DATA HANDLING PAGE

)1ACCESSION

NO.

99-DOCUMENT LOC '

I-TOPIC TAGS

TM9501521 PRACTICAL ARODYNAMICS OF THE An-2 AIRCRAFT

aerodynamic fo-1ce,

aerodynamic boundary

09-TITLE

layer, aerodynamic stability,

aerodynamic control, aerodynamic drag/(U)AN2 transport

aircraft

47-SUBJECT AREA

oi,
43,AUTHOR

20
10-DATE OF INFO

SHIFRIN, M. N. 43-SOURCEPRAKTICHESKAYA AERODINAMIKA SAMOLETA AN-2 (RUSSIAN)

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FT 419FTD-1T DO&UMFT gN.9
69-PROJECT NO.

74-MONITORING AGENCY 63-SECURITY AND DOWNGRADING INFORMATION 64-CONTROL MARKINGS

2o0o6
97-HEADER CLASN

UNCL, O
76-REEL/FRAME NO. 77-SUPERSEDES 78-CHANGES

NONE
40-GEOGRAPHICAL AREA NO. OF PAGES

1890 0477
CONTRACT NO. FTD 'T' NO. PUBLISHING DATE

UR
TYPE PRODUCT

232
REVISION FREQ

65ABSTRACT

94-

TRANSLATION
ACCESSION NO.

02-UR/0000/6 8/000/000/000i/0! ?6.,

(U) The book discusses basic properties and laws of motion of the air, aerodynamic forces of the wing, peculiarities of layout and aerodynamic properties of the aircraft, equilibrium, stability and controllability of the aircraft under different flight conditions, and peculiarities of flight under conditions The book is intended for students of colleges and of icing. schools of civil aviation and can be used by flying personnel There are of other departments operating the An-2 aircraft.

6 tables and 105 figures.

AFSC

pto.R Om,

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AOSR

69
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12 76 TR

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"UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO R~iRTBAOT6N' UNIDE'NTIFIED FLYING OBJE.CTS BY- A PANEL OF Tilt.' NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ii

ILL
UM 1 N'

lS69

Copyright, National Academy of Sciences, 1969.

or any parts thereof, 06y hot he reproduced in any form without written permission fr6m the'publisher except that reproduction in whole, or ih part, is" permitted for any

This book.

use of the United States Government,

IoI
Reproduced by the CLEARING H 0USE for Federal Scientific & Technical Information Springfield Va. 22151

1. This doctiment has been approved forpubl-c M'l.ase and sale; its distribution is Unlimited.

C~A

A~ -

11

of' the C6loradop Report on Unidentif~ied Flying OL'jccts, by a Pancl,'of the National Acadubfy, of -Sciences

'The panel was appointed ih the la ttcrpart -of Octohecr and Npvember 1968., The charge to' the, Pa'nel was "to provide ain independent 9asse,mcnt of the- sc6pc, ine~thodoJlogy, -and finidings, 6f the- (University -of Col1orado) study as refilccted-in the (University's') Reoft. WletePne.1 largeqly restrict-ed its re~view to this charge,, it was thought botn a~ppropr-iate afid nbces'sar'y that the 9 :Pancl become faufiiiiar, with various scic-entlfic 'o *nts of view asi _pre~scntc.-d in other publ:icatibns and -reports b'y technically trainEd,
-eart.y
S

pqrmons..

*,

It was not the task of 'the,'Panel to Conduct its, own study -of' UFOs. or to 'invite advocates, scientif icall y trained, or -not . of' Vatfous po,:*hts of view 'to hearings.- The t6ask-was to study the Un iVersity'sRep-orf and- to assess:, First, its; scope-; namcly, 55 d~id" 'theRepq'iT, in the 'opinion of the Pane:, cover' those topitsthcA~t a sclenti~fi6 study of 'UFO' phenomaen~a 'should have embracecj-? Second,, its ffiethodology; namely'; aOid' tib Re-port,. in the opinion of -,the.YPane1, --reveal ati accepae sihtif'ib-methodology and 40~ro46 to thce- subject? Third,, it fihdihgs; namely, were the -Y-;.cnCus'p~ns -anid. interpretations warxzift~d iby the 6'idence and Iye -aspresented the R6Port affd wer'e they reasonable? 'in Iift'h6 course of its review the Pahi~l coilsulted papers -ioi tihe'same.'subject by teph'nica'J.ly trained pe~rsons (for example, -W~llibni Marko'wi~tz, "IThe Physic6s and, Metaphysics of 'Unidefitif iedi Flying., Ob-jects," Scie~nce,, 157, 19' pp. ."1274-79,. Jamies E. VMcl~ofald,, 11Sc1,n&en_'T~e'_cnology and UPOs,w1 presented, Januiary 26, '1968,' at a General Sepnciir, of the United Aircraft': Reseci'ch }2ast flaftfbs j, Connectdctit. James E. McDonald, f1IUFOs, a- Ah International 'Scientikr-c Problcihi,"l prc~ented 'March 12,, 196, at the Canadiah -Aeronauti~cs and, Space Institute Ast*i'&haut~ics Symposium, 116ntreal), Canhada. Jamies E~. McDonald', I'tecn on Internatio6nal Scientifio Alspects of' the Prob~lems of Uriidc'nti-f led P.i~yilng Objects," ,sent to thie 'United Nationis -on June, 7,,, 19G7, Dool 11. Mbnze.J,,. -Plying- Saucers, Harvard Uriivcrisitty rs~ 9(C~b~dge 'J~f 152'. ~JT~hze End 'Lylc 'G'. Boyd:', T'he VWorld of-Fying Sa'uce~rs, Doublechoy (New York~, 1%,3). Report fI Leigs 5C7c Scc :i~ff7~ sory Panel. on Unidle:tif iod V J~yc~j~s, Jaur PT.lF-7 i F-T6V T Q8i)i. -Advisory 1)c;.-rd, ad, hoc Z564.7-Efec'ec5k '1Zf ~ .fnGc ~ tpsLuWI~i' c ~ 0.9,ii)i'1 xh~ ~FTIyin UI7Jets'E, koTings

9I,Aboiatories',

I:

Represcntatives, 1inetic th Congress, Second Session, July 20, J.9CB).

!-

-3'
The Panei beg=rn its review inmr.idjztcly- c'fter- the, 1"eport became available, on -Novcmber .5, 1968, by an initiala readbig of the Report by: each, member of the Panel durxing a tw0-week period. The 'PaneJ. convened on tdcember 2 for a dfiscussioh of members' ,-initial assessmentsq, for consi]deration .of the-Pane)' s charge (scope, methodolVogy, and findings in. the Report), and fob. de6.Uineatibn 0f further steps in its review. Te iatter iiilued esenting views and fkid ing4o5% .,the study of other documents -pr technit.aJ.y trained persons, (e.g., the documents eited- a)-" ,fuitheP cxamination of the Report's summark and findings, -nd furher -directed 'study -of specialized chapters of -the Rebprt.7by: appropriate members of the Pane,. Extensive dscLssion; oh by qorrespqodence and by, Aelcphon, occurred du.ing this perieod. The 'Panel met again -on January '6,19G9, to conclude it"s -deliberatiohs and to ,prepare its findings,, which are presented beJ7b!.w

Ie

I.

SCOPE

The- study by the University- of Colorado commenced in October S196G and continued for about two, years,. Case studies of 59 reports of UFOs are' 'presentedin detail, with 68 plates; of these, ten reports predated the ,project, but were so well, documented 'that UFOs in history, one chapter is devoted they were included.. Ain foreign countries,to and one to UF~s reported LIFO study, ,programs S~~to
the study. Ten chapters are devoted to perceptual problems, 'processes of peFception,and reporting, psycho-.;. .ogical, aspects of UFO reports, optids, radar, sonic boom, atospheric el'ectricity and plasrfa interpretations, 'balloons., instrumentation for UFO searches,.," and statistical analyses. (T.Wenty-four appdndix&s add' 1detailed ,teechnical backgroundct the" study. Volume 4 cohcludGes in the 20 yeais 'receding with an index of 27 pages.)

In 6ur: bpinion the- scope. of the, tfdy was adequate to its

II.

ME'rHOpOLOGY

As a)rule, fibel trips we.re made t6o investigate UFO reports only if they were less than a y,-ar o]ld,. The Report states -that "nearl/ all MO-sigtgtirL, are of short: duration, seldom last;j an "hour .2nd ',uually for a iew minuces. Thus most investigations co,. siste,] of intervi.ews with persons 'who ,made .fcports. Three teams, usually consi'sting of two persons each (a physical scientist rid ,a p;y,'hologi,;t-), c",,'re ,mployed in fjield in'vcstigations whe'e, telephoni,, co!1mIunio1t:J.or, v-,J:t h 1,O -..':.ghti ,r" individuals gaive hoie -of gc,:i.ing added irnfo:.'ma-t:icn. The aim %%,as to get a tcam to the site

j.
.

ti

el I'

ii

4I
-~

as quickla-% as posslible aft-er- a reported, sighting. (-It was founid thaf near:Ly afl. cases cu b i d lssified in such -categories as pr nks, hoaxes., nav itrptations,.and various typs of is -interpretatiobns. A few- events; whic did-not fit these categories, aire lef t, unexplainied.iNat~rilals and conditions OrenabJle to laboratory ,approaclies werea investig~ted c,, alleged` UFO parts by chemical: .4nalysis, ,WUtomoliilei ignition f~, lAre by simulation studids,j and -UtO photography by ihotog anumet~ieic alyscs. (O 5potographic. cases investigated,, nine are said 'to givee'Vi.dence, of probable fabrication, seven are clas~ified a's niatur-alor;-M~an-'mddc pheriom na', twelve provided insuif i'cit dat oraa*ssnd seven were considered to be possible fabrications:nn.poe-ob"ra jctwihig strangenes~s. 1);rnepod-tberelobeswthig technibal-ly traine~d pers6nnel We're utilized by the Univer~ity. the Universi`ty :group- included' a s4ub-group on fibld inivestigations of UFO re'ports;, their'nai ration- and -interpretations.'of cas~bs 6rereasonable and, adequate,. Lead ing,groups werCe engaged uncl&' contract for specialized vibrk egS'vnfoitd Research Institute on radar, anomalies and a subsidiary.'of the Raytheon Corporation for photogranupbtric analyses. Divergent vi~ews of those few scientists-,who 'have looked; into UFOs welod taken* into, account. history of the subject' was -also surveyed i including-the ex-periences in, sore other thations. F~inallyj extensive,use was made of many specialists in various public 'and private l'aboratories.--The,

to-

The Report makes cJleai thiat with the,-best means at our dispos~l p6sitivib cor~relation :of all UFO reports with identifiable, -known~ phnomeM, is iiot' poss"ible. No study, past, -curr~nt oi" ,future, -can provide the basis for statinfg categorically that a 'familiar phenomenhon wi-il 'nedessawiy be -linka&ble .to'e'very sighting.. 'The ~Report is" free of dogmoatisrivo this" mdtter. It is also clear, 'as one goes through the descriptions of UFO sightings-, whether in -the,Report. or lin, Other lite'ratu re, that -while som~e incide'nts.,have no psitive identification wit faIla pheniomena', they also have, ;no Positive,'idenittfication,with extrater~restrial visitors or 'artifacts. We think the methodblogy and approa6h, weie we~ll chosen, in

V j

III.

'FINDINGS'

Th' Study concludes (a)'that ab6ut 90 pe.rcent of al~l UFO r~ots 'prov to qiePl~aus ibly related to" ordinary plienomcnia, past -21 ycaf-r-s that has added to scient~ific knowledge, and (c) that furth.-jr extansi~'o study of UFO si htings -is not. justi~fiedl in the
,(b") th'atli'ttle

-if anything has come from the study of UPOs in" the

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nde-lmiis itsffist s6ctionji t A 'offiialscireicy, oh UFO,, -UFO-ts~.-a-aPosiq fitu.re gover~mn~ahf~h

1h uibber~,,. Drelkid

~The RL-ppoiV '.

bni11~ig'ht t recjer

6i ;them reljate to, thc. q'estiqn 6f, of ~Osapear .'&ratc dAn. t I an-suimmarize theso jindinC comm~ents 6', 2,

~nenzr tl go -d-c~gitly, cprts,2a;hd''jv N'.f aw~t 2ifiy fbrtheV InmvcstigattOns

of

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pjedi~i~igv or

07

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1"thr~obded,>r'i bfficibl" I ~uy

We accept,,this fid"h

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inv

th
thietviemt. UF ;sJjh ' Ngs

3n"h. "uTure, IWo% Ontdy -ihins ''h quetio reuin wht, fqvzin,1~ eer, governann Ojhculde s rulort: 1pot rcitacs. "rmThe .historyo-l 'puh.i,,?" sTh 2ond r t bepasis y. ledr A~iriy Trbelate'tiu.! sigh6nNeprsi~in "the pectat~j.6n that -thcy are ~bingrtonfiuetoVe,~ac bt-e thins o o tepaoumet scudha D 'fon , ne thesefch 'Ofvei; P :-operati n-s withut ri~ed or af uch!s)auf O-arce
We, co'n~ur, wi the poltU 4we evnves57tj Orun funhe ignb

a toso~ot-eudy as- no'e ex-D _oe sie oml et -. it as l9 "0

NN

N~d'

~Y~o.c

feoIetzaol. 0h

std oir~ UFc!s"? The,~uy ~ o~~fi on ~QCmi(:ldZ~in f hiskiidn th 46a( Would Feurrt-f oxton no~\ of ctatO sti]--itg'thyntr~dhuteng to sc'itrn'o?' Ao c~hc'-o.aco!Ic u~of. V but th;it P~prith ehins norefo s 1 andle*t).fin 4tsw o hse pno51VvO.1s 11ce. xidec1tiohs :tithout ve1 ii sruwcd' hun se~t ~ 9 (G)rnon Vsb~ up 'At ia
the, so "
(G

reotsr ifrec sccit

-m

majbr -'-how aytiy a . s,' sphr'ie. opt::ie s, af(K' i s j f -ontigic-tudyon f~do 'Ubs1I,?, Ae studytbunde Lt'ic-:o :aiI.wh- c'h
t.J.przl

II!,Ctl'rit ntkin.-`dg has quite lrin tli( 'tte'!1111It le 1;";

zltcNi.'ifi

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6-attention in connection with -the iitcrpretation of some 1IFO reports,

S"

buit they are also of fundencintal scienti.fic interest, and they arc relevant to prpcltical problcm. related to the improvement of safety of military and civ:ilian flyi,.,. Researl.h efforts are being carried ,4-,tit ii "teAreas by the Depax-tment of Defense, the Environmental Administration, anid by universities and norprofit reseurch organizations such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research, whose work, ls, sponsored by-the National Science Foundation."
Science Services Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space

The Report also observes (7) that UFO reports and beliefs are also of interest to "tthe social scientist and the communications specialist." In these areas particuilarly -- i.e., (6) and (7) -t study suggests (8) that "scientists with adequa'ze training and he credentials who do come up with a clearly defined,.specific proposal" 0ihoud -be supported, implying that normal. competitive procedures and assessments ,of prooposals* should be followed here as is customary.
"We concur with these evaluations and recommendations.

IV.

PANEL CONCLUSION

The range. of topics in the Report is extensive and its various chapters., dealing with many aspects of the subject, should prove of value to scholars in many fields. Its analyses and findings are pertinent and useful in any fi,, re assessment of activity in 0.his field. We concur in the reboyioncltion suggesting that no high ,bi6rity in UMO investigatio:'s is warranted by data of the past two -decades. We are unanimous in the opinion that this has been a very 6editable effort to apply oj)jectivelp the relevant techniques of ,iat there remain UFO sightings that are not easily explained. The Report does suggest, however, so many reasonable and possible directions in which an explanation may cventually be found, that there seems to be n6o reason 'to attribute /them to an extraterrestrial source without evidence that is much more convincing. The Report also shows how difficult it is to apply scientific methods to the occasional transient sightings with any chance of success. While further study of particular aspects of the topic (e.g., atmospheric phenomena) may be usefu3, a stuidy of UFOs in general is not a promising way to expand sc~en~tific undeo."standing of the phenomena. On the basis Of present know.ledge the .eIast likely exp.anation of UPOs is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial ,vksitatimns by intelligent beings.
-Gerad. M. Clemence, chairminn; H. R. Crane, David M. Dennison, Wallacc 0. Fenn, H. Keffer Hart.linc, E. R. Hilgard, Mark Kac, Francis W. Relche].derfer., Will:u ,m W. Rubey, C. D. Shane, Oswald G.

science to the solution of the UFO problem.

The Report recognizes

Villard, Jr.

Attachments:
-

List of-Panel Members Letter of Transmittal

MEMBERS OF THE REVIEW PA14L

Gerald M. Clemence, Chairman 'tale University H. R. Crane University of Michigan David M. Dennison University of Michigan Wallace 0. Fenn University of !v.jhester H. Kelleor Ha - vl-./ne..The RockefeC.tlor Qiiversity E. R. Hilgard Stanford University Mark Xac The Rockefeller Univev-'ity Fiancis W. Reichelderfor Washington, D.C. William W. Rubey University of California
at Los Angeles

C. D. Shane Santa Cruz, California Oswald G. Villarsd, Jr. Stanford University

II

I
a

II

Ii

%.4

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

orfFcI
C, ,

Or Twc pICSEONt

Rie604tt. '014?UIO AV4.*PUC WASI~iNGON.0. C. 8 4:S

January 8, 1969 The 1ionorable Alexander H. Flax Assistant Secretary of the Air Force Washington, D. C. 20330 Dear Dr. Flax: Following your request of October 29, 1968, the Academy appointed a panel of its members to review tho report of the University of Colorado study group on Unidentified Flying Objects. As you know, a final draft of this report was made available to the panel on November 15, 1968. Under the chairmanship of Dr. Gerald Clemence the panel has devoted substantial time and effort to a careful review of the scope, methodology arbd findings of the Colorado study group and has prevared and unanimously approved the attached report, which I am pleased to transmit on behalf of the panel. The Academy accepted this task because of its belief in the importance of making available to the government and the public a careful assessment of the scientific significance of UFO phenomena which have ' been variously inirpreted both in this country and " abroad. Substantial questions have been raised as to the adequacy of our research and investigation programs to explain or to determine the nature of these sometimes puzzling reports of observed phenomena. It is my hope that the Colorado report, together with our panel review, will be helpful to you and other responsible officials in determining the nature and scope of any continuing research effort in this area.

The Honorable Alexander H. Flax January 8, 1969 Page Two

Finally, may I add that the report of the reviewing panel was prepared and is being made available for the sole purpose of assisting the governient in reaching a decision on its future course of action. Its use in whole or part for any other purpose would be incompatible with the purpose of che review and the conditions under which it was conducted. Sincerely yours,

F ederick ittz President Attachment

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DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA- R & D k

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National Academy of Sciences "2101 Constitutior Ave. N. 1 .1 Washington,

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H9VMW OF THE UINIVERSITY OF COLO!.-)0 ?2?PORT 3N

N41Di TIFIED

MLY2G OBJi!cTr3

B! A PANEL OF T}iiE NAY'IO::AL ACADE::Y 0. S

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Gerald M. Clemence, chairman

6. REPORT =ATE

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AL NO

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NO OF I.FFS

8 January 1969
8S. CONTIRACT OR CRAN{T NO

9
9n,. ORG'INATORS REPORT %U%IBt(SI

F18600-67-C-0071 and AFOSIK OA-b-(:-U(,$

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REPORT %0(51 (Ant- other numbers thit miar be assigned

-1 2 7 6 TRp AR-2b

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S DISTRIqUoiO

S-A-MENT1.

This document has been approved for public release and sale;

AWs distribution is unlimited. The copyright notation does not prohibit the un"MLRited distribution of this report by the U.S. Government by reasons of the proviions of contract F18600-67-C-0071 by and between the U.S. and the coovright holder
tI. SUPPLEI,'ENI AR TES1 2 SP0'15ORING %.tLTARY A- T.VITY

(% ... "-.
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13. ABSTRAC-

"
-"

H AFSO (SCGS for AFOSR) Andrews AFB

Washington, D.C.

20331

"The ad hoc committee concurs 'with -he findings of the reporL of the University of
Colorado entitled "Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects," Dr. Edward U. Condon, Scieftific Director Panel agrees that a study of UFOs in general is not a promising way to expand scientific understaniing of the pheno-mena, and adds: "On the basis of present knoowledge th3 least likely explanation of UFOs is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visita=ions bv intelligept beings."% 1 necessary rights provisions of the subject contract, the Government has acquired in the forementioned report to per--t its unlimited reproduction and distribution for any and all Guvernment purposes, notwithstanding the report's copyright notation:

"'Copyright, Natioial Academy of Scienccs, 1969".)

14. Keywords: NAS review Clemence report

UFOs
Condon report University of Colorado report

DD 1473 I
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