retrofitted to existing systems, and both can be employed while the system is running.

Discussion:
The RFID :Real-time data center asset tracking
RFID demonstration projects at HP Labs are proving the viability of the RFID IT asset tracking technology for multiple, dispersed sets of server racks. RFID tags on each server are read by an antenna array running down each server rack door. Information about the precise slot placement of each server is relayed in real time to a database linked to standard IT management software. This research suggests that because of its ability to track each server, smart IT asset tracking can allow IT managers to use data center space more efficiently, and to better manage power and cooling. Another potential benefit is enhanced security, because the technology makes it possible to unlock a rack only to certain personnel at certain times, or when a particular asset is scheduled for removal.

Improves Inventory system accuracy

control

and

RFID integrates Cable identification and tracking

A second HP Labs project applies RFID asset tracking to the cables connecting sets of servers.

The 15-week study involved two test stores, three control stores and more than 10,000 items. Using barcode scanners, workers with a professional inventory-services firm manually counted inventory in all five stores at three different times beginning of the study, beginning of week six and end of week 15. The RFID system did not begin operating until week six, so data gathered from the first five weeks of the study served as baseline information for the study. The actual physical inventory counts at both test and control stores were compared to JCPenneys inventory-management system and the RFID system. These comparisons allowed researchers to develop extensive metrics on overstated (less actual inventory than the system shows) and understated (more actual inventory than the system shows) inventory.

Conclusion:

Architecture Design and Performance Evaluation of RFID Object tracking System

This paper reviewed the RFID tracking technologies used in the industry. Based on the information on the materials studied, this technology can be used as a tracking system for both indoor and outdoor environments. The experimental results show that this technology still has shortcomings. To improve tracking accuracy and applicability in the industrris, a combination of RFID with other technologies can be considered. Using RFID tracking technologies has many advantages such as: real time monitoring and access to detailed information; reducing manpower and manual data recording and reducing human error in handlingmany parts. If some compromise cannot be met, then this technology should be restricted or at least regulated. When this is done a chance will be given for the law to catch up with the technology, which progresses at a faster rate than the law. If the technology must be implemented now, then all products with tags in them should be labeled so the consumers can know what theyre buying. All tags should be turned off when a consumer leaves the store. Instant registration of products should not be put into effect without the proper laws and procedures in place. Tags should be placed on the products packaging instead of on the product at all times if possible. Remember, technology alone does not solve societys problems.

2. ClearCount Medical Solutions SmartSponge System 3. "Does RFID Reduce Out of Stocks?". 2007. 4. Bacheldor, Beth (2008-0111). "Sam's Club Tells Suppliers to Tag or Pay". Retrieved 2008-01-17. 5. "Looking Back at the Wal-Mart RFID Time Line". 2009-03-24. Retrieved 2009-12-03. 6. DFARS 252.211-7006 clause (a) (2). 7. "Keeping Track of Promotion Progress: How Marketing Will Become the Greatest Advocate of RFID". Consumer Goods Technology. Retrieved 2008-04-10.

References:
1. Gambon, Jill (16 April 2007). "Recall Corp. Uses RFID to Recall Cartons". RFID Journal.