Biodegradable Scale Inhibitors Our biodegradable scale inhibition technology responds well to the need for environmentally responsible

products. Kemira's KemEguard products are designed to biodegrade quickly reducing the potential for chemical accumulation. This novel technology is not only a response to market needs, but also our aim to minimize the chemical ecological footprint of our products.

Green, environmentally friendly products are certainly a topic for discussion in oilfield operations today. Unfortunately, the terms are not always well defined. At Kemira, we take the concept of environmental responsibility seriously by developing products that respond to a wider range of environmental concerns. Biodegradability is the most often identified green target. Also of great concern are the ecotoxicity and bioaccumulation associated with the system mass balance. Kemira introduces a new series of scale inhibitors that broadens our current product portfolio. This new technology provides excellent biodegradability, ecotoxicity, and low bioaccumulation.

Kemira has a strong commitment to the environment across all of our product lines as we continue to develop products that meet an everchanging environmental landscape for all aspects of oilfield operations. In addition to scale inhibitors, please ask your sales representative for more information on environmentally benign chemistries used in drilling, completion and stimulation, production, and EOR/IOR. Kemira products also show advantages when used jointly in various oilfield processes.

Biodegradable Scale Inhibitors Biodegradability and ecotoxicity of products used in the oil and gas industry are of particular concern, and scale inhibitors are no exception. Environmental legislation in recent years has significantly reduced the number of available chemistries for use in scale inhibition to prevent inorganic scale formation during the production and separation of crude oil from produced water. It is generally recognized that Norway currently has the most restrictive regulation in the market. With these regulations, the use of phosphonates is often severely impeded, while many polymers fail to meet minimum biodegradation requirements. Norway strongly favors the use of scale inhibitors for North Sea oil well applications that have high biodegradability in Biodegradable Product Range
Product KemEguard 2593 KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5021 Description Polycarboxylic acid/ polysulphonate Polycarboxylic acid derivative Polycarboxylic acid derivative Polycarboxylic acid derivative Specific Gravity 1.34 1.22 1.2 1.23 Mw <10,000 1,500 2,000 2000 3,000 4,000 pH 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Typical Viscosity 60 180 60 380 Application Highly effective for mixed sulfate scales especially barium sulfate; effective under severe brine, temperature and pressure conditions Recommended for calcium carbonate and sulfate scales; disperses suspended solids Recommended for calcium carbonate and sulfate scales; disperses suspended solids Recommended for calcium carbonate and sulfate scales; disperses suspended solids

seawater. The current target is 60% or higher in 28 days as tested according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Guideline 306 Closed Bottle Test. The United Kingdom also favors at least a minimum of 20% biodegradability as judged by the same 28-day test. Conventional organophosphonates and polymeric products typically exhibit less than 10% biodegradability in a standard 28 day OECD Guideline 306 Closed Bottle Test. In addition, Kemiras KemEguard product line complies with the guidelines of The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (known as the "OSPAR Convention") for >60% biodegradability. Furthermore the new technology provides the ability to solve the most vexing scaling problems encountered in oilfield conditions.

KemEguard 2593 Barium Sulfate Scale Inhibitor KemEguard 2593 is a biodegradable hybrid of the leading KemGuard 269 antiscalant developed for harsh barium sulfate scaling conditions of the North Sea. With increasing amounts of oil production coming from offshore fields operating at greater depth, an effective scale inhibitor is needed. Moreover, with the onslaught of environmental regulations and the need to meet certain harmonized standards to register products prior to their use, product performance and its footprint on the environment are of utmost importance. KemEguard 2593 is designed to meet these requirements. The following biodegradability data was developed for KemEguard 2593 by a recognized , independent laboratory.
Material 100% BOD* 18 38 Sum of BOD (mg 02 per bottle) 7 9.92 25.5 14 10.9 32.16 21 10.77 32.64 28 10.08 33.04 Percentage biodegradation 7 56 68 14 62 58 21 61 87 28 57 88

KemEguard 2593 KemEguard 2593 + Na Benzoate

*Biochemical Oxygen Demand

KemEguard 2593 MARINE BODIS, Biodegradation test was performed by Opus Plus.

KemEguard 2593 provides effective treatment for mixed sulfate scales including barium, calcium and strontium. It has excellent calcium compatibility in various brine systems up to temperatures as high as 120C and as low as 4C, and thus presents no risk to production operations. Typical brine conditions, like those of the

North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico operations, offer no compatibility issues. Our product is also resistant to the presence of ferric ions which can deactivate simple polycarboxylic acid and phosphonate scale inhibitors.

KemEguard 2593 is completely miscible with seawater and chemically stable at temperatures as high as 350C. It maintains scale inhibition performance without the need to increase dosage at low temperatures (subsea 4C) where scale tendency increases and pentaphosphonates lose their effectiveness.

KemEguard 2593 provides excellent scale control in a range of North Sea scalable brine systems from moderate systems in the Heidrun field to the very harsh Miller field. Its hybrid has been successfully deployed topside, in continuous injection, and in squeeze applications.

KemEGuard 2593 Efficacy in Static Barium Sulfate Scaling Conditions

50:50 Heidrun freshwater:seawater conditions

KemEguard 2593 Efficacy in Static Calcium Sulfate Scaling Conditions 120 % Calcium Sulfate Inhibition 100 80 60 40 20 0

120 100 80 60 40 20 0

% Barium Sulfate Inhibition

50 ppm 85C

500 ppm

50 ppm 4C

500 ppm

0.5

1.5

2.5

KemEguard 2593

Pentaphosphonate

ppm polymer added

In Heidrun North Sea field conditions with moderate barium sulfate scaling potential, KemEguard 2593 outperforms a pentaphosphonate at pH of 6.5, the most favorable condition for a pentaphosphonate. Additionally, the pentaphosphonate efficiency is greatly diminished when the temperature reaches sea bed level of 4C. Under these same conditions, KemEguard 2593 continues to provide a high level of efficacy at the same dosage as at 85C.

KemEguard 2593 is also highly effective in controlling calcium sulfate scale. Static jar testing was performed under conditions of 2000 ppm Ca2+, 4800 ppm SO42-, pH 7.0, and 65C. Under these conditions, KemEguard 2593 achieved 100% inhibition at a low dosage of 0.8 ppm of the product.

Threshold Inhibition Crystal Modification Particulate Dispersion

KemEguard 5000 Series Polycarboxylic Acid Derivates KemEguard 5000 series was developed for the broad scale prevention needs of oilfield conditions. These polycarboxylic acid derivatives are highly effective at preventing calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate scales, and aiding in the dispersion of suspended salts to prevent the salt sweeping effect that precipitates and forms scales. KemEguard products work through three main modes of action: threshold inhibition, crystal modification, and particulate dispersion. As threshold inhibitors, they prevent precipitation of salts at very low dosages by changing the stoichiometric ratio just enough to shift the equilibrium away from the scaling potential. As crystal modifiers, they prevent the well organized crystal growth that makes scales hard and difficult to remove by interfering with the crystal pattern. As particulate dispersers, they prevent the adherence and agglomerations to metal and rock formation surfaces, thus greatly enhancing the life of production equipment and improving well production efficiency. Another added benefit is the fact that these products exhibit greater than 60% biodegradability in OECD 306 testing.

Material

100% BOD

Sum of BOD (mg 02 per bottle) 7 14 1.73 3.6 1.76 3.79 1.9 3.61 21 1.94 3.57 2.18 4.1 2.29 3.92 28 3.34 5.1 3.3 5.21 3.19 4.97

Percentage biodegradation 7 28 43 32 45 33 45 14 33 47 34 49 37 47 21 37 47 42 53 44 51 28 64 66 64 68 61 65

Innovative Chemistry

KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5042 + Na Benzoate KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5040 + Na Benzoate KemEguard 5021 KemEguard 5021 + Na Benzoate

5.2 7.7 5.2 7.7 5.2 7.7

1.45 3.31 1.66 3.45 168 3.45

KemEguard 5000 series products are chemically stable up to temperatures of 350C. They are suitable for topside, continuous, and squeeze deployment. KemEguard 5000 series products' typical performance in controlling calcium and barium scale is shown in the figures below. Static jar testing was employed to determine product efficacy.

KemEguard 5000 Series Efficacy in Calcium Carbonate Scaling Conditions Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) (ppm) Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) (ppm) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 KemEguard 5042 KemEguard 5040 KemEguard 5021 Standard Polyacrylate 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0

KemEguard 5000 Series Efficacy in Static Barium Sulfate Scaling Conditions

KemEguard 5042

KemEguard 5040

KemEguard 5021

Standard Polyacrylate

Test results show efficacy in controlling calcium carbonate scale under conditions of 200 mg/L Ca , 600 mg/L SO4 , pH 8.0 and
2+ 2-

Test results show efficacy of the KemEguard 5000 series in static barium sulfate scaling conditions: 69 mg/L Ba2+, 48 mg/L SO42-, pH 7.0 and 25C. KemEguard 5000 series products provided control of barium sulfate scaling at Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) of 4.5 ppm of each product or less.

65C. Our KemEguard 5000 series performed at least as well as a standard acrylic acidbased polymer. KemEguard 5042 outperformed the acrylic acid based polymer and achieved 100% inhibition at a low MIC of 0.8 ppm

KemGuard and KemEguard are trademarks of Kemira Oyj or its subsidiaries. Kemira makes this information available as an accommodation to its customers and it is intended to be solely a guide in customers' evaluation of the products. You must test our products to determine if they are suitable for your intended uses and applications, as well as from the health, safety and environmental standpoint. You must also instruct your employees, agents, contractors, customers or any third party which may be exposed to the products about all applicable precautions. All information and technical assistance is given without warranty or guarantee and is subject to change without notice. You assume full liability and responsibility for compliance with all information and precautions and with all laws, statutes, ordinances and regulations of any governmental authority applicable to the processing, transportation, delivery, unloading, discharge, storage, handling, sale and use of each product. Nothing herein shall be construed as a recommendation to use any product in conflict with patents covering any material or its use.

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P Box 330 .O. FI-00101 Helsinki Finland Tel + 358 10 86 11 Fax +358 10 862 1124 www.kemira.com