Power Control Algorithm in CDMA systems Abdurazak Mudesir

Email a.mudesir@iu-bremen.de)

International University Bremen

Submitted as a Guided

research

Supervisor: Prof. Dr Harald Haas

Date: 15.05.04

Abstract. In this paper a power control techniques for CDMA system is presented. Power control is the most important system requirement for CDMA systems. For CDMA system to function effectively, we need to control the power; if power control is not implemented many problems such as the near-far effect will start to dominate and consequently will lower the capacity of the CDMA system. However, when the power control in CDMA systems is applied, it allows users to share resources of the system equally between themselves, leading to increased capacity. The LQR power control algorithm requires a much less iteration to reach the desired probability of outage than other available Algorithm.

Keywords: 1. Outage probability : the probability that a mobile has carrier to interference ratio of less than the minimum threshold 2. Forward link Power control : A power control from BS to MS

3. Reverse link Power control : A power control from MS to BS

Introduction. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a cellular system alternative to both the Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). In Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA strategies, the focus is on the frequency dimension. Here, the total bandwidth (B) is divided into N narrowband frequency slices. So several users are allowed to communicate simultaneously by assigning the narrowband frequency slices to the users, where the narrowband frequencies are assigned to a designated user at all time. Since the total bandwidth (B) is subdivided into N frequency slices or channels, only N users may be supported simultaneously. In TDMA all users use the whole bandwidth but in different time slots. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, CDMA systems users transmit simultaneously using the same frequency spectra. CDMA scheme allows multiple users to share the same bandwidth. Each user is identified by a code that is orthogonal in theory to all other users since co-users are isolated by codes rather than frequencies, the ability to reuse frequencies is very high. This further enhances the overall spectral efficiency. Unlike (FDMA), CDMA has a soft capacity. This means that there is no hard limit to how many users we can allow on the system. Each time a user is added, the noise for the other users is increased. CDMA has the advantage of having more system capacity than the other multiple access schemes. Another advantage is that CDMA combats multipath fading due to the fact that the signal is spread over a large bandwidth, and that each path can be tracked separately at the receiver end and no frequency or time management is required. In reality it is hard to keep up with the orthogonal nature of the codes, thus this added with the multipath propagation and synchronization problem will result in interference. In FDMA and TDMA the number of available frequencies and time slots are the limiting factors for the number of users. Blocking occurs when the number of users exceeds the available frequencies and time slots, whereas in CDMA blocking occurs when the tolerance limit to interference is exceeded. Therefore in CDMA the level of interference is the limiting factor. In order to meet the increasing demand of mobile subscribers for various services such as multimedia, internet, transferring of big data like digital pictures, it is crucial to have higher capacity and more severe Quality of Service (QoS) requirement, to meet this requirements new technologies and improved resource management including channel assignment, power control and handoff are needed.

Power Control With appropriate power control, the CDMA offers high capacity in comparison to FDMA and TDMA. Since CDMA systems do not explicitly schedule time or frequency slots among users, the central mechanism for resource allocation and interference management is power control. Each use changes its access to the resources by adapting its transmitting power to the changing channel and interference conditions. Therefore power control also known, as Transmit Power Control (TPC) is a significant design problem in CDMA systems. Power control encompasses the techniques and algorithms used to manage the transmitted power of base stations and mobiles. Power control helps to reduce co-channel interference, increasing the cell capacity by decreasing interference and prolonging the battery life by using a minimum transmitter power. In CDMA systems power control insures distribution of resources among users. When power control is not implemented, all mobiles transmit their signal with the same power without taking into consideration the fading and the distance from the base station, in this case mobiles close to the base station will cause a high level of interference to the mobiles that are far away from the base station, this problem is known as the near-far effect, and is shown in the fig below:

Fig 1 Near-Far Effect

The reverse link (mobile to base station) necessitates power control to solve the near-far problem. All mobiles transmit on the same frequency channel at the same time but with

different codes. Therefore users may interfere with each other. A mobiles received signal quality at the base station is inversely proportional to the power of the interference from other mobiles [1]. Power control on the reverse link also deals with speedily changing attenuation characteristics of multipath fading channel. Power control manages problems mentioned above by constantly controlling the received power of the mobiles and continuously adjust its transmit power in order to achieve some predefined performance level such as SINR (signal to interference noise ratio). The nearfar problem can be avoided by transmission power of mobile stations. This is shown by the fig below.

Fig 2. Power control overcomes Near-Far Effect.

Most of the practical Power control algorithms present today require high number of iteration in order to reach zero probability of Outage, The main aim of this paper is to find an alternative power control algorithm and simulate it. A very promising power control algorithm based on control theory was proposed by El-Osery, A.; Abdallah, C [2] , the algorithm uses Linear quadratic regulator as the
main principle and is discussed below

Linear Quadratic Power control This scheme uses state-space representation of the system and linear quadratic control in order to determine the necessary power control command in a limited number of iterations. In this method each mobile-to base station is viewed as separate subspace expressed by the following equation: Si (n+1) = where
M

p i ( n) + U i ( n) = S i (n) + Vi (n) i ( n)
ni , G Ai

i (n) = pi wij +
j i j =1

Vi(n)=Ui(n)/ i (n) Si(n) is defined to be pi(n)/ i (n) , Ui(n) is the input to each subsystem and only depends on the total interference produced by other users and the noise in the system. The aim now is to make each Si(n) track the threshold SIR . To avoid steady-state error, a new state, which is the integral of the error, ei(n)=Si(n)- is introduced. For the discrete case the new state is given by

i (n + 1) = i (n) + ei (n) = i (n) + S i (n)

In order to express each subsystem in state-space model which will make the system easy to deal with, xi(n) is defined to be [ i (n)*Si\(n)]T. Using the above equation each subsystem can be represented as a second order linear state space as follows
i (n + 1) 1 1 0 1 Xi(n+1)= S (n + 1) = 0 1 xi (n) + 1 Vi (n) 0 i

The feed back controller Vi(n)=-[k ks]xi(n) +ks, where [k ks] is the gain matrix which are found by solving the Riccati equation. If the right feed back gains [k ks] are chosen, the steady-state state, Si(n), will go to the threshold SIR. To find the Optimum feedback control for the state-space representation given above, the Linear Quadratic Control theory is used [2]. In order to use this LQR theory, the quadratic performance measure was defined to be

J= x (n)Qx(n) + v (n) Rv(n) , where the x (n)Qx(n) is the weight on the control

accuracy and v (n) Rv(n) is the measure of the control effort. Q and R in the performance measure, J, are chosen in a such a away that 0 pi pi , where pi is the maximum transmitting power of mobile i. And the interference function, Ii(p), is satisfied. Therefore Q and R are found to be [2]
200 Q = 0 0 , R = 0 .1 0

n =0

After gain matrix [k ks] is found the power command could be expressed as Pi (n+1)=min p, p i (n) + u i (n)} = min p, S i (n + 1) i (n)} [2] This assures that the maximum transmission power of the mobile i will not be exceeded. This method was claimed to reach a zero outage probability with less iteration than other distributed Power control methods, this approach was also found to be more effective in handling a large number of mobile stations in the system. A simulation was attempted and is presented below.

Simulation environment

To simulate the Linear quadratic power control method proposed above, M number of users were randomly distributed in a hexagon of radius r, were M=16 and r =100; This was generated using Matlab.
Cell plan and user distribution 100 80 60 40 20 ) m ( e c n a t s i d 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -100 -50 0 distance (m) 50 100

To calculate the pathloss, the path loss model based on the COST 231 indoor office model without wall and floor losses and is used and, PL(dB) = 37 + 30 log(d) + (1)

where d is the transmitter-receiver distance in metres and is the log-normal shadowing with standard deviation of and zero mean, in accordance with UTRA standard was taken to be 7dB.

Each mobile station was allowed to move in a random direction with a uniformly distributed Teta [ 0 .2*pi] and a velocity of 3km/h in a time interval of 10ms. The mobiles positions in one of the time instance is depicted below.
The Ms after moving random distance 150

100

50

) m ( e c n a t s i d

-50

-100

-150 -150

-100

-50

0 distance(m)

50

100

150

The Pathloss at the different time instances where calculated using the same formula PL(dB) = 37 + 30 log(d) + , where d is the change in distance of mobile station m, and is no more the lognormal shadowing instead is the joint Gaussian with a correlation coefficient R(d)= exp(abs(d)/dcor)*ln(2) [3] Where dcor is assumed to be 5m.

And the pathloss was found to be as shown in the table below. PL(t0) 101.0024 94.0097 96.3409 99.7072 93.9516 77.6033 90.5170 86.5671 101.4177 101.6430 96.0050 95.6712 91.0787 88.2705 94.1057 99.1270 PL(t1) 97.4152 90.1528 92.7558 95.9993 90.3685 74.5610 86.8654 83.0682 97.7835 98.1351 92.3534 92.2287 87.5290 84.5432 90.4603 95.6193 PL(t3) 103.2246 95.8598 98.6874 101.8108 96.2165 80.1117 92.6012 88.4679 103.4525 103.8604 97.9402 97.9844 93.2563 90.2592 96.0356 101.4779 PL(t4) 88.3969 81.2544 83.7156 87.0548 81.4115 65.8674 77.7004 73.3077 88.5102 88.9763 83.2601 83.2097 78.3014 75.2708 81.1777 86.5879

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

The pathloss has showed a certain correlation as expected.

Pt i (t n ) * Pg Pl i (t n +1 ) C , The carrier to interference ratio is given as (t n +1 ) = M Ii Pt j (t n ) j + i j Pl (t n +1 )
j =1

is the orthogonality factor= 0.3 to 0.7;

Pg , which inline to the UTRA specification equal to 12dB. (is the thermal noise) = KTB, K is Boltzmans constant and T is the room temp in Kelvin (298) and B is the bandwidth (5Mhz) Thus = -102dB.

The receiver sensitivity = Pr =

Eb 1 *I * in linear scale. N0 Pg

= 7dB( BER = 10 3 ) + 12 And the transmit power = -5dB-102dBm= -107dBm Pt = PL + Pr = PL-107;

The C/I for all the mobile at different time instances were calculated, but due to some error I couldnt figure out up till now, the values were very unrealistic. The value of the C/I without any power control were expected to fluctuate around the variance which was defined to be 7dB. In order to control the transmit power the LQR method outlined previously was used. The states defined above are: i (n + 1) 1 1 0 1 = xi (n) + Vi (n) , 1 0 S (n + 1) 0 1 i where Vi(n)=-[k ks]xi(n) +ks, K= [k ks] is found by using the dlqr command of Matlab But in order to simulate this method we needed to have both states defined and required more knowledge of control systems than I had. Thus because of this I couldnt not proceed in my simulation.

Conclusion; In this paper the importance of power control for CDMA systems was shown, and the problems such as near-far effect, which have bad implications on the capacity of CDMA systems were discussed. Due to difficulties in finding all the variables needed to calculate the effect of power control on outage probability the simulation was not completed. In the future it would interesting to proceed with simulation and also apply different control systems theories such as fuzzy control and do a comparison among them.

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