Multifunctional PV Inverters

The role of PV in Smart Grids 25.11.2008 Christoph Mayr

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Content
Characteristics of PV inverters Growing number of PV Grid Integration of PV Multifunctional PV inverters Summary and outlook
Quelle: www.diehlako.de

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Characteristics of PV inverters [1]

Safety
Grid interface, integrated p protection and monitoring g device functional safety

Performance Conversion efficiency

Total efficiency Derating Analysis (thermal, overload)

Power Quality & Grid interaction

Emission & Immunity Behavior during network disturbances Grid stabilizing functions Evaluation of compatibility

MPP Tracking
Stady state & dynamic Behavior during irregular charcteristics Thermal behavior

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Characteristics of PV inverters [2]

conversion of energy with high efficiency
this is the main performance indicator for grid tied inverters.

Maximum Power Point Tracking Safety and g interaction behavior during g disturbances y grid g grid

Generator

Inverter

Grid

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Safety and grid interaction Behavior during voltage dips

Caused b C d by
Grid faults Switching of large loads g g
Voltag (p.u.) ge Voltag (pu) ge 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 0 0.05 0 05 0.1 01 0.15 0 15 0.2 02 Time (s) 0.25 0 25 0.3 03 0.35 0 35 0.4 04

Characterization by
R pu) RRMS value (p MS voltage (p p.u.)

Remaining voltage level (in %) Duration of voltage dip (in ms) Point-on-Wave Phasejumps

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 02 0 0 0.05 0.1 duration duration 0.15 0.2 0.25 Time (s) Zeit (s) magnitude

Rem. voltage level

0.35 0.4

0.3

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Behavior of PV inverters during voltage dips voltage tolerance diagram

100

Inverter with high sensitivity (Nr. 4) g y( )

VDE 0126 1 1 0126-1-1 Inv. No. 1 Inv. No. 2 Inv. No. Inv No 3

Volta Magni tude age level during voltage v (re m aining v oltage) (% (%) o %) d dip

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 Duration (m dip Duration of voltag s) (ms)

Inverter with average sensitivity (Nr. 2) Required R i d disconnection according to VDE 0126 1 1 0126-1-1

Inv. No. 4 Inv. No. 5 Inv. No. 6 Inv. No. 7 Inv. No. 8 Inv. No. 9 Inv. No. 10 Inv. No. 11 Inv. No. 12 Inv. No. 13

Ride Through g inverter (Nr. 9)

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Installed PV-power in PVPS countries

8 7 Installed PV Power (GW W) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Grid-connected Off-grid

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1998

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Quelle: IEA PVPS Programme (2008), Report IEA-PVPS T1-17: 2008

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2007

1999

1997

Primary energy resources of the future

Change of the global energy mix until 2100
Forecast of the german advisory council on global change
Annual need of primary energy
others Solarthermal (heat)

PV and Solarthermal power plants

Hydro

Nuclear

Coal

Oil

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Role of Photovoltaic [1]

Correlation between generation and demand (supplying peak load):

source: www.q-cells.com

close to the load demand in the LV distribution network

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Role of Photovoltaic [2]

Ge eneration and load [G a GW]

30 GWp of installed PV without additional requirements to the grid management.

Day of the week

Source: Wertigkeit von PV Strom, M Braun ISET Wertigkeit Strom M.Braun,

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Safety and grid interaction behavior during grid faults and disturbances
Sit ti today: Situation t d
Enormous increase of distributed generation capacity in the distribution t di t ib ti networks l k large number on b b base of static i f t ti inverters t Interconnection standards require inverters to shut down or to disconnect from the grid no requirements, to keep connected requirements even during grid faults

Potential problem in the future

Simultaneous lost of a large number of distributed generation in higher level networks Stability problems

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Integration of PV Inverters

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Grid connection requirements in Germany

Base: Transmission Code 2007 (TC 2007) Generators at MV network
G l apply TC t medium voltage networks Goal: l to di lt t k

Generators must
Not disconnect during grid faults Contribute to short circuit current Provide reactive power during normal operation g Reduce the active power injection when frequency increases

Publication: 06/2008 P bli ti

Quelle: Volker Wachenfeld, SMA

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Multifunctional inverters [1]

Grid stability Power and frequency control
> Decrease of active power injection versus increase of frequency When a grid disturbance occurs At oversupply of power To avoid instabilities
Active power

Frequency

Fault Ride Through - capability

> No disconnection during grid faults (e.g. voltage dips) > Inject mainly active or reactive power to stabilize the grid voltage during grid fault
Q Quelle: www.enercon.de

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Multifunctional inverters [2]

Grid stability
CVCU

110 kV

110/30 kV 30 kV

Coordinated voltage control

M2

> Short circuit current (reactive power ) for dynamic voltage control > Integration in various different control p (e.g. concepts ( g coordinated , local or remote voltage control)
DG1

DG4

DG5 DG1

DG6 DG2 M1 M3

DG3

Reactive power management

> Goal: grid voltage control (within required levels) > Generators must provide reacitve power during normal operation > Reasonable for larger generators

Active power

Rective p power
Power limit diagram of inverter with STATCOM characteristics

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Multifunctional inverters [3]

Power Quality Filtering/Compensation of Harmonics
> Compensation of unwanted harmonics y g > FACTS Functions: Dynamic Voltage Restorer, STATCOM etc.
www.boddingtonspowercontrols.com

Compensation of voltage unbalance

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Summary [1]
Inverter as interface between generator and utility are the core component of DER Grid interaction and safety of inverters are crucial at high penetration of DER. Tests i l b t T t in laboratory of state-of-the-art PV f t t f th t inverters have shown: Significant deficites of inverter behavior when grid disturbances occur

Quelle: www.diehlako.de

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Summary [2]
PV enables good correlation between generation and load Integration of inverter into the grid management at high penetration of PV Capability t supply current also d i grid C bilit to l t l during id disturbances Correct operation of the protection and grid interface devices also during grid disturbances

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Outlook
Increasing penetration of DER also gives more possibilites to provide grid management services with inverters Modern power electronic devices enable to provide additional services beside active power injection
Fault Ride-Through Dynamic grid support Active voltage and reactive power control Use of PV inverter as active filters

Only a stable grid enables an unlimited expansion of renewable energies

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Thank you for your attention!

Christoph Mayr Renewable energy technologies arsenal research Giefinggasse 2, A-1210 Vienna E-mail: christoph.mayr@arsenal.ac.at www.arsenal.ac.at

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