A Proposal On Static VAR Compensator

Submitted By:
Kabindra Yadav(07-610) Rahul Jha(07-617) Sushil Sujakhu(07-)

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

NEPAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Changunarayan, Bhaktapur 2011-07-17
1.

INTRODUCTION

The power system is expected to operate in widely varying condition from no load to over load to short circuit and it is desired that the quality of supply be maintained under all loading conditions. Voltage magnitude and frequency be maintained under a loading condition. i.e, the consistency of voltage magnitude and frequency be maintained under all loading conditions. Also it is desirable to maintained the three phase current and voltage. Good quality of power supply also required distortion less voltage and current waveforms. Mainly there are two types of compensation. Line compensation and load compensation. SVC technology increases transmission capacity and stabilizes power supply and it is vital part of the transmission system for maintaining reliability during various system conditions. These are use to control the reactive power demand of large fluctuating loads. When large loading switch off, voltage at receiving end of the line increases(Ferranti effect).The SVC system provides fast change in reactive power compensation to regulate system voltage. In other word SVC provides control of dynamic over voltage cause by load rejection. One of the obvious methods would be to have the system of large strength i.e, it interconnects large size machine and large no. of lines so that effective impedance from any point in to the network is negligibly small and hence the voltage profile could be improved. In fact the network should have design based on active power transfer. Capability and the reactive power could be met locally by installing shunt compensating element(capacitor and inductor). It should operate independently in all three phases and should maintained constant voltage at its terminals. The low power factor is highly undesiramle in order to ensure most favorable condition for a supply system from engineering and economical stand point, it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible. One such device is the capacitor which rises the power factor of the load so in considering this fact We have designed a static VAR compensator as an experimental module for the power system laboratory. A very important concept of load compensation is load balancing, it is

desirable to operate three phase system. Under balance condition as balanced system results inflow of negative flow of negative sequence current in the system and is highly dangerous for rotating machines. Generating reactive power at a long distance and its transmission to load not only results in requirement of large conductor size but also increase losses in fact in order to operate the system. At near unity power factor some of the electric utility imposes certain penalty on account of operating load at low power factor.

2. OBJECTIVES
The Present scope of static VAR compensator that has been designed is as mentioned below: To obtain better voltage profile. Ferranti effect is minimized so that flat voltage profile will exist on the line for all loading condition. Unexcited operation of the alternator will be avoided and an economical means of reactive power management will be achieved. The power transfer capability of the system will be enhanced and hence the stability margin increases. Dynamic compensation of the fluctuating reactive loads. Control of over voltage in transmission system arising due to load rejection.

3. GENERIC DESCRIPTION 3.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.2) DESCRIPTION:

The voltage deviation in the receiving end due to various loading condition is detected by the voltage sending circuit as shown in the block diagram. Corresponding analogue values will be compared with fixed DC value by using differential amplifier as Substractor. The error signal is then amplified by using non-inverting amplifier and it is compared with 50 Hz ramp signal and finally firing pulses are generated by using operational amplifiers. Triac will be fired by generating respective firing angle pulses. The capacity VAR compensator is fixed and the inductive VAR compensator is controlled by controlling firing angle of Triac. If the reactive power in the system is excessive (leading) then the inductive VAR compensator will absorb the leading reactive power from the system and if the system requires reactive power, Triac will reject some part of AC cycle from the inductor and hence the terminal voltage will improve through phase angle control approach hence no reactive power will be consumed by the inductive VAR compensator if the system is fully loaded. But however the capacity VAR compensator is fixed it will be always connected to the system.

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The Research will have following methodologies:

4.1. LITERATURE REVIEW The 400 kV, 300km long transmission line model available in the laboratory is used so as to perform various loading at its receiving end. This model is build based on reference taken from IEEE paper. In the current scenario there are various approaches implemented for the compensation of transmission lines or loads at receiving end which are described below: 5. RESOURCES AND SOFTWARE TOOLS TO BE USED 5.1. SHUNT CAPACITORS: .shunt capacitors are connected in parallel to the lines
near the load terminals. it injects leading VAR in to the system to counter act some or all of the lagging inductive VAR at the point of installation. they are normally arranged in three phase banks at no load or light load the receiving end voltage may considerably exceed the sending end voltage. Thus proper switching arrangement is to be made so that the shunt capacitors are switched in during heavy loads or at low power factor loads.

5.2. SERIES COMPENSATION: In this scheme capacitors are connected in series with the line at suitable location to increase transmission capacity, improve system stability, control voltage regulation and ensure proper load division among parallel feeders. However it has some problems that, it can produce series resonance at frequency lower than power frequency. This is known as sub-synchronous resonance. It can also produce high recovery voltage across the circuit breakers. This can be overcome using bypass filter but the system may more bulky. 5.3. SYNCRONOUS PHASE MODIFIERS:
It is the synchronous motor running without a mechanical load. It connected in parallel with the load at receiving end. It can absorb or generate reactive VAR by varying excitation of its field winding. It is also called synchronous condenser, synchronous capacitor and synchronous compensator. But using such system is very expensive and it consumes more power from the system. It is difficult to increase its capacity in order to cope with the increasing load demands.

5.4. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR: The advent of high speed and high switching is made possible by use of bidirectional conducting thyristors(Triac) has a introduce a concept for providing reactive compensassion for optimum EHV/UHV system performance. SVC use shunt reactor and shunt capacitor in combination with high voltage. Static compensators are these which have no rotating parts. These are used in load compensations as well as line compensation to maintained constant terminal voltages under slowly varying load changes, load changes and rapidly varying load changes.

Some of the important compensator used in transmission and distribution system are Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)

Fixed Capacitor (FC), Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

Saturated Reactors (SR) The case of our project we have used fixed capacitor and thyristor controlled reactor. The FC TCR has maximum controlled flexibility among all three types. It can be designed to have higher over voltage limiting capability which is not available in TSC, TCR and SR. However, this compensation can produce higher order harmonics in to the system. But in practice it can easily be filtered out by connecting harmonic (LC) filter. The low pass filter are usually tuned with small reactor so that a low pass filter circuit is to be designed wzhich can pass 50 Hz AC power frequency and block the higher frequency component. It can also filter out any other unwanted harmonics present in the system.

6. Conclusion
Static VAR compensator which would be designed is cost effective and reliable to implement in the realistic field and this technology is implemented in power system network to get better

voltage profile at the receiving end of the various receiving end substations. The concept of FC-TCR(Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor Controlled Reactor) will be implemented.

7. PROJECT SCHEDULE
We have estimated to complete our project in about 12 weeks. The completion schedule for of the project is shown in Gantts chart below: S. N. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Testing debugging Final Report Preparation and Activities Project Selection Duration 1 2 (Weeks) 1 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Proposal Writing 1 Research and 3 Study Selection of 2 Equipments System Design And Hardware 2 Connection 2 1

Finalizing the project 1 1

8. TENTATIVE COST ESTIMATION

S.N. 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

PARTICULARS Resistors Variable Resistors Capacitors ULN 7404

DETAILS 1K,470 ohm 10k(big size) Various ---------------------------

QUANTITY 1 packet 5 pieces. 1 packets 4 pieces. 4 pieces 1 set 2 pieces 2 pieces 2 pieces 2 pieces 2 pieces 10 pieces 4 pieces 1 piece 10 pieces 8 pieces. 5 pieces 1 piece 1 piece 4 meter 1 piece 1 piece Various 4 pieces 2 nos. 2 pieces.

Cost(in NRs) 50 25 55 100 100 600 15 30 280 60 120 100 1800 500 50 320 10 25 20 40 10 35 200 100 400 500

RF transceiver -------------module(RFM12B) BC547 SL100 Microcontroller Matrix board Matrix board Relimate connectors Dc motor Laser cut chassis Push-to-on switch Relay LED Buzzer LDR Colour wire IR LED T-SOP Screws and nut bolts LM324 Wheels --------------------------89s52 Small size Big size 8 pins 100rpm,6V Hard plastic board Small size 6V Red -----------------------------------------------------------------Various ---------------------------

Ni-Cd rechargeable 9V battery and charger

9.REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.

Wireless Communications, Principle and Practice, second Edition by T.S.Rappaport programming Embedded systems I by MJ point, University of Leicester. http://www.en.wikipedia.org Datasheets of AT89S52, RFM12B,ULN 2003, LM324, DM 7404 http://letsmakerobots.com http://www.robots-dreams.com

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