Code No: RR220103 Set No.

1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) What do you mean by most economical section of a channel. What are the
conditions for the rectangular channel of the best section?
(b) Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal earth-lined chan-
nel (Manning-s n = 0.02) to carry 14 m3 /s at a slope of 4 in 10,000. [8+8]

2. (a) What is a current meter and what are its types. Discuss how can it be used
for determining the discharge in a shallow river and in a wider river.
(b) Explain the extension and adjustment of stage - Discharge rating curve with
a neat sketch. [8+8]

3. Obtain an expression for the depth after the hydraulic jump and the loss of head
due to the jump. Write the assumptions made. [16]

4. Prove that the resistance F of a sphere of diameter d moving at a constant speed

ν through
h ia fluid of density ρ and dynamic viscosity µ may be expressed as F =
µ2
ρ
φ vdρ
µ
[16]

5. (a) Show that the efficiency of free jet striking normally on a series of flat plates
mountedon the periphery of a wheel can never exceed 50%.
(b) A jet of water of diameter 50mm moving with a velocity of 40m/sec, strikes
a curved fixed symmetrical plate at the center. Find the force exerted by the
jet of water in the direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle
of 1200 at the outlet of the curved plate. [8+8]

6. (a) Write a detailed note on efficiencies of turbine.

(b) A turbine is to operate under a head of 30m and a speed of 300 rpm. The
discharge is 10 cumecs. If the efficiency of the turbine is 90%, determine [7+9]
i. The specific speed of the turbine
ii. Power generated and
iii. Type of turbine.

7. (a) Tests were conducted on a Francis turbine of 0.8m diameter under a head of
9m. The turbine developed 115 KW running at 240 rpm and consuming 1.2
m3 /sec. If the same turbine is operated under a head of 16m predict its new
speed, discharge and power.
(b) What are the requirements of a governor in hydropower Installation? [10+6]

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 1
8. (a) Draw a typical layout and explain the working of centrifugal pump. Also
indicate various components.
(b) Explain the method of selection of centrifugal pumps through the character-
istic curves. [8+8]

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What do you mean by most economical section of a channel. What are the
conditions for the rectangular channel of the best section?
(b) Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal earth-lined chan-
nel (Manning-s n = 0.02) to carry 14 m3 /s at a slope of 4 in 10,000. [8+8]
2. (a) Show that the discharge formula for a trapezoidal channel having Manning?s
coefficient n = 0.0126 and carrying maximum flow is given by :
√ z  1/2
Q = 100y8/3 1 + z 2 − S0
2
Where Q is discharge in cubic meters per second, y is depth of flow in the
channel of side slope 1 vertical to Z horizontal and S0 is the bed slope of the
channel.
(b) A field drain of triangular section has side slopes of 1 upon 2 and carries water
at a normal depth of 0.75m. Chezy’s C for the channel is 45. Determine the
longitudinal slope of the drain for a discharge of 1.2 cumecs. Determine the
Froude number and identify the state of flow. Assume α= 1.16. [8+8]
3. Water flows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular
cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical flow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the flow profile. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coefficient n = 0.02 for the channel surface. [16]
4. (a) State whether the following equations are dimensionally homogeneous.
i. Q = Πdbv
√
ii. Q = Cd a 2gh
√
iii. Q = Ac mi
(b) What are the fields of application of Froude‘s Law and Mach Law? [6+10]
5. A jet of water moving at 12m/sec impinges on vane shaped to deflect the jet through
1200 when stationary. If the vane is moving at 5m/sec, find the angle of the jet so
that there is no shock at inlet. What is the absolute velocity of the jet at exit in
magnitude and direction and the work done per second? Assume that the vane is
smooth. [16]
6. A Pelton wheel is required to develop 12000 kw when working under a head of
300m. It rotates at a speed of 540 rpm. Assuming the jet ratio as 10 and overall
efficiency as 84%, calculate: [16]

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 2
(a) The diameter of the wheel
(b) The quantities of water required and
(c) The number of jets.

7. (a) What are the requirements of a good surge tank so that the efficiency of
hydropower installation is maximum?
(b) How is the Kaplan turbine governed? Explain with a neat diagram. [8+8]

8. (a) Draw typical characteristic curves for a centrifugal pump at constant speed
and explain how the specific speed is determined from these curves.
(b) The impeller of a centrifugal pump has 1.2m outside diameter. It is used to
lift 1.8 m3 /s of water to a height of 6m. Its blades make an angle of 1500 with
the direction of motion at outlet and runs at 200 rpm. If the radial velocity
of flow at outlet is 2.5m/s, find the useful H.P and efficiency. [8+8]

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Derive the condition for depth of flow of a most economical circular channel
section subject to the condition for maximum velocity.
(b) Water flows in a channel of the shape of isosceles triangle of bed width ‘a’and
sides making an. angle of 450 with the bed. Determine the relation between
depth of flow d., and the bed width ‘a’ for maximum velocity and for maximum
discharge condition. Use Manning’s formula and note that d is less than 0.5
a. [8+8]

2. (a) What are the factors that influence the selection of a site for a stream gauging
station.
(b) Following velocities were recorded in a stream with a current meter.

Depth above bed (m) 0 1 2 3 4

Velocity (m/sec) 0 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.8
Find the discharge per unit width of stream near the point of measurement.
Depth of flow at the point was 5m. [8+8]

3. Water flows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular

cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical flow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the flow profile. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coefficient n = 0.02 for the channel surface. [16]

4. Using Buckingham‘s Pi theorem

h show
i that velocity through a circular orifice is
√ D µ
given by: V = 2gH φ H , ρV H [16]

5. (a) Define the term: impact of jets. Obtain an expression for the force exerted by
a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in the direction of the jet.
(b) Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 100mm on a stationary
flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with a velocity of 30m/sec.
[8+8]

6. (a) Write a detailed note on efficiencies of turbine.

(b) A turbine is to operate under a head of 30m and a speed of 300 rpm. The
discharge is 10 cumecs. If the efficiency of the turbine is 90%, determine [7+9]
i. The specific speed of the turbine
ii. Power generated and

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 3
iii. Type of turbine.

7. (a) Where is servo meter used in governing mechanism of turbines? Explain its
use?
(b) A Kaplan turbine is to develop 2400 KW when running at 240 rpm under a
net head of 49m. In order to predict its performance a model of scale 1:5 is
tested under a net head of 25m. At what speed should the model run and
what power would it develop. Determine the discharge in the model and in
full scale turbine if the overall efficiency of the model is 85%. [6+10]

8. (a) How are pumps classified ? Quote the approximate values of specific speed for
different types.
(b) Discuss in general the main and operating characteristics of a centrifugal
pump? What is the importance of constant efficiency curves ? [8+8]

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Derive an expression for the discharge through a channel by Chezy‘s formula.
(b) Determine the dimensions of the most economical trapezoidal earth lined
Channel (Manning‘s n = 0.020) to carry 14 m3 /s at a slope of 4 in 10,000.
[8+8]

2. (a) Discuss the significance and utility of the concept of the specific energy in the
study of open channel problems.
(b) In a rectangular channel 3.5 m wide laid at a slope of 0.0036, uniform flow
occurs at a depth of 2 m. Find how high can the jump be raised without
causing afflux? If the upstream depth of flow is to be raised to 2.5 m, what
should be the height of the jump? Take Manning?s n equal to 0.015. [8+8]

3. Water flows at a steady and uniform depth of 2 m in an open channel of rectangular

cross - section having base width equal to 5 m and laid at a slope of 1 in 100. It
is desired to obtain critical flow in the channel by providing a hump in the bed.
Calculate hump height and sketch the flow profile. Consider the value of Mannings
rugosity coefficient n = 0.02 for the channel surface. [16]

4. (a) What do you mean by model testing ? What are pre requisites for model
testing?
(b) Properties of a structure can be calculated by analytical method and by model
analysis, which is more suitable?. Why? [8+8]

5. (a) Define the term: impact of jets. Obtain an expression for the force exerted by
a jet of water on a fixed vertical plate in the direction of the jet.
(b) Find the force exerted by a jet of water of diameter 100mm on a stationary
flat plate, when the jet strikes the plate normally with a velocity of 30m/sec.
[8+8]

6. Design a Pelton wheel for the following data:

(a) Gross head available = 170m

(b) Losses in penstock = 10% of gross head
(c) Power to be developed = 600 kw.
(d) Speed of the wheel = 360rpm
(e) Overall efficiency = 86%. Assume any missing data suitably. [16]

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Code No: RR220103 Set No. 4
7. (a) A hydraulic turbine develops 120 KW under a head of 10 m at a speed of
90 rpm and gives an efficiency of 92%. Find the water consumption and the
specific speed. If a model of scale 1: 30 is constructed to operate under a head
of 8m what must be its speed, power and water consumption to run under the
conditions similar to prototype.
(b) What are the constant head characteristic curves of a turbine? What is the
use to develop them? [10+6]

8. (a) Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. What is its significance.

(b) A centrifugal pump discharges 1200 lit/minute against a head of 16.5 m when
the speed is 1500 rpm. The diameter of the impeller is 35 cm and the power
required is 6 h.p. A geometrically similar pump of 45 cm is to run at 1750
rpm. Assuming equal efficiencies, find [8+8]
i. the head developed
ii. the discharge and
iii. power developed by the 45 cm pump.

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