ABOUT COMPANY: India is currently among the top three fastest growing economies of the world.

As a corollary, India's energy needs too are fast expanding with its increased industrialisation and capacity addition in power generation. This is where 'coal' steps in, as the most dominant energy source in India's energy scenario.

 Coal India Limited (CIL) - a Schedule 'A' 'Navratna' Public Sector Undertaking under Ministry of Coal, Government of India, has its Headquarters in Kolkata, West Bengal. We produce non-coking coal and coking coal of various grades for diverse applications.

 As of March 31, 2010, we operated 471 mines in 21 major coalfields across eight states in India, including 163 open cast mines, 273 underground mines and 35 mixed mines (includes both open cast and underground mines).

HISTORY : order to provide for a higher growth in coal sector to meet the growing energy needs of the country, the Government in 1973, nationalized the coal mines by enacting the Coal Nationalization act.

 our Company was incorporated as a private limited company with the name of 'Coal Mines Authority Limited', under the Companies Act on June 14, 1973.

 Thereafter in 1975, Department of Coal, Ministry of Energy, GoI, with a view to integrate and streamline the structural set up in a manner which could be conducive to a more efficient administration, issued letter no. 38011/1/1/74-CAF dated September 27, 1975, providing for the re-organisation of 'Coal Mines Authority Limited' as 'Coal India Limited', which was to be responsible for the entire coal mining sector owned and controlled by the Central Government.

CORPORATE STRUCTURE:-

WHAT IS SUBSTATION?

Electrical Substations are a part of the power system acts as links between the Generating Units and the Load Centers. They are simply nodal points of the power system helps power to reach the consumers form power plants in a more reliable fashion. Electrical Substation consists of a collection of Switching and protection equipments such as Busbars, Circuit Breakers, Isolators, Earth Switch, Current Transformers, Potential Transformers, Lightning Arresters or Surge Arresters, Series Capacitors, Shunt Capacitors, Series Reactors, Shunt Reactors, Power Transformers, Line traps or Wave traps and control cables and Power line carrier Communication Systems

SUBSTATION:-

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER SCEME:AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER (M.O.C.B.) SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE(SF6) CIRCUIT BREAKER

SULFUR HEXAFLUORIDE:A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages and may be incorporated into compact gasinsulated switchgear. In cold climates, supplemental heating or de-rating of the circuit breakers may be required due to liquefaction of the SF6 gas

800KV SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER T

YPE 3AT4/5 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER:The continuing use of vacuum interrupter technology in the power distribution market as replacements for oil circuit breakers has exposed this technology to people who have not been previously exposed to it. This article covers the features of the vacuum interrupter and how they correspond to the ability of the interrupter to perform according to its ratings. Vacuum interruption technology has been used for many years and has proven itself to be a reliable means for interrupting fault currents in distribution switchgear.

M.O.C.B.:MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS MAINLY CONSISTS OF : Breaker Pole Base frame Operating mechanism Support structures

AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER:An air circuit breaker employs air as the interrupting insulation medium. Of all the insulating media mentioned, air is the most easily ionized and, hence, arcs formed in air tend to be serve and persistent. The switching elements for an air current, breaker, consists of main and auxiliary contacts. The auxiliary contacts open before the main contacts do, and the arc is drawn on them, thereby avoiding serve pitting of the main contacts

EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION: Power transformers Reactors Capacitve voltage transformer Current transformer Potential transformer Lightning arresters Isolators Wavetraps

EQUIPMENT STRUCTURES:-

TYPES OF CONDUCTORS: (i) For 132 KV lines : 'Panther' ACSR having 7-strands of steel of dia 3.00 mm and 30-Strands of Aluminium of dia 3.00 mm (ii) for 220 KV lines : 'Zebra' ACSR having 7-strand of steel of dia 3.18 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminium of dia 3.18 mm. (iii) for 400 KV lines : Twin 'Moose' ACSR having 7-Strands of steel of dia 3.53 mm and 54-Strands of Aluminium of dia 3.53 mm.

POWER TRANSFORMER:-

TRANSFORMER:A transformer is a static equipment which transformers power from one circuit to another by stepping up or down the primary voltage without any change in the frequency. The transformers of ratio of 33/11 KV Voltage and above are called as Power Transformers

BUSHINGS:-

BUSHING S:A bushing is a hollow insulating liner through which a conductor may pass. Bushings appear on switchgear, transformers, circuit breakers and other high voltage equipment. The bushing is a hollow insulator, allowing a conductor to pass along its centre and connect at both ends to other equipment.

In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator. If an arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relay have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak.

When the line is loaded, there is a voltage drop along the line due to the series inductance and the series resistance. When the line is energized but not loaded or only loaded with a small current, there is a voltage rise along the line (the Ferranti-effect). In this situation, the capacitance to earth draws a current through the line, which may be capacitive. When a capacitive current flows through the line inductance there will be a voltage rise along the line. To stabilize the line voltage the line inductance can be compensated by means of series capacitors and the line capacitance to earth by shunt reactors.

CAPACITVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:-

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE X-MER:It is a CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER. The EHT Voltage is divided by a number of Capacitors connected in series and an Electromagnetic Transformer is connected at a Low Potential of 6.6KV with suitable secondary windings for Metering and ProtectionThe CVT also provides a Path for High Frequency Power Line carrier Communication Currents so that Speech and data can be Transmitted both ways.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:-

WHAI IS CT:Whenever the value of Current in a Power Circuit is too high to permit direct connection of measuring instruments or Relays, Coupling is made through Transformers called CTs CTs are expected to scale down the REPLICA of the Input Current both in terms of Magnitude and wave form.

WHAT HAPPENS IF THE CT SECONDARY IS OPEN CIRCUITED ?

The working Flux increases and reaches saturation. The secondary emf increases due to increased Flux and electro magnetic induction. Very high voltage appears across the secondary terminals. This winding is not designed to withstand this voltage. The Core and the Primary gets overheated. So Never Keep the CT Secondary Open.

SIMPLE LINE DIAGRAM OF A CT:-

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS:-

WHAT IS A VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT) ?

IT IS A VOLTAGE MEASURING DEVICE VOLTAGE OF HIGH / EHV LINE CAN BE MEASURED WITH INSTRUMENTS AT LOW VOLTAGE. Electromagnetic Potential Transformers will normally have two secondary windings Metering and Protection.

400KV CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electricalswitch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation.

220 KV CIRCUIT BREAKER:-

 In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energised for service or maintenance. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and transmission lines, for maintenance.

WAVETRAPS:-

 Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation busbars. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.