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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

3104

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9 Principles of amplitude modulation, AM envelope, frequency spectrum and bandwidth, modulation index and percent modulation, AM Voltage distribution, AM power distribution, Angle modulation - FM and PM waveforms, phase deviation and modulation index, frequency deviation and percent modulation, Frequency analysis of angle modulated waves. Bandwidth requirements for Angle modulated waves. UNIT II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9 Introduction, Shannon limit for information capacity, digital amplitude modulation, frequency shift keying, FSK bit rate and baud, FSK transmitter, BW consideration of FSK, FSK receiver, phase shift keying binary phase shift keying QPSK, Quadrature Amplitude modulation, bandwidth efficiency, carrier recovery squaring loop, Costas loop, DPSK. UNIT III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 9 Introduction, Pulse modulation, PCM PCM sampling, sampling rate, signal to quantization noise rate, companding analog and digital percentage error, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, differential pulse code modulation, pulse transmission Intersymbol interference, eye patterns. UNIT IV SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 9 Introduction, Pseudo-noise sequence, DS spread spectrum with coherent binary PSK, processing gain, FH spread spectrum, multiple access techniques wireless communication, TDMA and CDMA in wireless communication systems, source coding of speech for wireless communications. UNITV SATELLITE AND OPTICALCOMMUNICATION 9

Satellite Communication Systems-Keplers Law,LEO and GEO Orbits, footprint, Link modelOptical Communication Systems-Elements of Optical Fiber Transmission link, Types, Losses, Sources and Detectors. TUTORIAL: 15 TOTAL: 45 +15=60 TEXT BOOKS: 1. Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems, 6/e, Pearson Education, 2007. 2. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons., 2001. REFERENCES: 1. H.Taub,D L Schilling ,G Saha ,Principles of Communication3/e,2007. 2. B.P.Lathi,Modern Analog And Digital Communication systems, 3/e, Oxford University Press, 2007 3. Blake, Electronic Communication Systems, Thomson Delmar Publications, 2002. 4. Martin S.Roden, Analog and Digital Communication System, 3rd Edition, PHI, 2002. 5. B.Sklar,Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications2/e Pearson Education 2007.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Question Bank SUBJECT: IT2202-PRNCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Semester: III Department: IT

UNIT I--Fundamentals Of Analog Communication

PART-A
What is modulation? Modulation is the process of changing any one parameter (amplitude, frequency or phase) of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal or message signal. 2. Define amplitude Modulation. Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Give the expression for AM modulated wave. Vam =Vc sin c t + m Vc cos (c - m ) t m Vc cos (c + m) t ---------2 2 where, Vam - amplitude of modulated signal Vc - amplitude of carrier signal c = 2 fc = carrier frequency m = 2 fm = modulating signal frequency. 3. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave. Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform .It is also called as coefficient of modulation. Mathematically modulation index is m = Em/ Ec Where m = Modulation coefficient Em = Peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage. Ec = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage. Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal. 5. Give the bandwidth of AM? Bandwidth (B) of AM DSBFC is the difference between highest upper frequency and lowest lower side frequency. B= 2fm(max) fm(max) maximum modulating signal frequency. 1.

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Draw the spectrum of AM signal. Vc mVc/2 fm mVc/2 fm

fc-fm fc fc+fm frequency fLSB fUSB 7. Give the expression for modulation index in terms of Vmax and Vmin. m = Vmax Vmin / Vmax + Vmin 8. Give the formula for AM power distribution. Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2] where, Ptotal total power m- modulation index Pc carrier power 9. Give the expression for total current. Itotal = Ic [1 + m2 / 2] 1/2 where, Itotal total Current m- modulation index Ic carrier current 10. Give the types of AM Modulation. DSBSC-Double sideband suppressed carrier. SSBSC- Single sideband suppressed carrier. DSBFC- Double sideband full carrier. VSBSC-Vestigial sideband suppressed carrier. 11. What are the disadvantages of conventional (or) double side band full carrier system? In conventional AM, carrier power constitutes two thirds or more of the total transmitted power. This is a major drawback because the carrier contains no information; the sidebands contain the information. Second, conventional AM systems utilize twice as much bandwidth as needed with single sideband systems. 12. Define Single sideband suppressed carrier AM. AM Single sideband suppressed carrier is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is totally suppressed and one of the sidebands removed. 13. Define AM Vestigial sideband. AM vestigial sideband is a form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier and one complete sideband are transmitted, but only part of the second sideband is transmitted. 14. What are the advantages of single sideband transmission? The advantages of SSBSC are 1.Power conservation 2.Bandwidth conservation 3.Noise reduction IT 2202 3

15. What are the disadvantages of single side band transmission? i. Complex receivers ii. Tuning Difficulties 16. What is the advantage of low-level modulation? An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation. 17. Define Low-level Modulation. In low-level modulation, modulation takes place prior to the output element of the final stage of the transmitter. For low level AM modulator class A amplifier is used. It requires less power to achieve a high percentage of modulation. 18. Define High-level Modulation. In high-level modulators, the modulation takes place in the final element of the final stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude. For high level modulator class C amplifier is used. It requires a much higher amplitude modulating signal to achieve a reasonable percent modulation. 19. What is the advantage of low-level modulation? An advantage of low-level modulation is that less modulating signal power is required to achieve a high percentage of modulation. 20. Define image frequency. An image frequency is any frequency other than the selected radio frequency carrier that, if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with the local oscillator, will produce a cross product frequency that is equal to the intermediate frequency. 21. Define image frequency rejection ratio. The image frequency rejection ratio is the measure of the ability of preselector to reject the image frequency. Mathematically, IFRR is IFRR =(1+Q22)1/2 Where = (fim/fRF)-(fRF/fim) Q quality factor of preselector fim-image frequency fRF- RF frequency 22. Define Heterodyning. Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another, using nonlinear mixing. 23. Define direct frequency modulation. In direct frequency modulation, frequency of a constant amplitude carrier signal is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal. 24. Define indirect frequency Modulation. In indirect frequency modulation, phase of a constant amplitude carrier directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal.

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25. Define instantaneous frequency deviation. The instantaneous frequency deviation is the instantaneous change in the frequency of the carrier and is defined as the first derivative of the instantaneous phase deviation. 26. Define frequency deviation. Frequency deviation is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when it is acted on by a modulating signal frequency. Frequency deviation is typically given as a peak frequency shift in Hertz (f). The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2 f) is sometimes called carrier swing. The peak frequency deviation is simply the product of the deviation sensitivity and the peak modulating signal voltage and is expressed mathematically as f =K1Vm Hz. 27. State Carson rule. Carson rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an angle modulated wave as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest modulating signal frequency. Mathematically Carsons rule is B=2(f +fm) Hz. 28. Define Deviation ratio. Deviation ratio is the worst-case modulation index and is equal to the maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the maximum modulating signal frequency. Mathematically, the deviation ratio is DR= f (max) / fm(max) 29. Write down the comparison of frequency and amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation 1. Noise interference is more Noise interference is less 2. Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a process of changing the frequency relatively high frequency carrier signal of a relatively high frequency in proportion with the instantaneous carrier signal in proportion with the value of the modulating signal. instantaneous value of the modulating signal. 3. The depth of modulation has But in FM the depth of modulation limitation in AM. can be increased to any value by increasing the deviation. 4. Simple circuits used in transmitter Uses more complex circuits in and receiver. transmitter and receiver. 5. Power varies in AM depending on The amplitude of FM is constant. depth of modulation. Hence transmitter power remains constant in FM 30. Define Phase modulation. Phase of a constant amplitude carrier is varied directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal. 31. What are the advantages of angle modulation and also list its disadvantages. Advantages: i. Noise reduction. ii. Improved system fidelity. iii. more efficient use of power.

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Disadvantages: i. wider Bandwidth. ii. uses more complex circuit in receiver and transmitter. 32. What is Phase deviation ? The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier phase (rad) in respect to reference phase is called phase deviation() 33. Give the expression for bandwidth of angle-modulated wave in terms of Bessels table. B= 2(n*fm) n=no. of significant sidebands for m found using Bessels table. 34. Define deviation sensitivity for FM and PM and give its units. FM: Change in output frequency occurs when amplitude changes in input signal. Unit K1=(rad/s)/V. PM: Change in output phase occurs when amplitude changes in input signal. Unit K =(rad)/V. 35. If a modulated wave with an average voltage of 20Vp changes in amplitude 5V, determine the maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes and the modulation coefficients. Vm = 20Vp Vc = 5 V m = Vmax Vmin / Vmax + Vmin Vmax = Vm + Vc = 20+5= 25V Vmin = Vm - Vc = 20-5= 15V m= Vmax Vmin / Vmax + Vmin =25-15 /25+15 = 0.25 36. An FM transmitter has a rest frequency fc =96MHz and a deviation sensitivity K1 = 4 KHz/V. Determine the frequency deviation for a modulating signal Vm(t) = 8sin(2 2000t). Determine the modulation index. Vm=8V, fm =2000Hz and K1 =4 kHz /V Frequency deviation = = K1Vm = 4 kHz/v * 8V = 32kHz Modulation index = m = / fm = 32 kHz/2000Hz = 16 37. For an FM receiver with an input frequency deviation f=4 kHz and a transfer ratio K= 0.01 V/k Hz, determine Vout. Vout = K * f =0.01* 40 =0.4V

PART B
1. For an AM DSBFC wave with unmodulated carrier voltage of 10Vp and load resistance of 10 ohms, and m=1determine (i) Power in carrier,(ii)Power in upper and lower sidebands(iii)Total transmitted power. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.151 2. Derive the expression for total power in an AM DSBFC and draw the power spectrum. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.150

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For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power Pc=100w that is simultaneously modulated by 3 modulating signals with coefficient of modulation m1=0.2, m2=0.4 and m3=0.5, determine, Total coefficient of modulation, Upper and lower sideband power, Total sideband power, Total transmitted power and then, Draw the output spectrum. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.154 4. One input to an AM DSBFC modulator is 500 kHz carrier with peak amplitude of 20Vp. The second input is a 10 kHz modulating signal whose amplitude is sufficient to produce a 7.5Vp change in the amplitude of the envelope. Determine the following (i) Upper and lower side frequency, (ii)Modulation co-efficient and percent modulation.,(iii)Maximum and minimum amplitude of the envelope,(iv)Draw the output envelope,(v)Draw the output frequency spectrum. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.146 5. Derive Eusf and Elsf in terms of Vmax and Vmin . Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.142 6. Derive the output expression for an AM DSBFC and also draw the AM spectrum. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.145 7. Explain in detail about the Bandwidth requirements of angle-modulated wave. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.286 8. Compare PM and FM. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.281 9. Determine the side band frequencies of an angle-modulated wave. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.282 10. Derive the expression for average power of an angle-modulated wave. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.293.

UNIT II--Digital Communication

PART-A
1. What is digital modulation? When the information signal is digital and any one of the parameters (amplitude, phase or frequency) of the analog carrier is varied proportional to the information signal is called ad digital modulation.

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4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

What is information capacity? It is the number of independent symbols that can be carried through a system in a given unit of time. Give the expression for Shannon limit for information capacity. I= B log2 [1+ S/N] Where, I= information capacity (bps) B= bandwidth S/N=signal to noise power ratio (unit less) Give the Nyquist formulation for channel capacity. fb =2B log2 M Where, fb channel capacity (bps) B-minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz) M- number of discrete level or voltage levels Compare QASK and QPSK. QPSK QASK 1. Quadrature phase Quadrature phase and modulation amplitude modulation 2.All signal points placed on Signal points are replaced circumference of circle symmetrically about origin 3. Circuit is simple. Relatively complex 4.Noise immunity better then Poor than QPSK. QASK 5. Error probability less then Higher than QPSK AQSK What are Antipodal signals? In BPSK, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following signals, Symbol 1 => s1 (t) = 2P cos (2f0 t) Symbol 0 => s2 (t) = 2P cos (2f0 t + ) Here observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of 1800. Such signals are called antipodal signals. Define minimum shift keying. Minimum shift keying uses two orthogonal signal to transmit 0 and 1 in such a way the difference between these two frequencies is minimum. Hence, there is no abrupt change in the amplitude and the modulated signal is continuous and smooth. Give the difference between standard FSK and MSK. FSK MSK 1. The two frequencies are Difference between two integer multiple of base frequencies minimum and band frequency and at the at the same time they are same time orthogonal. orthogonal. 2. Bandwidth (BW) = 4fb BW = fb/2 3. Has discontinuities Phase discontinuities are when phase changes from removed by smooth phase 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. transition.

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What are the advantages of M-ary signaling scheme? i. M-ary signaling schemes transmit bits at a time. ii. Bandwidth requirement of M-ary signaling schemes is reduced. 10. What does correlative coding mean? Correlative coding allows the signaling rate of 2B0 in the channel of bandwidth B0. This is made physically possible by allowing ISI in the transmitted signal in controlled manner. The receiver knows this ISI. Hence effects of ISI are eliminated at the receiver. Correlative coding is implemented by duobinary signaling and modified duobinary signaling. 11. Differentiate coherent and noncoherent methods. Coherent (synchronous) detection: In coherent detection, the local carrier generated at the receiver is phase locked with the carrier at the transmitter. The detection is done by correlating received noisy signal and locally generated carrier. The coherent detection is a synchronous detection. Non- coherent (envelope) detection: This type of detection does not need receiver carrier to be phase locked with transmitter carrier. The advantage of such a system is that the system becomes simple, but the drawback is that error probability increases. 12. Define peak frequency deviation for FSK. Peak frequency deviation (f) is the half the difference between either the mark and space frequency. (f)=|fm-fs|/2. 13. Define bit rate. In digital modulation, the rate of change at the input to the modulator is called the bit rate (fb) and has the unit of bits per second (bps). 14. Define Baud rate. The rate of change at the output of the modulator is called baud rate. Baud= 1/ts, where, ts- time of one signaling element (seconds). 15. Compare binary PSK with QPSK. BPSK QPSK 1. One bit forms a symbol. Two bits form a symbol. 2. Two possible symbols Four possible symbols. 3. Minimum bandwidth is Minimum bandwidth is twice of fb equal to fb. 4. Symbol duration = Tb. Symbol duration = 2Tb. 16. Define QAM. Quadrature amplitude modulation is a form of digital modulation where the digital information is contained in both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted carrier. 17. What is a constellation diagram? It is also called as signal state-space diagram, similar to phasor diagram where, the relative position of peaks of phasors is shown. 18. Bring out the difference between DPSK and BPSK. DPSK BPSK 1. It does not need a carrier It needs a carrier at receiver at its receiver 2. Bandwidth reduced More bandwidth.

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compared to BPSK 3.Probability of error or bit Comparatively low error rate more than BPSK 4. Error propagation more, Comparatively low, since it since it uses two bits for its uses only single bit reception 5. Noise interference more Comparatively low 19. What is bandwidth efficiency? It is also called as information density or spectral efficiency, is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for particular modulation scheme. 20. What is an Offset QPSK? Offset QPSK (OQPSK) is a modified form of QPSK where the bit waveforms on the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase from each other by one-half of a bit time. 21. Mention any four advantage of digital modulation over analog modulation. i. Maximum data rate ii. Minimum probability of symbol error iii. Minimum transmitted power. iv. Minimum channel bandwidth. v. Minimum circuit complexity vi. Maximum resistance to interfering signals 22. Define carrier recovery. It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a receiver signal. It is also called as phase referencing 23. What is DPSK? Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is an alternative form of digital modulation where the binary input information is contained in the difference between successive signaling elements rather than the absolute phase. It is not necessary to recover phase-coherent carrier. 24.What do you mean by ASK? ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts digital data to analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values(0,1) are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier signal. S(t) = Acos2 ft binary 1 0 binary 0

PART-B
1. Explain FSK bit rate, baud, bandwidth and modulation index. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.369 2. Explain on-off keying (OOK) or ASK. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.368 IT 2202 10

3. Explain QPSK transmitter and receiver. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.381 4. Explain DPSK with an example. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.407 5. Explain BPSK (transmitter and receiver) and also discuss about the bandwidth. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.376 6. Discuss the operation of 16-QAM transmitters and receivers. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.398 7. Explain in detail about carrier recovery. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.404

UNIT III --Digital Transmission

PART-A
1. State the sampling theorem for band-limited signals of finite energy. If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no frequency higher than W Hz, it is completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced 1/2W seconds apart. 2. What are the advantages of digital transmission? i. The advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission is noise immunity. Digital pulses are less susceptible than analog signals to variations caused by noise. ii. Digital signals are better suited to processing and multiplexing than analog signals. iii. Digital transmission systems are more noise resistant than the analog transmission systems. iv. Digital systems are better suited to evaluate error performance. 3. What are the disadvantages of digital transmission? i. The transmission of digitally encoded analog signals requires significantly more bandwidth than simply transmitting the original analog signal. ii. Analog signal must be converted to digital codes prior to transmission and converted back to analog form at the receiver, thus necessitating additional encoding and decoding circuitry. 4. Define pulse code modulation. In pulse code modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed length, serial binary number for transmission. The binary number varies according to the amplitude of the analog signal.

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5.

What is the purpose of the sample and hold circuit? The sample and hold circuit periodically samples the analog input signal and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM signal. 6. What is the Nyquist sampling rate? Nyquist sampling rate states that, the minimum sampling rate is equal to twice the highest audio input frequency. 7. What is the principle of pulse modulation? Pulse modulation consists essentially of sampling analog information signal and then converting those discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from a source to a destination over a physical transmission medium. 8. List the four predominant methods of pulse modulation. i. Pulse width modulation (PWM) ii. Pulse position modulation (PPM) iii. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) iv. Pulse duration modulation (PDM) 9. What is codec? An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding and decoding functions is called a Codec (coder/decoder). 10. Define and state the causes of fold over distortion. The minimum sampling rate (fs) is equal to twice the highest audio input frequency (fa). If fs is less than two times fa, distortion will result. The distortion is called aliasing or fold over distortion. The side frequencies from one harmonic fold over into the sideband of another harmonic. The frequency that folds over is an alias of the input signal hence, the names aliasing or fold over distortion. 11. Define overload distortion. If the magnitude of sample exceeds the highest quantization interval, overload distortion occurs. 12. Define quantization. Quantization is a process of approximation or rounding off. Assigning PCM codes to absolute magnitudes is called quantizing. 13. Define dynamic range. Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude. Mathematically, dynamic range is DR= Vmax / Vmin 14. What is nonuniform or nonlinear encoding? With voice transmission, low-amplitude signals are more likely to occur than large-amplitude signals. Therefore, if more codes are used for lower amplitude, it would increase accuracy and fewer codes are used for higher amplitudes, which would increase quantization error. This type of coding is called nonuniform or nonlinear encoding. 15. What is the advantage and disadvantage of midtread quantization? Advantage: less idle channel noise Disadvantage: largest possible magnitude for Qe 16. What is the necessity of companding?

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Companding is the process of compression and then expanding. Higher amplitude signals are compressed prior to transmission and then expanded in the receiver. Companding is the means of improving dynamic range of communication systems. 17. What is idle channel noise? When there is no analog input signal, the only input to PAM sampler is random, thermal noise. This noise is called idle channel noise. 18. How is percentage error calculated? 12-bit encoded voltage-12-bit decoded voltage % Error = --------------------------------------------------------------X 100 12-bit decoded voltage 19. Compare slope overload and granular noise. Slope overload noise Granular noise 1. Slope of analog signal is Original input signal has greater than delta modulator relatively constant amplitude can maintain and the reconstructed signal has variation the were not present in the original signal. 2. Caused when step- size is 2. Caused when step -size is small. large. 20. Give the concept of delta modulation PCM. Rather than transmit a coded representation of the sample, only single bit is transmitted, which indicates whether the sample is larger or smaller then the previous sample. 21. What is ISI and give its causes. The ringing tails of several pulses have overlapped, thus interfering with major pulse lobe. This interference is commonly called as intersymbol interference or ISI. The four primary causes of ISI are i. Timing inaccuracies ii. Insufficient bandwidth iii. Amplitude distortion iv. Phase distortion 22. What is an eye pattern? The performance of a digital transmission system can be measured by displaying the received signal on an oscilloscope and triggering the time base at data rate. Thus, all waveform combinations are superimposed over adjacent signaling intervals. Such a display is called eye pattern or eye diagram. 23. List the significance of eye pattern. It used to determine the effects of degradations introduced into pulses as they travel to the regenerator. It discloses any noise or errors in line equalization. It also gives the amount of ISI present. 24.What are the two fold effects of quantizing process? 1. The peak-to-peak range of input sample values subdivided into a finite set of decision levels or decision thresholds

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2. The output is assigned a discrete value selected from a finite set of representation levels are reconstruction values that are aligned with the treads of the staircase. 25.Define quantization error? Quantization is the value of which equals the difference between the output and input values of quantizer. 26.What is nyquist rate? The minimum sampling rate of 2W sample per second for a signal bandwidth of W hertz is called the nyquist rate. 27.What is PAM? PAM is the pulse amplitude modulation. In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of a carrier consisting of a periodic train of rectangular pulses is varied in proportion to sample values of a message signal. 28. What do you mean by slope overload distortion in delta modulation? Slope of analog signal is greater than delta modulator can maintain. Caused when the step size is small.

PART-B
1. Explain PCM with a neat block diagram. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.425 2. Explain PCM sampling with necessary diagrams and circuits. Write a note on
aliasing.

3. 4.

5.

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Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.427 What is companding? Explain in detail Analog and digital companding. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.442 With a neat block diagram explain Delta modulation. How slope over and granular noise can be minimized. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.455 What is the advantage of DPCM? With a neat block diagram explain transmitter and receiver. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.458 Write notes on ISI and eye pattern.

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Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.460

UNIT IV -SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

PART A
1. Define spread spectrum. Spread spectrum is defined in two parts i. Data of interest occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to send the date. ii. The spectrum spreading is accomplished before transmission through the use of code that is independent of data sequence. The same code is used in receiver to despread the signal so that the original data may be recovered. 2. What do you mean by direct sequence spread technique? The data sequence directly modulates the pseudo noise sequence. Let the data signal be b (t) and pseudo-noise signal be c (t). Then the modulated signal is given as, m (t) = b (t) c(t). 3. What are the advantages of spread spectrum modulation? Spread spectrum modulation spreads the message signal over wide bandwidth with the help of special code (key). It has following important advantages. i) Unwanted interference is rejected. ii) Protection against antijamming signals is also provided. iii) Multipath interference rejection. 4. Define pseudo noise sequence. The pseudo noise sequence is a noise like high frequency signal. This signal is binary in nature. It looks like pulses. The sequence is not completely random, but it is generated by a well-defined logic. The same logic is used at transmitter and receiver. Hence the sequence is rather pseudo random. Hence it is called pseudo-random (or pseudo-noise) sequence. The pseudo noise sequence can be generated by a feedback shift register and combinational logic. 5. What is frequency hop spreading? In frequency hop spread spectrum, the carrier frequency randomly changes among different slots. These frequency slots are called hops. The data is transmitted in these hops. 6. What are the applications of Spread spectrum modulation? i. The spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional jamming. Previously this antijam capability was used in military application. Some commercial applications also use spread spectrum because of its antijam capability.

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Low probability of intercept is an application of spread spectrum in military .In this case, the signal spectral density is kept small such that the presence of the signal is not detected easily. iii. Spread spectrum is used in mobile communications. This is because the spread spectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of multipath fading. Because of wide spectrum only small portion of the signals is in fade. 7. List the advantages of direct sequence systems i. This system has best noise and antijam performance ii. Unrecognized receivers find it most difficult to detect direct sequence signals iii. It has best discrimination against multipath signals 8. List the disadvantages of direct sequence systems i. It requires wideband channel with small phase distortion ii. It has long acquisition time iii. The pseudo-noise generator should generate sequence at high rates iv. This system is distance relative 9. List the advantages of frequency hopping systems i. These systems bandwidth are very large ii. They can be programmed to avoid some portions of the spectrum iii. They have relatively short acquisition time. iv. The distance effect is less 10. List the disadvantages of frequency hopping systems i. These systems need complex frequency synthesizers ii. They are not useful for range and range rate measurement iii. They need error correction. 11. Define slow frequency hopping When several symbols are transmitted in one frequency hop (slot), then it is called slow frequency hopping. This means the symbol rate is higher than hop rate. 12. Define fast frequency hopping When several frequency hops take place to transmit one symbol, then it is called fast frequency hopping. This means the symbol rate is less than hop rate. 13. What is processing gain? Processing gain is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth of spreaded signal to the bandwidth of the unspreaded signal 14. What are the properties of maximum length sequence? Balance property: The number of 1s is always one more than the number of zeros in each period of a maximum length sequence Run property: Run means subsequence of identical symbols i.e. 1s or 0s within one period of the sequence. The length of the run is equal to the length of the subsequence. Correlation property: The auto correlation function of maximum length sequence is periodic and it is binary valued. 15. Mention the classification of multiple access protocols. i. Time division multiple access (TDMA)

ii.

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ii. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) iii. Code division multiple access (CDMA). 16. Compare slow and fast frequency hopping. Slow Frequency Hopping Fast Frequency Hopping 1.More than one symbols are More than one frequency hops are transmitted per frequency hop. required to transmit one symbol. 2.Chip rate is equal to symbol rate. Chip rate is equal to hop rate. 3. Symbol rate higher than hop Hop rate higher than symbol rate. rate. 17. What is TDMA? In time division multiple access, the time of the channel is shared by multiple users. Complete bandwidth of the channel is available to the user in given time slot. TDMA is in satellite communication. 18. What does CEPT stand for? Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication Administrations (CEPT) is a commonly used TDMA frame format for digital satellite systems. 19. Give the expression for probability of gain. The bandwidth of signal before and after encoding, using spread spectrum is related by processing gain (PG) PG=Tb / Tc Where, Tb bit duration Tc chip duration 20. What are orthogonal codes? If half the bits within a code were made the same and half were exactly the opposite, the resultant would be zero cross correlation between chip codes. Such a code is called orthogonal codes. 21. What are the two different techniques used in speech coding for wireless communication? i. Multi-pulse excited Linear Predictive Coding (LPC). ii. Code-excited LPC 22.What are the two function of fast frequency hopping? 1. Spread Jammer over the entire measure of the spectrum of transmitted signal. 2. Retuning the Jamming signal over the frequency band of transmitted signal. 23.What are the features of code Division multiple Accesses? 1. It does not require external synchronization networks. 2. CDMA offers gradual degradation in performance when the no. of users is increased But it is easy to add new user to the system. 3. If offers an external interference rejection capability.

PART - B

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1. Describe what a reference burst is for TDMA and explain the following terms: preamble, carrier recovery sequence, bit timing recovery, unique word and correlation spike. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1104 2. Describe the operation of CEPT primary multiplex frame. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1106 3. Explain in detail the notion of spread spectrum. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.488. 4. Explain CDMA and also give the orthogonal condition of the signals in CDMA. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1108 5. Explain direct sequence-spread spectrum with appropriate waveforms and expressions. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.490. 6. Explain the generation of pseudo-noise sequence with an example. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.480 7. List the properties of maximum length sequence with examples. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.482. 8. With the help of transmitter and receiver diagram explain frequency hopped spread spectrum and discuss about slow frequency hop and Fast-frequency hop. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.499.

UNIT-V --SATELLITE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

PART-A
1. Define orbit. The satellite can be rotated around the earth through various paths. These paths are called orbits of the satellite. These orbits are used to cover the specific application areas. What is a satellite system? A satellite system consists of one or more satellite space vehicles, a ground based station to control the operation of the system, and a user network of earth stations. 2. State the basic function of satellite transponder.

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The transmitter-receiver combination in the satellite is known as a transponder. The basic function of a transponder is amplification and frequency translation. 3. List the satellite orbits. Satellite orbits about the earth are either circular or elliptical. The satellite orbits are: Inclined orbit Polar orbit Equatorial orbit 4. Define inclined orbit. Inclined orbits are virtually all orbits except those that travel directly above the equator or directly over the north and south poles. 5. Define polar orbit. Satellite orbits with inclinations of 90are called polar orbit. Polar orbits are used for special applications like navigational satellites. 6. Define geostationary orbit. The circular equatorial orbit is exactly in the plane of equator on earth. All the points in this orbit are at equal distance from earth surface, and a satellite in this orbit appears to be stationary to the point of earth. Therefore this orbit is called geostationary orbit. 7. Define geosynchronous orbit. When the inclination of the orbit is not zero and eccentricity is not zero, it is called as geosynchronous orbit. The period of geosynchronous orbit is equal to the period of revolution of earth with itself. 8. Define perigee and apogee. The point in the orbit where the satellite is closest to the earth is called the perigee. The point in the orbit where the satellite is farthest from the earth is called the apogee. 9. Define angle of inclination and angle of elevation. Angle of inclination: It is the angle between the earths equatorial plane and the orbital plane of a satellite measured counter clockwise at the point in the orbit where it crosses the equatorial plane traveling from south to north. Angle of elevation: It is the vertical angle formed between the direction of travel of an electromagnetic wave radiated from an earth station antenna pointing directly toward a satellite and the horizontal plane. 10. State the laws of planetary motion. Keplers law may be simply stated as (1) the planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus,(2) the line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, and (3) the square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the cube of its mean distance form the sun gives a number that is the same for all planets. 11. How are satellites classified based on elevation? i. Low earth orbit (LEO): 1 GHz -2.5 GHz ii. Medium Earth orbit (MEO): 1.2GHz-1.66 GHz

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iii. Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO): 2 GHz -18 GHz 12. Define Azimuth angle. It is defined as the horizontal pointing angle of an earth station antenna. 13. Define a transponder. What is its basic function? A satellite radio repeater is called a transponder. It is an RF-RF repeater. 14. What is a footprint? The geographical representation of a satellite antennas radiation pattern is called a footprint or footprint map. 15. What is station keeping? The process of maneuvering a satellite within a pre assigned window is called station keeping. 16. State the uplink frequency and downlink frequency. A typical uplink frequency is 6 GHz and a common downlink frequency is 4 GHz. 17. What are the techniques for increasing channel capacity? Two of the techniques for increasing channel capacity are: Frequency reuse Spatial isolation 18. What are the major subsystems in a communication satellite? The major subsystems in a communication satellite are Communications subsystems Power subsystems Telemetry tracking and control (TTC) subsystems Propulsion subsystems Attitude stabilization subsystems Antenna subsystems 19. What is the basic transponder configuration? There are three basic transponder configurations used in communication systems. They are Single conversion transponder Double conversion transponder Regenerative transponders 20. State the major subsystems in a satellite earth station. The major subsystems in a satellite earth station are: Transmit subsystems Receive subsystems Power subsystems Antenna subsystems Telemetry tracking and control (TTC) subsystems Ground control equipment (GCE) subsystems. 21. List the applications of a satellite Some of the applications of a satellite are: Surveillance or observation Navigation

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 TV broadcast Satellite telephones 22. What is an optical communication system? It uses light as the carrier of information. It uses glass or plastic fiber cables to contain the light waves and guide them 23. State the frequency range of optical fiber communication. Light frequencies range - 1x1014 to 4x1014 24. List the optical sources used for optical fiber communication. The optical sources used for optical fiber communication are Light Emitting Diodes and Solid-state lasers. 25. List the optical detectors. The optical detectors used for optical fiber communication are Photodiodes and Avalanche photodiodes. 26. State the applications of optical fibers. a. Local and long distance telephone systems b. TV studio-to-transmitter interconnection, eliminating microwave radio link. c. Closed circuit TV systems used in buildings for security. d. Computer networks, wide area and local area. f. Shipboard communications. g. Aircraft communication and Aircraft controls k. Nuclear plant instrumentation. 27. List the advantages of optical fiber systems. 1. Wider bandwidth: they have higher information carrying capability. 2. Lower loss: with fiber optic cables, there is less signal attenuation over long distances. 3. Lightweight: glass or plastic cables are much lighter than copper cables and offer benefits in those areas where low weight is critical (i.e., aircraft). 4. Small size: practical fiber optic cables are much smaller than electrical cables in diameter; therefore more can be contained in a smaller space. 5. Strength: fiber optic cables are stronger than electrical cables and can support more weight. 6. Security: fiber optic cables cannot be tapped as easily as electrical cables; they dont radiate signals that can be picked up for eavesdropping purposes. 7. Interference immunity: fiber optic cables do not radiate signals as some electrical cables do and cause interference to other cables. They are also immune to pickup of interference from other sources. 8. Greater safety: fiber optic cables dont carry electricity. Therefore, there is no shock hazard. They are also insulators so are not susceptible to lightning strikes as electrical cables are. 28. Define refractive index.

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Refractive index or index of refraction (n) is ratio of the velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space to the velocity of propagation of a light in a given material. n=c/v where, n-refractive index(unit less) c-velocity of light in free space (3*10^8 meters per second) v- velocity of light in given material (meters per second) 29. Define critical angle. The angle of incidence at which the refracted angle becomes 90to the normal is said to be the critical angle. 30. Define total internal reflection. When the light ray strikes the interface between the air and the glass, at an angle greater than the critical angle, the light ray does not pass through the interface into the glass. When this occurs the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence as if a real mirror were used. This action is known as total internal reflection. 31. Describe the construction of optical fiber cable. The portion of a fiber optic cable that carries the light is made from either glass (silica) or plastic. The fiber, which is called the core, is usually surrounded by a protective cladding. The cladding is also made of glass or plastic of low refractive index. This ensures that proper interface is achieved so that the light waves remain within the core. In addition to protecting the fiber, the cladding adds strength. A plastic jacket is put over the cladding for insulation.

32. Define mode. Mode refers to the various paths that the light rays can take in passing through the cable. There are two classifications: Single mode and Multimode. 33. What is meant by step index fiber and graded index fiber? Step index fiber refers to the fiber, in which there is a sharply defined step in the index of refraction where the fiber core and cladding interface. It means the core has one constant refractive index N1 while the cladding has another constant refractive index N2. Graded index fiber refers to the fiber, in which the refractive index of the core is not constant. Instead it varies smoothly and continuously over the diameter of the core, reaching a peak at the center and then declining as the outer edge of the core is reached. 34. What is single mode fiber and multimode fiber?

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A single mode fiber is one in which, the light follows a single path through the core and a multimode fiber is one in which, the light takes many paths through the core. 35. What is meant by modal dispersion? The stretching of the pulse due to the attenuation of the light in the cable and increase in duration of arrival times of various light rays is referred to as modal dispersion. 36. List the reasons for the losses in optical fiber cable. The main reasons for the losses in optical fiber cable are Light absorption Scattering and Dispersion. 37. Define absorption. Absorption refers to how the light waves are actually soaked up in the core material. 38. Define scattering. Scattering refers to the light lost because of light waves entering at the wrong angle and being lost in the cladding due to refraction. 39. State the expression for attenuation in optical fiber cable. The attenuation of a fiber optic cable is expressed in decibels per unit of length. The standard decibel formula used is

40. Write short notes on cable splicing and connectors. Connectors are special mechanical assemblies that allow fiber optic cables to be connected to one another. Fiber optic connectors are the optical equivalent of electrical plugs and sockets. Fiber optic connectors can be spliced by gluing. Connectors are used at the repeater units and at the end of the cable applied to the light source or photo detector. 41. What are the advantages of lasers over LEDs? LEDs covers a narrow spectrum of frequencies, less intense and are good only for short distances whereas, the Lasers are monochromatic, coherent, and highly intense and can be used over long distances. 42. What are the advantages of single mode step index fiber over multimode step index fiber? Single mode step index fibers are of extremely small size and therefore difficult to make and very expensive. Whereas multimode step index fibers are the easiest to make and the least expensive. 43. Name the multiplexing scheme used for fiber optic communication. The multiplexing scheme used for fiber optic communication is WDM, wavelength division multiplexing.

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PART - B
1. Explain, in detail, about light wave propagation. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.583 2. Classify and explain the Fiber optic cable based on index of refraction and mode. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.594 3. Explain in detail loses in optical fibers. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.597 4. Draw the basic block diagram of a Fiber optic communication system and explain the function of each block. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.580 5. Explain optical sources used in fiber optic communication. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.607 6. Explain optical sources used in fiber optic communication. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.613 7. Write notes on satellite elevation categories and satellite orbital patterns. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1058 8. Explain the satellite system with a neat block diagram. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1076 9. State and explain the laws of planetary motion. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1056 10. What is a geosynchronous satellite? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1062

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B.E./B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMNIATION, NOV/DEC 2005

Third Semester Information Technology IT1202-PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Time: Three hours Answer all Questions Maximum: 100 marks

PART A (10 *2 =20marks)

1. If the rms value of the aerial current before modulation is 12.5A and during modulation is 14A.Calculate the percentage of modulation employed, assuming no distortion. Itotal = Ic [1 + m2 / 2] => Itotal/ Ic = [1 + m2 / 2] 1/2 14/12.5 = [1 + m2 / 2] =1.2544 =1+m2/ 2 m=0..7133 M= 71.33% 2. Draw the block diagram of a super heterodyne AM receiver and explain why the usual AM radio receiver uses a super heterodyne system.

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AM uses a Super heterodyne receiver to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or to translate one frequency to another, using nonlinear mixing. 3. Write down the comparison of frequency and amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation 1. Noise interference is more Noise interference is less 2. Amplitude Modulation is the Frequency Modulation is the process process of changing the amplitude of a of changing the frequency of a relatively high frequency carrier signal relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. value of the modulating signal. 3. The depth of modulation has But in FM the depth of limitation in AM. modulation can be increased to any value by increasing the deviation. Uses more complex circuits in transmitter and receiver. The amplitude of FM is constant. Hence transmitter power remains constant in FM 4. An angle modulated signal is described by Xc(t)=10 cos[2 (106) t + 0.1 sin (103) t] considering Xc(t) as PM Signal with Kp=10,find m(t).] m(t)=Vc sin[c t + KpVm cos m t] m(t)=10 cos[2 (106) t + 1 sin (103) t]. 5. Sketch the waveform representation of ASK, FSK, PSK for NRZ coded binary sequence and represent also each case mathematically. 4. Simple circuits used in transmitter and receiver. 5. Power varies in AM depending on depth of modulation.

(a)PSK

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(b) ASK

( c) FSK 6. Draw the signal constellation of QPSK and give comments on QPSK

QPSK is an M-ary encoding scheme with N=2 and M=4. With two bits there are four possible conditions and four possible output phases +450 , +1350, -450 and -1350. 7. Define sampling theorem. If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no frequency higher than W Hz, it is completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced 1/2W seconds apart. 8. Draw Eye pattern and interpret it properly. MN - Margin over noise JT distortion at zero crossings ST time interval over which the wave can be sampled. DA distortion at sampling time.

9. Mention the classification of multiple access protocols. i. Time Division Multiple access (TDMA) ii. Code Division Multiple access (CDMA) iii. Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA)

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10. Sketch the structure of a CDMA system and give the orthogonal condition for the signals in CDMA.
Balanced Modulator PSK Modulator RF Modulator
High-power amplifier & BPF

N-bit code word generator

IF Carrier

RF Carrier

CDMA Encoder Data in Logic 1=+1 Logic 0 = -1 X Orthogonal code 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Product code 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 Recovered chip code 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Correlation 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1

PART B(5*16=80 marks)

11. (i) Verify that the message signal m(t) is recovered from a modulated DSB signal by first multiplying it by a local sinusoidal carrier and then passing the resultant signal through a low pass filter(1) in the time domain(2) in the frequency domain.(ii) Derive the efficiency of ordinary AM and show that for a single tone AM, max=33.3% at =1. (i) s(t) Product Modulator
Local Oscilltor

v(t)

LPF

Vo(t)

(ii) Psb = ma 2Ec 2 / 4 Pt = Ec2/2[1+ma 2/2] = Psb / Pt at =1 , ma = 1 substituting , max = 33.3% 12. (a) Consider an angle modulated signal Xc(t) = 10 cos (c(t) + 3 sin m(t)).Assume FM and fm=1kHz.calculate the modulation index and find the bandwidth when (1)fm is doubled (2) fm is by one half Carsons rule is B=2(f +fm) Hz. DR= f (max) / fm(max) f= 3KHZ (1)fm is doubled , B=10 KHZ IT 2202 28 m=3

(2) fm is by one half, B= 7KHz (b) (i)A block diagram of an indirect (Armstrong) FM transmitter is shown in fir.(1).Compute the maximum frequency deviation(f) of the output of the FM transmitter and the carrier frequency fc is f1=200 kHz, flo=10.8MHz, f1=25Hz, n1=64 and n2=48 out Frequency Frequency X m(t) Narrow multiplier multiplier band FM f1 X n1 f3 X n2 f1 f2=n1f1 f3 fc ~ f2 f flo f2=n1f1 = 64*200 kHz=12.8 MHz. f3 = f2 - flo =2MHz fc =n2 f3 = 48*2 =96 MHz f = n2f3 = 76.8kHz 13. (a) With the help of a block diagram (transmitter and receiver) explain the principle of a differential phase shift keying. Illustrate the generation of DPSK signal with an example sequence. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.407 14. (b)Write short notes on intersymbol interference. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.460 15. (a) With neat transmitter and receiver block diagram of Direct Sequence spread coherent phase shift keying, explain its principle of operation. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.490 (b) (i) Describe what a reference burst is for TDMA and explain the following terms: preamble, carrier recovery sequence, bit timing recovery, unique word and correlation spike. (ii) Briefly describe the operation of CEPT primary multiplex frame. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1104

B.E./B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMNIATION, NOV/DEC 2006

Third Semester Information Technology IT1202-PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks Answer all Questions

PART A (10 *2 =20marks)

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1. A broadcast radio transmitter radiates 5 KW power when the modulation percentage is 60% .How much is the carrier power? Pt = 5kW,m=0.6 or 60% Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2] Pc = Ptotal / [1 + m2 / 2] = 5* 102 / [1+ (.6) 2 / 2] = 4.24 kW 2. What are the two major limitations of the standard form of amplitude modulation? i. AM less efficient because most of power is transmitted in carrier. ii. The effect of noise is more because of amplitude variations. 3. Illustrate the relationship between frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation. Phase modulation is the first integral of FM. (t) = (t) dt where, (t) instantaneous phase deviation (t) instantaneous frequency deviation 4. A carrier is frequency modulated with a sinusoidal signal of 2 kHz resulting in a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz. Find the bandwidth of the modulated signal. fm=2kHz f = 5 kHz BW= 2(f + fm ) =2(5 *103 + 2 * 103)=14 KHz 5. Compare QASK and QPSK. QPSK QASK 1. Quadrature phase modulation Quadrature phase and amplitude modulation 2.All signal points placed on Signal points are replaced circumference of circle symmetrically about origin 3. Circuit is simple. Relatively complex 4.Noise immunity better then Poor than QPSK. QASK. 5. Error probability less then AQSK Higher than QPSK 6. What are Antipodal signals? In BPSK, the two symbols are transmitted with the help of following signals, Symbol 1 => s1 (t) = 2P cos (2f0 t) Symbol 0 => s2 (t) = 2P cos (2f0 t + ) Here observe that above two signals differ only in a relative phase shift of 1800. Such signals are called antipodal signals. 7. State sampling theorem for band-limited signals of finite energy. If a finite energy signal g(t) contains no frequency higher than W Hz, it is completely determined by specifying its ordinates at a sequence of points spaced 1/2W seconds apart. 8. How is eye pattern used to measure intersymbol interference in a data transmission system?

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9.

The width of the eye opening defines the time interval over which the received wave can be sampled without error from intersymbol interference. It is apparent that the preferred time for sampling is the instant time at which the eye is open widest. MN - Margin over noise JT distortion at zero crossings ST time interval over which the wave can be sampled. DA distortion at sampling time ii. When the effect of intersymbol interference (ISI) is severe traces from the upper portion of the eye pattern cross traces from the lower portion with the result that the eye is completely closed. Illustrate the two modes of an adaptive equalizer. a. Training mode b. Decision Directed mode Decision device x[n] Adaptive y[n] a ^[n] a[n] Training
equalizer [wk] sequence generator

i.

e[n] 10. List out the comparison between slow and fast frequency hopping. Slow Frequency Hopping 1.More than one symbols are transmitted per frequency hop. 2.Chip rate is equal to symbol rate. 3. Symbol rate higher than hop rate. Fast Frequency Hopping More than one frequency hops are required to transmit one symbol. Chip rate is equal to hop rate. Hop rate higher than symbol rate.

PART-B (5 X 16=80 MARKS)

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11. (a) (i)Explain the process of demodulating DSBSC signal by using synchronous demodulator, with the help of neat block diagram and frequency spectrum. Refer Nov/Dec 2005 11 (i) 12. (a)Determine the spectrum of single tone FM wave for an arbitrary value of the modulation index . Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.282. (b)(i) A 20 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the maximum frequency deviation is 100 kHz. Determine the modulation index and the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency of the modulating signal is 100 kHz. m= f/ fm =1 BW= 2(f + fm ) = 400kHz. 13. (a) (i) Explain BPSK transmitter and receiver with the help of block diagram. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.376. (b) (ii)The bit stream 1011100011 is to be transmitted using DPSK. Determine the encoded sequence and transmitted phase sequence Input 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 XNOR 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 Output Output 18 18 0 0 0 0 18 0 18 18 180 phase 0 0 0 0 0 14. (a) (i) Draw the functional block diagram of a direct sequence spread spectrum modulator and demodulator and explain. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.490. (ii) What are the applications of spread spectrum techniques? Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.480. (b) With the help of transmitter and receiver block diagram, explain the principle of operation frequency hopped (FH) spread spectrum system Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.499.

B.E./B. TECH. DEGREE EXAMNIATION, April/May 2008

Third Semester Information Technology IT1202-PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION Time: Three hours Maximum: 100 marks

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Answer all Questions

PART A (10 *2 =20marks)

1. Draw the spectrum of AM signal. Vc mVc/2 fm mVc/2 fm

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

fc-fm fc fc+fm frequency fLSB fUSB Calculate the BW of FM signal whose frequency deviation is 75KHz and signal frequency is 2.5KHz. fm=2.5kHz f = 75 kHz BW= 2(f + fm ) =2(75 *103 + 2.5 * 103)=155 KHz Define phase modulation. Phase of a constant amplitude carrier is varied directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal. Bring out the difference between DPSK and BPSK. DPSK BPSK 1.it does not need a carrier at It needs a carrier at receiver its receiver 2.Bandwidth reduced More bandwidth. compared to BPSK 3.Probability of error or bit Comparatively low error rate more than BPSK 4.error propagation more, since Comparatively low, since it it uses two bits for its reception uses only single bit 5.noise interference more Comparatively low Mention any four advantages of Digital Modulation over analog modulation. i. Maximum data rate ii. Minimum probability of symbol error iii. Minimum transmitted power. iv. Minimum channel bandwidth What is PAM? The amplitude of constant width, constant-position pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the sample of the analog signal. Define source-coding theorem. The entropy represents a fundamental limit on the average number of bits pr source symbol necessary to represent a discrete memoryless source in that it can be made as small as, but smaller than entropy. 33

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8. What are the properties of pseudo noise sequence? Balance property: The number of 1s is always one more than the number of zeros in each period of a maximum length sequence Run property: Run means subsequence of identical symbols i.e. 1s or 0s within one period of the sequence. The length of the run is equal to the length of the subsequence. Correlation property: The auto correlation function of maximum length sequence is periodic and it is binary valued. 9. Differentiate between Fast FH and Slow FH with respect to symbol rate and hop rate. Slow Frequency Hopping Fast Frequency Hopping 1.More than one symbols are More than one frequency hops are transmitted per frequency hop. required to transmit one symbol. 2.Chip rate is equal to symbol rate. Chip rate is equal to hop rate. 3. Symbol rate higher than hop Hop rate higher than symbol rate. rate. 10. Write the condition required to avoid the slope over load distortion in delta modulation. a. Increasing the clock frequency reduces the probability of slope overload noise. b. increase the magnitude of the minimum step size.

PART B
11. (a) (ii) Derive the waveform of power relation between carrier power and total transmitter power of AM signal. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.149 (b) (ii) Draw the waveform of AM signal for over modulation, under modulation and 100% modulation. (a) Under modulation

(b) 100% modulation

(c) over modulation

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12. (b) (i) Distinguish between FM and AM. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.319. 13. (a) With block diagram explain QPSK transmitter and receiver. Draw the QPSK waveform for a digital data 100110. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.381. (b)(ii)Define MSK and how is it different from FSK. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.375 14. (a)(ii)What is meant by Intersymbol interference? (ISI). Suggest a suitable signal processing that has to be done to the baseband signal to overcome ISI. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.460 15. (a)(i) What is spread spectrum modulation? Describe the following features of spread spectrum modulation: (1) Antijamming (2) Ranging (3) Multiple accessing (4) Message security. (ii) Draw a PN sequence generator to generate 7 bit sequence. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.479. (b) (i) Distinguish CMDA and TDMA. Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1104 & 1108 (ii) Draw DS spread spectrum modulation with block diagram. Derive an expression for processing gain PG. Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.490. 2009 Anna University B.Tech Information Technology IT 2202-Principles Of Communication Question Paper Answer all questions PART-A

Regulation 2008

1. Define amplitude modulation. Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

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2. What is modulation index? Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present in an AM waveform .It is also called as coefficient of modulation. Mathematically modulation index is m = Em/ Ec Where m = Modulation coefficient Em = Peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage. Ec = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage. 3. Why is ASK called as ON-OFF keying ? ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) is a modulation technique which converts digital data to analog signal. In ASK, the two binary values(0,1) are represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier signal. S(t) = Acos2 binary 1 ft 0 binary 0 4. What is the difference between QASK and QPSK ? QPSK QASK 1. Quadrature phase Quadrature phase and modulation amplitude modulation 2.All signal points placed on Signal points are replaced circumference of circle symmetrically about origin 3. Circuit is simple. Relatively complex 4.Noise immunity better then Poor than QPSK. QASK 5. Error probability less then Higher than QPSK AQSK 5. Define sampling rate. sampling rate states that, the minimum sampling rate is equal to twice the highest audio input frequency. 6. What is ISI ? The ringing tails of several pulses have overlapped, thus interfering with major pulse lobe. This interference is commonly called as intersymbol interference or ISI. 7. Define Pseudonoise sequence. The pseudo noise sequence is a noise like high frequency signal. This signal is binary in nature. It looks like pulses. The sequence is not completely random, but it is generated by a well-defined logic. The same logic is used at transmitter and receiver. Hence the sequence is rather pseudo random. Hence it is called pseudo-random (or pseudo-noise) sequence. The pseudo noise sequence can be generated by a feedback shift register and combinational logic. 8. What are the different types of multiple access techniques ? iii. Time division multiple access (TDMA) iv. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) v. Code division multiple access (CDMA). 9. Define Kepler's three laws of planetary motion.

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Keplers law may be simply stated as (1) the planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus,(2) the line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, and (3) the square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by the cube of its mean distance form the sun gives a number that is the same for all planets. 10. What are the losses encountered by optical fiber ? Absorption loss Material or Rayleigh, scattering losses Chromatic (or) wavelength, dispersion Radiation losses Model dispersion Coupling losses PART-B 11. (a) (i)Write short notes on (1) AM voltage distribution. (4) (2) AM power distribution. (4) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.145-153 (ii) An audio frequency signal 10sin2p*500t is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 50 sin2p*10^5t.Calculate. (1) Modulation index. (2) Vm/vc=10/50=0.2 (2)Side band frequencies. (2) USB= fc+fm=500+100000=100500 Hz LSB=fc-fm=90500 Hz (3)BW required. (2) 2fm =500*2=1000Hz (4)Total power delivered to the load of 600O. (2) Ptotal = Pc [1 + m2 / 2] (OR) (b) (i)Compare FM and AM.(12) Amplitude modulation 1. Noise interference is more 2. Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Frequency modulation Noise interference is less Frequency Modulation is the process of changing the frequency of a relatively high frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating signal.

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3. The depth of modulation has But in FM the depth of modulation can limitation in AM. be increased to any value by increasing the deviation. (ii) The phase deviation constant in a phase modulation system is K=0.01rad/v.Calculate the maximum phase deviation when the modulating signal of 10V is applied. (4) 12. (a) (i)Explain the principle of FSK transmitter and receiver (10) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.364-375 (ii)Write short note on spectrum and bandwidth of FSK. (6) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.369-372 (OR) (b) (i)Compare the various types of digital modulation techniques. (8) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition,

(ii)Explain the eye pattern in base band digital transmission with neat diagram. (8)

Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.462-463 13. (a) (i)Explain the elements of PCM system with a neat block diagram. (12) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.425-427 (ii)What is companding ? (4) Companding is the process of compression and then expanding. Higher amplitude signals are compressed prior to transmission and then expanded in the receiver. Companding is the means of improving dynamic range of communication systems. (OR) (b) (i)Find the signal amplitude for minimum quantization error in a delta modulation system if step size is 1 volt having repetition period 1 ms. The information signal

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operates at 100Hz. (4) (ii) Describe the operations of DPCM system with relevant diagram. (12) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.455-456 14. (a) (i)Write short notes on Frequency hop spread spectrum. (10) Refer: Simon Haykin, Communication Systems Fourth edition, Page No.499. (ii)Explain the applications of spread spectrum techniques. (6) The spread spectrum has the ability to resist the effect of intentional jamming. Previously this antijam capability was used in military application. Some commercial applications also use spread spectrum because of its antijam capability. iv. v. Low probability of intercept is an application of spread spectrum in military .In this case, the signal spectral density is kept small such that the presence of the signal is not detected easily. Spread spectrum is used in mobile communications. This is because the spread spectrum signal has the ability to resist the effects of multipath fading. Because of wide spectrum only small portion of the signals is in fade.

(OR) (b) (i)Give a detailed account of multiple access techniques. (10) i.Time division multiple access (TDMA) ii.Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) iii.Code division multiple access (CDMA). (ii)Compare TDMA and CDMA. (6) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1104 & 1108 15. (a) (i)Discuss briefly the basic satellite communication system . (8) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1076 (ii)Write short notes on LEO and GEO orbits. (8) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.1062 (OR) (b) Enumerate the elements of an optical fiber transmission link. (16) Refer: Wayne Tomasi, Advanced Electronic Communication Systems Fifth edition, Page No.580

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