The Muscular System

Muscle Characteristics
The ability to contract Contraction results in movement Contraction occurs due to sliding filaments Muscles contract due to nerve activity Muscles can be under voluntary or involuntary control

Muscle Actions
Propulsion of materials through tubes Animate the skeleton Control entry & exit of materials Control hair or feathers for insulation Thermogenesis Create low voltage electrical fields

Muscle Classification
Red muscle & white muscle Somatic & visceral locations Voluntary & involuntary control Three histological types
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
http://www.calhoun.cc.al.us/distance/Internet/Natural/Healthlinks/ems/paramedic%20 student%20page/Vol.%201%20Ch.%208a_files/slide0018_image005.jpg

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

Striated & multinucleated Somatic muscle under voluntary control Quick response time due to nerve stimulation of independently contracting muscle fibers Results in body movement, posture and balance

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/12-1.jpg

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

Non-striated & mononucleated Under involuntary control Relatively slow response time due to stimulation produced by pacemaker potentials & hormones Results in internal organ movements and glandular secretions

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/12-1.jpg

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

Striated, branched & mononucleated Under involuntary control Quick response time due to pacemaker produced action potentials Intercalated discs connecting fibers produce simultaneous contraction Results in heart beats and the movement of blood

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3430-200/image/12-1.jpg

Muscle Anatomy

Muscle Anatomy

Muscle Anatomy
Origin Head Gaster (belly) Slip

Muscle Anatomy
Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that are continuous with the periosteum of the bone Tendons connect muscle to bone, cartilage or other connective tissues Aponeuroses are thin, flat sheet like tendons Facia are sheets of connective tissues that encapsulate and bind body parts together

Motor Unit

Muscle Origins
All muscle originates from the mesodermal germ layer Mesenchyme - a loose assembly of embryonic cells that give rise to smooth muscle in the blood vessels & some viscera Hypomere - paired outpocketings of the body mesoderm that embrace the gut and produce the smooth muscle of the alimentary canal & its derivatives Paraxial mesoderm - mesoderm that forms next to the neural tube along the axis of the body, giving rise to the skeletal muscles

Muscle Origins

Muscle Actions
Since muscles can only contract, there is an opposite reaction to pull them back to their original position In most cases, especially with skeletal muscle, this opposite reaction is brought about by opposing muscles or muscle groups Synergists are muscles or muscle groups that perform the same or similar actions on the same bone(s) or body region
tensor facia latae, gluteus

Antagonists are muscles or muscle groups that perform opposite actions on the same bone or body region
tensor fascia latae, adductor longus

Muscle Actions
Fixators are muscles that act to hold a body part rigid, e.g. muscles of the abdomen, back & shoulders
Flexors are muscles which decrease the angle between articulating bones
biceps brachii, rectus abdominis

Extensors are muscles which increase the angle between articulating bones
triceps brachii, quadriceps

Muscle Actions
Adductors are muscles which move the limbs toward the body midline
Pectoralis major

Abductors are muscles which move the limbs away from the body midline
Deltoid

Levators are muscles associated with the jaw or scapula which close or elevate their associated bone
digastric, masseter

Depressors are muscles associated with the jaw that open or depress the jaw
lateral pterygoid

Muscle Actions
Protractors are muscles that cause the projection of a part
Lateral pterygoid

Retractors are muscles that return a part from a protracted position

Masseter

Rotators are muscles that cause a limb to move 360o about its axis

Muscle Actions
Supinators are rotators that move the palm or sole upwards
Supinator

Pronators are rotators that move the palm or sole downwards

Pronator teres

Sphincters are muscles that constrict to close an opening

cardiac sphincter, anal sphincter

Dilators are muscles that constrict to widen an opening or orifice

ciliary muscles

Muscle Actions