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yf kW bgnuha
11. yf kW bgnuha
cdF uhik bjkh? mt vlh tF gowh. mt
to gF brwh. mt mgh mYtyfF fh
brwh. mtDila rnfhju fF ngU brwh. mtDila
mkh vth mL rikwh.
nkfl braf uh FLgd gagLa bghUf
vdbtW bjkh? bgnuh, Or, LPG ( kkhfgl bgnuha th)
bra 11.1
fl thfdfis vit vbghU gagL XLgit, vit kj
rah XLgit vd tifgLJ.
kjr
vbghU
xU v bkGFt J xU
#hoia fJ itjh vd
neL?
nta
vj
fh
cjah
eilbgWwJ. #ho cns fhW
brtJ jLfgLnghJ vj
WL.
158
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vbghU
fh vJ btg Mwiy jU
bghUf vbghUf vdgL.
rJ yfUJ ilF
yf mf ms rg
UF.
vbghUf cs iAnuh
fhg fh cs M#Dl
ntid tjh bghUf
vwd.
js btg
mfgL nghJ vbghU
f cs ntiz s
gLtjh mfkhd btgMw
btahwJ.
ijgot vbghUf
aif ilfToa F
moUJ njho vLfgL
vbghUf ijgot vbghUf
vdgL.
yf, bgnuha kW
aif th. midJnk xwhf
nrJ ijgot vbghUf vW
miHfgLwd.
11.1. yf
vLfglJ. yf cg
ah _whtJ l csJ.
yf ilFlf
cy ilF yf 2/3
1774 M ML ah ghf mbkfhY, irdhY
KjKj
yf
njho csJ.
bra 11.2
2. wkhwij ft?
iyf
kz
mLj
15 ehf
itUf
kz
iyf
kz
mjfLj
15 ehf
itUf
kz
iyf
kz
159
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myF
yf kW bgnuha
www.errsm.org
yf kW bgnuha
100 a
MLfSF K
350 a
MLfSF K
ghiwf kW mGF
mGF
wj jhtuf
yf
11.1.1. yf tiff
1. id (gG yf) 25
Kj 35% fhg csJ.
2. Lk yf (bkyf)
46 Kj 86% fhg csJ.
gG yf
3. Muir(fod
yf)
87-97%
fhg
csJ.
(MuiroUJ
mf
btg Mw ilF).
nta
bk yf
fod yf
yf Ruf
160
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bra 11.3
J yfia fhQ gl fhosgo NlhFf.
yfia fhyh iy NlhF f, yfia ijJ
fh toj vdgL. mUJ gy gaDs bghUfis bgwyh.
yfia ijJ fh toj
yf th
yf
rhuha sF
fhg th
mnkhah ut
yf jh
yf gF bghUfS mj gafS
t.
v
yf gF
bghUf
gaf
1.
yf th
rika vththf
2.
mnkhah ut
cuf jahf
3.
Jf fhg
fyf gagL th
4.
ff
5.
fjh
1000 . yf UJ ilgit.
1. 700 . ff
3. 50 fjh
2. 100 mnkhah
4. 400 3 yfth
161
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myF
yf kW bgnuha
www.errsm.org
yf kW bgnuha
yfia gagLJj
eh xU eh brytF yf
cUthf Mu MLf MF.
J cg br yfia l
eh gagLJ yf ms
mf.
11.2. bgnuha
gy a MLfSF K
fl
thj
jhtufS,
yFfS, wj k
ijld. mfgoahd mGj
11.2.1. ilFlf
kW btg fhuzkhf mit
Fit, <uh, bgah, uZah,
bgnuhakhf khd.
bknfh kW mbkfh nghw
bgnuha kW aif th ehLf mf ms bgnuha
cg br ehLfshF.
cUthj
ah
bgnuhakhdJ
m[h, F#uh, Kig (kfuhZuh)
kW nfhjht, UZzh(Mu
khy), fh(jehL) MW
gLiff ilwJ.
fl
300-400 a
MLfSF K
fo JisL bgnuha
vLfgLwJ. F moUJ
bgwgL ggLjglhj vbz
fUikw utkhF.
fl
nta
50-100 a
MLfSF K
kz kW
tl
vbz kW th
162
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frL
vbzahdJ
ciy
mo
mDggL
400oC
btggLjgLwJ. M nkbyG gF bghUfSF mt
bfhiyF Vg FfgLwJ. j gntW gF bghUf nrj
fyitna frL vbz MF. frL vbz d fh toj
ilF gntW gFbghUf nH mltizlgLsJ.
bgnuha th
gF
bghUf
40-60O C bgnuh
bgnuha th
bgnuh
kbzbz
kbzbz
Or
Or
ca vbz
vbghU vbz
gaf
Lf
vbghUshf
thfdfSF
vbghUshf
mL kW
b# khd
vbghUshf
fduf
thfdf
vbghUshf
ca vbz
ca bghU
vbghU
vbz
fg kW
iya
vbghUshf
ghu bkGF
bkGF kW
thr jahf
Lbk
bgL kW
rhiyf nghl
L bk
frL vbz
btggL
www.errsm.org
myF
yf kW bgnuha
www.errsm.org
yf kW bgnuha
bra 11.4
fzho oia vLJ m
y iyf, Ff, fhjf,
ku Matiw nghl.
gl fhoathW J CW.
j mikid 20 ehf mgona
_o itf. ghoiy wJ
xU v Fia mj thaUnf
bfhL tu. F oJ
v. UJ aif th
bttUtij mayh.
j ntf bgnuhaij
gagLdh 2,050 M ML
bgnuha
KGtJ
JL.
11.3. aif th
aif th cUthj
rJ ygFf jhtuf
kFnghJ, rhfil ff
UJ aif th cUthwJ.
yf RuffY bgnuha
zWfY aif th csJ.
aif th 90% nj csJ.
nta
11.3.1. ilF lf
aif th gagL U tf
1. mGjgl aif th(CNG)
2. kkhfgl aif th
(LNG)
CNG vgJ mf mGj
nrffgL th. Mdh LNG
vgJ
ca Fj iy
cs k. CNG Fiwj bry
jahfgLwJ.
CNG gaf
1. Fiwj ms khRgLjToa
vbghU
2. FHhf
_y
vjhf
vLJ bryyh. LfY
bjhrhiyfY neilahf
vbghUshf gagLjyh.
3. gytifahd
ntbghUf
kW
cuf
jahf
gagLwJ.
164
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11.4. aif tsf kW
mitf tufS
Nafh
vbz,
gU
vbz, bec vbz kW
aif tsf ah kjdh ug bfhil vbzUJ
f
iuthf
gagLjgL gnah Or jahfgLwJ.
tUwd.
Mfnt
yf, 2. fhwhiy : fhwhiyia g
bgnuha, aif th nghwit eh ahtU mnth. skhd
btFu JL.
nghw
mik
al
izfgoUF. fhW ntfkhf
aiw
ilF
moF nghJ f RHW
tsf
fhy
a rhuij cg
148 tUlf
yf
br. jeho fajhW, Muh
thbkh, gyl kW Fokfy
vbz
40 tUlf
Ma
lf
fhwhiyf
aifth 61 tUlf
csd.
khW vbghU njL flha
eh cnsh. aif _yfsha
Na, fhW, Mat
UJ
Mwiy
eh
bgW
bfhoUnwh.
vbz 37%
mQMw 6%
yf 25%
th 23%
gnah f 4%
3%
Naxahw 0.04%
gnah vbghU 0.2%
Nabtg 0.5%
fhW 0.3%
btg 0.2%
isahoF my
v mgh khLto gajh.
eh fh XLnw.
v kf b# khd brwh.
mtDila
kf
khLto
gagh.
3. Na Mw :
cdf
thtjF njitahd Mwiy
bfhLgJ Na MF. gHfhy
Unj kj Na Mwiy gy
tiffY gagL tUwh.
Na Mw 1) Na vbuhgh
2) Na btg_o 3) Na
fy Ma _W tiff
gagLjgLwd.
khW Mw _yf
1. gnahOr : jhtu vbzfshd
nrhah vbz, MkzF
vbz, kffhnrhs vbz,
165
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myF
yf kW bgnuha
www.errsm.org
yf kW bgnuha
11.5 iwa ma
cUthwJ. J mQfU iz
vdgL.
nj
f
miw
1. iAu# - ehisa vbghU
btgiy eilbgWtJ F
iAu# xU wj khW
iz KiwahF.
vbghU MF. mJ fh v
nghJ cUthwJ. mjdh fhW 3. f Uj nj bgWj
khR
miltiy. iAu#
f EQfsh ijf
mfkhd btg Mw csJ.
gLnghJ njDl khRfshd
fhgilMirL kW iAu#
2. F iz Kiw
ilwJ.
khRfis
uL nyrhd mQf rigL
al
bgwgL
nj
wj
cfUf ca btgiy
iz nghJ mfkhd Mw vbghUshf gagLwJ.
nghFtuJ
Wjf
nta
iwa ua
F
U l
t h
U
x 1 nu
L
bg k
ehisa gwhFiw
xU ik eil,
xU l bgnuh
kW
xU eh thit
nrF
166
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kL
1.
2. nfhol lij uf
m. yf
- yf th
bgnuha - __________
M. LPG
- nuhng kW nl
aifth - __________
. Or
- bgnuha
gnahOr
- __________
3.
4.
LPG th
if cUthwJ
if cUthFtiy
Fiwj fnyh kL
mf fnyh kL
rikgjF mf neu
rhg cUthwJ
rhg cUthfhJ
10
www.errsm.org
myF
yf kW bgnuha
www.errsm.org
yf kW bgnuha
Lk
nfhol lij uf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
nta
nkY ma
Advanced organic chemistry- B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl - S.Chand &
Company Ltd.,
izajsf
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable _resources.
www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gscebitesize/physics/energy/energy_resources
168
11
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msa
12. msa
nfhil LKiw xU eh
mUzh jdJ njh Rth
tUiffhf o fhUwh.
beLneu
fJ
if
xU
Fill Rth tUwh.
aa
eh
aa
msfis
mUzh : vd Rth! kiHah
msgjF
gytifahd
myF
bgwJ? Fill tUwhna?
Kiwfis
gagLJnwh.
Rth : iy mUzh. btna
vLJfhlhf, , ik, br,
fLikahd bt Ugjh Fil
mo Mad sfhd myFf.
vLJ nghFgo vdJ mkhjh
ijngh nyhuh, uh, g
Tdh.
nghwit iw myFfshF.
mUzh : Mkh Rth. bjhiy
gdhL myF Kiw (SI myF
fh br Tl neiwa btg
Kiw)
iy 42C vd Tdhf. W
1971 M Mo Toa vilf
mijl mfkhf UF ngh
kW msf ga bghJ
csnj!
Tlik midtU xnu uhf
Rth : btgiyia Ff
gagLjjf myF Kiwahf SI
eh gagLJ myFjh vdF
myF Kiw mfglJ. SI myF
FHgkhf csJ. eh midtU
Kiw gntW msfSfhf
btgiyia
bra
vw
myFf
iyahf
tiuaWf
mynyna TWnwh. Mdh vdJ
gLsd. nkY Kiw kw myF
mzh W fhiy btgiy
Kiwfis l wghdjhF. J
myF bf jh vW Tdh.
mQ
gf
mogil
mUzh : rnjfij vdJ mikjJ vdnt fhyij bghWJ
jijl nfL bjJbfhnth. khwhjJ. nkY J gagLJtjF
f vaJ.
( mUzh jij X Ma)
SI myF Kiw VG mogil
(mtf mUzh jijl
rnjfij
nffnt
mt msfis, 22 t msfis
myFfis
g
mtfSF cslaJ.
bjthf sfkjh).
s, iw, fhy Mat
xU Fl msit msj myFfis g eh mnth.
vgJ mj kig iyahd jnghJ
nkY
y
mogil
kbwhU
knghL
xL msf myFfis bjJ
TWtnjahF vgij eh mnth. bfhnth.
170
12
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SI myF
ms
myF
msa
FpL
iw
nyh uh
kg
fhy
dho
btgiy
bf
ndhl
Ma
bghU
ms
nkh
mol
xbr
nfoyh
cd
btgiy
ciwiy
bra
msoy
0C.
Mdh
mj
btgiy _yTWf
afnyna
Uwd,
mit -273C jh Xiyia
milwd. vdnt -273C vgJ
jR btgiyahF. mJnt
bf btgiy R iyahf
bfhsgLwJ.
vdnt -273C = 0 K
273 K = 0C
171
13
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msa
x ms
SI Kiw x brit
msf gagL myF nfoyh
MF. x _y xW cG
540x1012 bA mbt cila
xiww f br xU
Fl ir xU onuoaDF
1/683
th
v
mir
xbr xU nfoyh MF.
VgLJ nfhzkhF.
MdJ r2 F rk.
gu
xU
onuoa
v bkGFt xW bt
L x br njhuhakhf xU
nfoyhF rk.
jsnfhzK k nfhzK
jsnfhzK k nfhzK
1995M MLtiu Jiz ms
fshf Ujd jnghJ mit t
msfshF.
SI Kiw jsnfhz myF
nuoa.
ma mPf bgaf
cs myFf Fpil
vGj
bga
My
vGij gagLj ntL.
v.fh. N-Newton, W - watt
xU
nuoa
aa
ma
mPf
bga
bfhl myFfis My
KGikahf vGJnghJ a
vGjh vGj ntL. v.fh.
newton, joule, watt.
FpLfis gik vGj
TlhJ. v.fh 30 kg, 30 kilogram.
vd vGjntL.
Wj Fpil myFf
Ko gagLjTlhJ. v.fh
m. vW vGjTlhJ, m vd
vGjntL.
172
14
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s myFf
10 ..
10 br.
10 bl.
10
10 blfh.
10 bA.
=
=
=
=
=
=
gUk myFf
1 br.
1 bl.
1 = 100 br.
1 blfh.
1 bA. = 100
1 . = 1000
1000 f..
=
1000 f.br. =
1000 f.bl. =
=
=
1 f.br.
1 f.bl.
1 f.
1 000 000 f.br.
1 000 000 000 f..
. l, br. brol,
f.- fd l
gu myFf
100 r..
100 r.br.
100 r.bl.
100 r.
100 r.blfh.
100 r.bA.
=
=
=
=
=
=
iw myFf
1 r.br.
1 r.bl.
1 r.. = 100 .
1 r.blfh. = 1 V
1 r.bA. = 1 bAnl
1 r..
10 .
= 1 br.
= 1 bl.
10 br.
10 bl.
= 1 = 1000= .
10
= 1 blfh.
10 blfh. = 1 bA. = 100
10 bA.
= 1 . = 1000
1000 .
= 1 bkfh. = 1 bk
r.. rJu l, r.br. rJu brol,
r.bl. rJu bll, r. rJu l,
l
r.bA. rJu bAlhl
ut gUk myFf
10 .
10 br.
10 bl.
10
10 blfh.
10 bA.
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 br.
1 bl. = 100.
1 = 1000 .
1 blfh.
1 bA. = 100
1 . = 1000
.- l, br. bro l,
bA.-bAlh l, .- nyh l
173
15
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myF
msa
www.errsm.org
msa
kL
1. uhK, kJ UtU egf. mtf miw msid msf KaY
nghJ, uhK mjid mo vw myfhY kJ l vw myfhY
msf Udhf. Ut ah gdhL myF Kiw go rahd
myF Kiwia gagLJwh?
2. bghUJf
t.
v
ms
myF
1.
btgiy
nfoyh
2.
3.
4.
5.
bghUms
xbr
iw
jsnfhz
bf
nyhuh
nuoa
nkh
aa
nkY ma
f
2. The Physics Quick reference guide - E.Richard Cohen 1996 American Institute of Physics.
izajsf www.metrication.com
www.surfnet.org/wiki/A-level-physics
www.physics.nist.gov/cuu/unit
174
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