CitationGuide:APA

PublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation, (6thed.,2010)

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ThisguideisbasedonthePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,6thed.and

providesonlyselectedcitationexamplesforcommontypesofsources.Formoredetailedinformation pleaseconsultaprintcopyofthestylemanual. Wanthelpkeepingtrackofyourreferences/citationsandformattingyourreferencelists?Considerusing RefWorksfreeforallstudents,faculty,alumniandstaff. GeneralNotesonAPAStyle

APArequiresthattheentirepaperbedoublespaced,includingallthelinesinthereferencelist. Numberallpagesconsecutively,beginningwiththetitlepage,inArabicnumerals(E.g.,4,notIV) intheupperrighthandcorner(Rule8.03,p.230). Youneedtociteanddocumentanysourcesthatyouhaveconsulted,evenifyoupresentedthe ideasfromthesesourcesinyourownwords.Youneedtocite: o toidentifyotherpeople'sideasandinformationusedwithinyouressay o toinformthereaderofyourpaperwheretheyshouldlookiftheywanttofindthesame sources Acitationmustappearintwoplacesinyouressay: o inthebodyofyourtext(intextcitations) o inthereferencelist(attheendofyourpaper) Tointroduceotherpeople'sideasintext,usethefollowingexamples: Richardsonargues,refersto,explains,hypothesizes,compares,concludes; AsLittlewoodandSherwindemonstrated,provedetc. Spelling:MerriamWebster'sCollegiateDictionaryisthestandardspellingreferenceforAPA journalsandbooks(Rule4.12,p.96) Capitalizeallmajorwordsintitlesofbooksandarticleswithinthebodyofthepaper(Rule4.15, p.101).E.g. o In his book, Greek Political Thought (2006), Balot argues that [...] o The criticism of the article "The Politics of Paraliterary Criticism" [...] o NOTE:Inreferencelists,however,capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitleandofthe subtitle(afteracolonoremdash)andpropernouns. Whenquotingfromprintsourcesoronlinearticles,givetheauthor,year,andpagenumberin parentheses(Rules6.03,pp.170171).Forexample: o Mooney (2000) found that ..."direct_quotation" (p. 276).

ReferenceinText

o "Direct_quotation"... (Walker, 2000, p. 135). Ifthequotationisover40words,youmuststartthequotationonanewline,indentthequotation aboutaninch,andomitthequotationmarks(Rule6.03,p.171). Prince Edward Island is a curved slice of land from three to thirty-five miles wide and about one hundred and twenty miles long, lying along the southern rim of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and separated from the mainland of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait (Ives, 1999, p. 1). Whenparaphrasingfromasource,orwhenreferringtoanideacontainedinanotherwork,you areencouragedtoprovideapagenumber(Rule6.04p.171). Manyelectronicsourcesdonotprovidepagenumbers.Inthiscase,useparagraphnumbers precededbytheabbreviation'para.'(Rule6.05pp.171172).Forexample: (Johnson, 2003, para. 5) Ifasourcecontainsneitherpagenorparagraphnumbers,citetheheading(shortentheheadingif itislong)(Rule6.05pp.171172). Ifthereisnodateofpublication,usetheabbreviation(n.d.). Listtwoormoreworksbydifferentauthorswhoarecitedwithinthesameparenthesesin alphabeticalorderbythefirstauthor'ssurname,e.g.(Anderson,1980;Fowers&Powell,1993; Simonetti,1998)(Rule6.16p.177).

ReferenceList

Thelistofsourcesattheendofthepaper(bibliography)iscalledthereferencelistinAPA.The referencelistmustincludeallreferencescitedinthetextofyourpaper. Orderofreferencesinthereferencelistisalphabetical,bythelastnameofthefirstauthor(Rule 6.25,p.181)or,ifauthorisnotavailablebytitle. Alphabetizeletterbyletter."Nothingprecedessomething".'Brown,J.R.'comesbefore'Browning, A.F.' Fortheauthor'sfirstnameuseonlyinitials:'Smith,J.',not'Smith,Jennifer'. Secondandsubsequentlinesofeachentryareindented57spaces. Doublespacebetweenalllinesofyourwork,includingreferences. Whencitingbooks(notperiodicals),capitalizeonlythefirstwordofthetitleandofthesubtitle (i.e.thefirstwordafteracolonoradash)andpropernouns(Rule6.29,p.185). Ifmorethanonecityofpublicationislistedinthebookyouareciting,usethefirstonelisted. Ifthereisnodateofpublication,usetheabbreviation(n.d.). Seerules6.22to6.32oftheAPAPublicationManualformoreinformationonthepreparationof thereferencelist.

Howtocite...
BookNoAuthororEditor(6.15,pp.176177) ReferenceinText (GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia,2003) Accordingtothedefinition[....](GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia, 2003,p.5)(whenquoting) GeologicalfieldtripsinsouthernBritishColumbia.(2003).Vancouver,BC: GeologicalAssociationofCanada,CordilleranSection

ReferenceList

Comments

Whenaworkhasnoauthor,citeintextthefirstfewwordsofthereference

listentry(usuallythetitle)andtheyear. Withinthebodyofthepaperitalicizethetitleofabook,brochure,orreport andcapitalizeallmajorwordsintitles. o Inhisbook,GreekPoliticalThought,Balot(2006)arguedthat[...] Intext,youmayuseafewwordsofthetitleifthetitleistoolong.

BookPrintorElectronic,OneAuthor(6.11,pp.174175) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Walker,2000) (Walker,2000,p.62)(whenquoting) Walker,L.E.(2000).Thebatteredwomansyndrome(2nded.).NewYork: Springer. Blossom,J.(2009).Contentnation:Survivingandthrivingassocialmedia technologychangesourlivesandourfuture.Retrievedfrom http://www.wiley.com Monro,V.(1835).AsummerrambleinSyria:withaTartartripfromAleppoto Stamboul(Vol.1).Retrievedfromhttp://books.google.com/books Schiraldi,G.R.(2001).Theposttraumaticstressdisordersourcebook:Aguideto healing,recovery,andgrowth[AdobeDigitalEditionsversion]. doi:10.1036/0071393722

Comments

Ifyouretrievedanebookfromadatabase(e.g.Books24x7,GoogleBooks), addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier),ifavailable,attheendusingthe format:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191). IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthepublisher'shomepagein placeoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome pageifyoufoundthebookinalibrarydatabase(e.g.ebrary,Books24x7). o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

BookGroupsasAuthors(6.13,p.176) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (NationalCouncilofWelfare,2001) (NationalCouncilofWelfare,2001,p.17)(whenquoting) NationalCouncilofWelfare(Canada).(2001).Childpovertyprofile,1998.Ottawa, ON:NationalCouncilofWelfare. Comments

AGroupasAuthormaybeacorporation,anassociation,agovernment agency,etc. Intheexampleabove,authorandpublisherareidentical:'NationalCouncil ofWelfare'.Insuchcasesyoumayusetheword'Author'asthenameofthe publisher. Providethepublisherifitisdifferentfromtheauthor.

BookMultipleAuthors(6.12,pp.175176) Referenceintext ReferenceList (Bucher&Manning,2006) (Bucher&Manning,2006,p.138)(whenquoting) Bucher,K.,&Manning,M.L.(2006).Youngadultliterature:Exploration, evaluation,andappreciation.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PearsonEducation. Comments

Whenaworkhastwoauthors,citebothnameseverytimethereference occursintext Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,nameallauthorsthefirsttime thereferenceoccurs;inthefirstsubsequentcitationuseonlythefirst author,followedbyetal.andayear.Ifyoumentionthesameworkagain withinoneparagraph,omittheyear.E.g.: o thefirsttime:Smith,Jones,PearsonandSherwin(1990)found... o thesecondtime,asafirstcitationperparagraph:Smithetal.(1990) found... o mentionedagainwithinthesameparagraph:Smithetal.found... Forsixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowed by'etal. Whenaworkhastwoormoreauthors,usethewordandinrunningtextand anampersand&inparentheticalmaterial,intables,captions,andinthe referencelist.E.g.: o asBucherandManning(2006)demonstrated... o ashasbeenshown(Bucher&Manning,2006)... Inthereferencelistinvertallauthors'names;givelastnamesandinitialsfor onlyuptoandincludingsevenauthors.Whenauthorsnumbereightor more,includethefirstsixauthorsnames,thenthreeellipses(),andadd thelastauthorsname(6.27,p.184).

EditedBook(6.11,174;6.27,p.184) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Robinson,1992) Robinson,D.N.(Ed.).(1992).Socialdiscourseandmoraljudgement.SanDiego, CA:AcademicPress.

Comments

Oneeditorusetheabbreviation(Ed.).Morethanoneeditorusethe abbreviation(Eds.).

ChapterDifferentAuthorsinanEditedBook(6.27p.184) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Sharp&Eriksen,2004) (Sharp&Eriksen,2004,p.126)(whenquoting) Sharp,S.F.,&Eriksen,M.E.(2003).Imprisonedmothersandtheirchildren.InB.H. Zaitzow&J.Thomas(Eds.),Womeninprison:Genderandsocialcontrol (pp.119136).London:LynneRiennerPublishers. Comments

Oneeditorusetheabbreviation(Ed.).Morethanoneeditorusethe abbreviation(Eds.). Intheexampleabove,'Sharp&Eriksen'aretheauthorsofthechapter 'Imprisonedmothersandtheirchildren',publishedinthebook'Womenin prison:Genderandsocialcontrol'. Forabookwithnoeditor,justincludetheword'In'beforethebooktitle.

JournalArticlePrintVersion(6.276.30,pp.184187) ReferenceinText (Louth,Hare&Linden,1998) Louthetal.(1998,p.198)foundthat["........."].(whenquoting) Louthetal.(1998)foundthat[".........."](p.198).(whenquoting) Louth,S.M.,Hare,R.D.,&Linden,W.(1998).Psychopathyand alexithymiainfemaleoffenders.CanadianJournalofBehavioural Science,30(2),9198. Comments

ReferenceList

If,andonlyif,eachissueofajournalbeginsonpage1,givetheissue numberinparentheses(notitalicized)immediatelyafterthevolumenumber (whichisitalicized).Thereisnospacebetweenthevolumeandissue number. Whenaworkhastwoauthors,citebothnameseverytimethereference occursintext(6.11,p.174). Whenaworkhasthree,fourorfiveauthors,nameallauthorsthefirsttime thereferenceoccurs;inthefirstsubsequentcitationuseonlythefirst author,followedby'etal.'andayear.Ifyoumentionthesameworkagain

withinoneparagraph,omittheyear.E.g.: o thefirsttime:Louth,HareandLinden(1998)found... o thesecondtime,asafirstcitationperparagraph:Louthetal.(1998) found... o mentionedagainwithinthesameparagraph:Louthetal.found... Forsixormoreauthors,citeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowed by'etal.'andayear.(6.12,p.175) Whenaworkhastwoormoreauthors,usethewordandinrunningtextand anampersand&inparentheticalmaterial,intables,captions,andinthe referencelist.E.g.: o asBucherandManning(2006)demonstrated... o ashasbeenshown(Bucher&Manning,2006)... Inthereferencelistinvertallauthors'names;givelastnamesandinitialsfor onlyuptoandincludingsevenauthors.Whenauthorsnumbereightor more,includethefirstsixauthorsnames,thenthreeellipses(),andadd thelastauthorsname(6.27,p.184).

JournalArticleElectronic(6.32,pp.189192) Retrievedfromadatabase,suchasPsycINFO,AcademicSearchPremier,JSTOR,etc.orontheinternet ReferenceinText (Turner,2007) (Turner,2007,p.292)(whenquoting) (Lynch,2004,para.3)(whenquotinganarticlewithoutpagenumbers) (Gruenwald,2009,"PhyticAcidContributesto")(quotinganarticlewithoutpageor paragraphnumbers,usingashortenedheading) Turner,J.(2007).Justiceandemotions.SocialJusticeResearch,20(3),288 311.doi:10.1007/s112110070043y Walters,W.(2008).Borderingthesea:Shippingindustriesandthepolicingof stowaways.BorderlandsEJournal,7(3),125.Retrievedfrom http://www.borderlands.net.au/index.html

ReferenceList

Ledger,W.,Wiebinga,C.,Anderson,P.,Irwin,D.,Holman,A.,&Lloyd,A.(2009). CostsandoutcomesassociatedwithIVFusingrecombinantFSH.Reproductive BioMedicineOnline,19(3),337342.Retrievedfrom http://www.rbmonline.com/ Comments

Forelectronicversionsbasedonaprintsource(suchasPDF),includepage numbers(6.32,p.189). Theretrievaldateisnotrequiredunlessthesourcematerialislikelyto changeovertime. Generallyitisnotnecessarytoincludeinformationaboutwhichdatabaseit wasretrievedfrom(6.32,p.192).

WhenaDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)isavailable,includetheDOIrightafter thevolume/issuenumberusingtheformat:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191) IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthejournalpublishershome pageinplaceoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocate thepublisherifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.Academic SearchPremier,ScienceDirect). ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

DailyNewspaperArticlePrintorElectronic(6.276.32,pp.184192) ReferenceinText ReferenceList ("Allfourpillars",2004) (Freeze,2009) Allfourpillarsneededtocombatdrugscourge.(2004,May15).The VancouverSun,p.C6. Freeze,C.(2009,October7).Toronto18leaderpleadsguilty.TheGlobe andMail.Retrievedfromhttp://www.theglobeandmail.com Comments

Intext,ifthearticledoesnothaveanauthor,useatitle(shorten,if necessary).Putthetitleinquotes. Ifanarticleappearsondiscontinuouspages(e.g.startsonp.D1and continuesonp.D5),giveallpagenumbers,separatedbyacomma. Tocitea"lettertotheeditor",includethetext[Lettertotheeditor]in squarebrackets,rightafterthetitleoftheletterandbeforethetitleofthe newspaper.Thereisnoperiodafterthetitleoftheletter. Ifyouretrievedthearticlefromadatabase(e.g.CanadianNewsstand, CBCA),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)attheendusingtheformat: doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191) IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthenewspapershomepagein placeoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome pageifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.CanadianNewsstand, PressDisplay). o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

MagazineArticlePrintorElectronic(6.276.30,pp.184186) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Morell,2006) (Morell,2006,p.131)(whenquoting) Morell,V.(2006,March).WolvesofEthiopia.NationalGeographic,209,124135. Mauro,S.(2009,November).Aredtailreturns.AviationHistory20(2).Retrieved fromhttp://www.aviationhistory.org/am_aviation_history_magazine.html

Comments

Givethedateshownonthepublication:monthformonthlies/monthand dayforweeklies. Ifyouretrievedthearticlefromadatabase(e.g.CanadianReference Centre,MasterFilePremier),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)atthe endusingtheformat:doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191) IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthemagazineshomepagein placeoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome pageifyoufoundthearticleinalibrarydatabase(e.g.MasterFilePremier, CBCA). o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

WebsiteADocumentCreatedbyanIndividualoranOrganization(6.316.32&7.11,pp.187192,214 215) ReferenceinText (InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociations,2003) (InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociations,2003,para.4)(whenquoting) Referencelist InternationalFederationofLibraryAssociationandInstitutions.(2003, February03).Library&informationscience:Citationguidesfor electronicdocuments.Retrievedfrom http://ifla.org/I/training/citation/citing.htm Comments WhencitingawebsiteintheReferenceList,provideasmuchaspossibleof thefollowinginformation: Author'sname(ifavailable) Dateofpublicationorupdateinparentheses(ifavailable).If thereisnodate,use'(n.d.)'instead. Titleordescriptionofdocument Titleofcompletework(ifrelevant),initalicsorunderlined URL Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedto para.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary. Donotincluderetrievaldatesunlessthesourcematerialislikelytochange overtime(e.g.blogs,wikis) ThereisnoperiodaftertheURL. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

WebsiteASingleDocumentorPartofaLargeWebsite(6.32,7.11,pp.189192,214215) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Spearing,2004) (Spearing,2004,EatingDisordersareTreatable,)(whenquoting) Spearing,M.(2004May).Eatingdisorders:Factsabouteatingdisorders andthesearchforsolutions.Retrievedfrom http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/eatingdisorders.cfm Jess.(2009,April18).SomethingsIhavelearnedaboutteens[Weblog post].Retrievedfromhttp://coollibrarianblog.blogspot.com/2009/04/ somethingsihavelearnedaboutteens.html Comments WebsiteChapterorSectioninadocument(6.32,6.19,6.05,pp.192,179,171172) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (BentonFoundation,1998) (BentonFoundation,1998,Chapter2)(whenquoting) BentonFoundation.(1998,July7).Barrierstoclosingthegap.InLosing groundbitbybit:Lowincomecommunitiesintheinformationage (chap.2).Retrievedfromhttp://www.benton.org/publibrary/losing ground/two.html Comments

Forblogs,includethenameoftheblogtowhichtheentrywasposted,ifthis informationisnotpartoftheURL.Iftheauthorsfullnameisunavailable, usethescreenname. Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedto para.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

'Barrierstoclosingthegap'isthetitleofChapter2oftheWebdocument 'Losinggroundbitbybit'. Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedto para.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary. ProvideaURLthatlinksdirectlytothechapterorsection. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

WebsiteNoauthor,nodate(6.27,6.28,6.15,pp.184,185,176177) ReferenceinText ReferenceList ("GVU's10thWWWUserSurvey",n.d.) (GVUs10thWWWUserSurvey,n.d.,SelfSelection)(whenquoting) GVUs10thWWWusersurvey.(n.d.).Retrievedfrom http://www.gvu.gatech.edu/user_surveys/survey199810/ Whenmakingintextcitations,useparagraphnumbers(abbreviatedto para.)ifpagenumbersarenotavailable.Iftherearenoparagraph numbers,usetheheading.Theheadingmaybeshortenedifnecessary.

EntireEncyclopediaorDictionaryPrintorElectronic(7.02,pp.202203) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Sadie,1980) (Sadie,1980,p.100)(whenquoting) Sadie,S.(Ed.).(2000).ThenewGrovedictionaryofmusicandmusicians (2nded.,Vols.129).NewYork:Grove'sDictionaries. Zalta,E.N.(Ed.).(2007)TheStanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy. Retrievedfromhttp://plato.stanford.edu/ Comments

Ifyouretrievedtheentryfromadatabase(e.g.GaleVirtualReference Library),addtheDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier)attheendusingtheformat: doi:xxxxxxx(6.32,p.191) IfthereisnoDOIassigned,givetheURLofthepublisher'shomepagein placeoftheDOI.Youmayneedtodoaquickwebsearchtolocatethehome pageifyoufoundtheiteminalibrarydatabase(e.g.OxfordReference Online,GaleVirtualReferenceLibrary). o ThereisnoperiodattheendoftheURL.

EntryinanEncyclopediaorDictionaryPrintorElectronic(7.02,pp.202203) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Firdion,2004) (Firdion,2004,p.169)(whenquoting) Etzkowitz,H.&Dzisah,J.(2009).Universityindustryrelationships.InJ.B. Callicott&R.Froderman(Eds.),Encyclopediaofenvironmental ethicsandphilosophy(Vol.2,pp.344346).Retrievedfrom http://www.gale.cengage.com/. Firdion,J.M.(2004).Fostercare.InEncyclopediaofhomelessness(Vol.1,

pp.167170).ThousandOaks,CA:SagePublications. Jaunty.(1989).OxfordEnglishdictionary(2nded.).Retrievedfrom http://oed.com/ Comments

Ifthereisnoauthororeditoroftheentry,asinthelastexample,placethe titleintheauthorposition. Inanonlineversionreferstoaprintversion,includetheeditionnumber afterthetitle.

InformallyPublishedorSelfArchivedWork,SuchasFromERICDatabase(7.09,pp.211212) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Skala,2003) (Skala,2003,p.49)(whenquoting) Skala,C.(2003).OptimizingbasicFrenchskillsutilizingmultipleteaching techniques.RetrievedfromERICdatabase.(ED498566) AudiovisualMediaFilms,MusicRecordings,MapsRetrievedOnline,Podcasts,etc.(7.07,p.209210) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Gladu&Brodeur,2001) Gladu,A.(Producer),&Brodeur.M.(Director).(1999).Danceofthe warrior[Motionpicture].Canada:NationalFilmBoard. Manhattan77.(2007,February25).GhostTownsandDeathValley[Video file].Retrievedfromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGCnyH6n2sw& feature=video_response Comments

Thereisnoperiodafterthetitle. Iftheauthor'sfullnameisunavailable,useascreenname. DonotinsertahyphenwhenbreakingalongURL.

SecondarySource(6.17,p.178) ReferenceinText ReferenceList SeidenbergandMcClelland'sstudyshowed(ascitedinColtheart,Curtis,Atkins,& Haller,1993)that[...] Coltheart,M.,Curtis,B.,Atkins,P.,&Haller,M.(1993).Modelsofreading aloud:Dualrouteandparalleldistributedprocessingapproaches. PsychologicalReview,100,589608. Comments

Whatyouhaveinhand(Coltheart)is'thesecondarysource',andtheoriginal

workthathasbeencitedinyoursource(Seidenberg)is'theprimarysource'. Inthereferencelistgivethesecondarysource(theoneyouhaveinhand; theoneyouconsulted). Intext,nametheprimarysource(Seidenberg),andgivethecitationtothe secondarysource:('ascitedin...')

ConferenceProceedingsPrintorElectronic(7.04,pp.206207) ReferenceinText ReferenceList (Iyengar&DeVoe,2003) Iyengar,S.S.,&DeVoe,S.E.(2003).Rethinkingthevalueofchoice:Considering culturalmediatorsofintrinsicmotivation.InR.Dienstbier(Ed.),Nebraska SymposiumonMotivation:Vol.49.Crossculturaldifferencesin perspectivesontheself(pp.129174).Lincoln:UniversityofNebraska Press. Shennan,S.(2008).Canoesandculturalevolution.Proceedingsofthe NationalAcademyofSciences105,34163420.doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800666105 Comments

Publishedconferenceproceedingsmaybecitedeitherlikechaptersin editedbooks(firstexample)orlikejournalarticles(secondexample).This willdependonwhetherthepublicationistreatedasaseries(e.g.hasan ISBNandaneditor)orasaperiodical(i.e.itispublishedannually). ForunpublishedconferencepapersandcontributionsseeRule7.04,p.206 oftheAPAManual. Capitalizethenameofthesymposium,conferenceormeeting.

TablesandFiguresCharts,Graphs,Maps,Photographs,etc.(Chapter5,pp.125167) ReferenceBelow TableorFigure Comments Note.Adaptedfrom"TheRoleoftheSharedFamilyContextinDifferential Parenting,"byJ.M.Jenkins,J.Rasbash,andT.G.O'Connor,2003,Developmental Psychology,39,p.104.Copyright2003bytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation.

IncludethewordNote:beforeyourcitation. Thecitationfollowsadifferentformatfromtheotherexampleslistedhere, andisplacedbelowthetableorfigure. Usethiscitationformfortablesorfiguresfromanothersourcewhichyou reprint.

PersonalCommunications,InterviewsandClassnotes(6.20,p.179) ReferenceinText ReferenceList Comments InhisinterviewM.S.Bloomberg(personalcommunication,April22,2007)talks about... NotUsuallyApplicable

Personalcommunicationsmaybeletters,emails,interviews,telephone conversations,etc. Someformsofpersonalcommunicationarerecoverable,andtheseshould bereferencedasarchivalmaterial(SeeRule7.10,pp.212214forexamples ofarchivalmaterial). Unpublished,unrecoverablepersonalcommunicationsarenotincludedin thereferencelistbecausetheydonotproviderecoverabledata.Citeintext only. Citeinformationfromyourownclassnotesasapersonalcommunication andrefertoitonlyinthebodyofyourpaper(e.g.:InalectureonSeptember 23,2007toaPSYC103class,ProfessorBrownsaid...). Publishedinterviewsareincludedinthereferencelist.Ifthepublished interviewhasatitle,includeitaftertheyear.Givefurtherdescriptionin [brackets]ifnecessary.Providetheoriginalsourcewheretheinterviewwas published(e.g.aprintjournalarticlewithoneauthor,awebsite,etc.)and choosetheformataccordingly. Ifthepublishedinterviewlacksatitle,giveadescriptionoftheinterviewin [squarebrackets]. SeeRule7.11,pp.214215oftheAPAManualforcitingmessagespostedto newsgroups,onlineforumsandelectronicmailinglists.

CustomCourseware Comments CustomCoursewarepackagesarecompilationsofjournalarticles,book chaptersandothermaterialsselectedbyyourinstructor.TheAPAmanual doesnotgivespecificadviceaboutcitingthesematerials,soyouwillhave touseyourjudgmentandcomeupwithyourownsolution. IfyouneedtociteasourcefromaCustomCoursewarepackage,hereare twosuggestions.However,ourstrongrecommendationistofirstcheck withyourinstructor. 1.Findthefullcitationwherethearticle,chapter,etc.wasoriginally published,andciteaccordingly.Thefullcitationsmaybeincludedonthe firstpageofthecoursepack.Ifnot,searcharelevantdatabaseorthe librarycatalogue,oraskalibrarian. 2.TreattheCoursewarepackageasananthology,andtheinstructorwho didthecompilationasabookeditor/compiler.Therefore,treatthearticle, chapter,etc.asifitwaspartofananthology,oreditedbook.Most probablyyouwillnothavethepagenumbers,sincetheCustom Coursewareisnotatruepublicationandisnotpaginatedthroughout.You willalsohavetoincludethenameofthecompiler,thetitleofthe

Courseware,thenameofthecourse(e.g.CMNS210),thesemester(e.g. Spring2010)andthepublisher(SimonFraserUniversity).Bearinmindthat someonetryingtofindthearticle/chapterfromacoursepackyoucited mightnothaveaccesstothesamecoursepack. AdditionalWebSources BasicsofAPAStyleTutorialfromtheAPA. WhatsNewinthe6thEditiontutorialfromtheAPA. APAFormattingandStyleGuide(6thEdition)fromPurdueUniversity.IncludesimagesofAPA styleformattingfortitlespages,runninghead,samplepapers,tablesandotherinformation. HowtocitebusinesssourcesinAPA(5thed.).FromMcGillUniversity. SamplePaperfromtheAPA,withexamplesofmanyAPArules. SFUPsychologyDepartment:APAStyleforpapersSampleAPAresearchpaper. Thisguideislocatedat:http://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/writing/apa6 Maintainedby:IvanaNiseteo[iniseteo@sfu.ca] Contentlastmodified:20110131tt[YYYYMMDD]