Electric Current

Current and Resistance
Sunday, July 24, 2011
Current
Convention : Current depicts flow of positive (+) charges
Current
Area
Current
Area
+
Ammeter (measures current)
Current
Area
+ + +
Current
Area
+ + +
Current
A measure of how much charge passes through an amount of time
+ + +
Current
Count how many charges flow through
+ +
Current
Count how many charges flow through Expand surface to a volume
+ +
Current
+ +
Area = A
Current
+ +
Area = A
length = !x
Current
+ +
Area = A
Total volume V = (A)(!x)
length = !x
Current
+ +
Area = A
length = !x
Number of charges = (charge density or charge per volume)*(volume) Number of charges = (n) * (A!x)
Current
+ +
Area = A
length = !x
Number of charges = (charge density or charge per volume)*(volume) Number of charges = (n) * (A!x) Total amount of charge = (number of charges)*(charge) !Q = (n A !x)*(q)
Current
!Q = (n A !x)*(q)
+ +
Area = A
length = !x
Current
!Q = (n A !x)*(q) but charges have drift velocity vd = !x/!t
+ +
Area = A
length = !x = vd !t
Current
+ +
Area = A
length = !x = vd !t
!Q = (n A vd !t)*(q)
Current
+ +
Area = A
length = !x = vd !t
!Q = (n A vd !t)*(q) !Q/!t = (n A vd)*(q) I = n q vd A
Current
This is the reason why large wires are needed to support large currents
Current
This is the reason why large wires are needed to support large currents
Resistance
Current density (J)
current per area
Resistance
Current density (J)
current per area
Direction of current (flow of positive charges) is same with direction of electric field
Resistance
Current density (J)
current per area
conductivity
Resistance
Current density (J)
current per area
conductivity (material property) resistivity (material property)
Resistance
Current density (J)
current per area
conductivity resistivity Current is proportional to conductivity but inversely proportional to resistivity!

Resistance
Current is proportional to conductivity but inversely proportional to resistivity!
Resistance
Current is proportional to conductivity but inversely proportional to resistivity! Current is proportional to the electric potential (specifically potential difference)
Resistance
Current is proportional to conductivity but inversely proportional to resistivity! Current is proportional to the electric potential (specifically potential difference) Ohms Law current Potential difference Resistance
Resistance
a much better form than V = I R
Resistance
Increasing !V increases I Increasing R decreases I
Resistance

!V = I R
Increasing !V increases I Increasing R decreases I
Increasing R does not increase !V Current (I) is increased because !V is increased
Resistance
Resistance
Important points: same with capacitance, resistance does not depend on !V and I Resistance depends on material property resistivity ", length of wire l and cross sectional area A conventional current is flowing positive (+) charges though in reality electrons flow direction of the current I is same as direction of electric field
Recent Equations
E J = E =
J = nq v d A
I J = A
V I= R l R= A
Exercise
Rank from lowest to highest amount of current
Derive the equation R = "L/A from V = IR, J = E/" = I/A, V = EL
Resistance and Temperature

l R= A
= 0 (1 + T )
T = T T0
T0 is usually taken to be 25 C
T
Power
U P = t (qV ) P = t (q)(V ) P = t q P = V t P = IV
Power
P = IV V I= R
V2 P = R
P = I 2R
Exercises
The electron beam emerging from a certain high-energy electron accelerator has a circular cross section of radius 1.00 mm. (a) The beam current is 8.00 A. Find the current density in the beam, assuming that it is uniform throughout. (b) The speed of the electrons is so close to the speed of light that their speed can be taken as c = 3.00 x 108 m/s with negligible error. Find the electron density in the beam. (c) How long does it take for Avogadros number of electrons to emerge from the accelerator?
An aluminum wire having a cross-sectional area of 4.00 x 10-6 m2 carries a current of 5.00 A. Find the drift speed of the electrons in the wire. The density of aluminum is 2700 kg/m3. Assume that one conduction electron is supplied by each atom. Molar mass of Al is 27 g/mol.
Four wires A, B, C and D are made of the same material but of different lengths and radii. Wire A has length L but has radius R. Wire B has length 2L but with radius R. Wire C has length L but with radius 2R. Wire D has length L but with radius R. Rank with increasing resistance A 0.900-V potential difference is maintained across a 1.50-m length of tungsten wire that has a cross-sectional area of 0.600 mm2. What is the current in the wire? resistivity of tungsten is 5.6 x 10-8 -m
Exercises
An electric heater is constructed by applying a potential difference of 120 V to a Nichrome wire that has a total resistance of 8.00 . Find the current carried by the wire and the power rating of the heater. A 500-W heating coil designed to operate from 110 V is made of Nichrome wire 0.500 mm in diameter. (a) Assuming that the resistivity of the Nichrome remains constant at its 20.0C value, nd the length of wire used. (b) What If? Now consider the variation of resistivity with temperature. What power will the coil of part (a) actually deliver when it is heated to 1200C? = 1.50 x 10-6 -m
A 500-W heating coil designed to operate from 110 V is made of Nichrome wire 0.500 mm in diameter. (a) Assuming that the resistivity of the Nichrome remains constant at its 20.0C value, nd the length of wire used. (b) What If? Now consider the variation of resistivity with temperature. What power will the coil of part (a) actually deliver when it is heated to 1200C? = 1.50 x 10-6 -cm
More exercises
A certain lightbulb has a tungsten lament with a resistance of 19.0 when cold and 140 when hot. Assume that the resistivity of tungsten varies linearly with temperature even over the large temperature range involved here, and nd the temperature of the hot lament. Assume the initial temperature is 20.0C. 4.5 x 10-3 C-1 The cost of electricity varies widely through the United States; $0.120/kWh is one typical value. At this unit price, calculate the cost of (a) leaving a 40.0-W porch light on for two weeks while you are on vacation, (b) making a piece of dark toast in 3.00 min with a 970-W toaster, and (c) drying a load of clothes in 40.0 min in a 5 200-W dryer.
A certain lightbulb has a tungsten lament with a resistance of 19.0 when cold and 140 when hot. Assume that the resistivity of tungsten varies linearly with temperature even over the large temperature range involved here, and nd the temperature of the hot lament. Assume the initial temperature is 20.0C. 4.5 x 10-3 C-1
The cost of electricity varies widely through the United States; $0.120/kWh is one typical value. At this unit price, calculate the cost of (a) leaving a 40.0-W porch light on for two weeks while you are on vacation, (b) making a piece of dark toast in 3.00 min with a 970-W toaster, and (c) drying a load of clothes in 40.0 min in a 5 200-W dryer.
$0.120 $0.120 1kW 1hour $3.33 108 = = 1kWh 1kWh 1000W 3600secs 1Joule
(a)
U U 1week 1day 1hour U P = = = t 2weeks 7days 24hours 3600secs 1209600secs

U 40.0W = 1209600s U = 48384kJ
$3.33 108 4.84 107 J = $1.61 1Joule
(b) $5.82 10 3 (c) $0.416

Electromotive Force
The electromotive force is denoted as A force that moves charges The emf is the maximum possible voltage that the battery can provide.
= V
in batteries
Direct current - current that is constant in direction and magnitude
Resistors in Series
Recall:
V I= R
use the equation to calculate the equivalent resistance Req
Resistors in Series
Convert to simple equivalent circuit
Resistors in Series
I1 I2
V1
V2
Conservation of matter = Current is conserved
I = I1 = I2
Resistors in Series
I1 I2
V1
V2
I = I1 = I2
Conservation of energy
V = V1 + V2
Resistors in Series
I1 I2
V1
V2
Ohms Law
I = I1 = I2
V = V1 + V2
V I= R
Resistors in Series
I1 I2
V = I1 R1 + I2 R2
V1 V2
V = IR1 + IR2
V = I(R1 + R2 ) V = IReq Req = R1 + R2
Ohms Law
I = I1 = I2
V = V1 + V2
V I= R
Resistors in Series
I1 I2
V1
V2
Ohms Law
I = I1 = I2
V = V1 + V2
V I= R
Resistors in Parallel
1. Imagine positive charges pass rst through R1 and then through%R2. Compared to the current in R1, the current in R2 is (a) smaller (b) larger (c) the same. 2. With the switch in the circuit of closed (left), there is no current in R2, because the current has an alternate zero-resistance path through the switch. There is current in R1 and this current is measured with the ammeter (a device for measuring current) at the right side of the circuit. If the switch is opened (right), there is current in R2. What happens to the reading on the ammeter when the switch is opened? (a) the reading goes up (b) the reading goes down (c) the reading does not change.
I1 I2
V1
V2
Recall:
V I= R
use the equation to calculate the equivalent resistance Req
Convert to simple equivalent circuit
I1 V1
I2
V2
I = I1 + I2
I1 V1
I2
V2
I = I1 + I2
V = V1 = V2
I1 V1
I2
V2
Ohms Law
I = I1 + I2
V = V1 = V2
V I= R
I1 V1 I = I1 + I2 V V1 V2 = + R R1 R2 V V V = + R R1 R2 1 1 1 = + R R1 R2
Ohms Law
I2
V2
I = I1 + I2
V = V1 = V2
V I= R
I1 V1
I2
V2
Ohms Law
I = I1 + I2
V = V1 = V2
V I= R
Recall:
Ohms Law
Capacitance
V I= R
Series
Q = CV
Parallel
Exercise
Find the current passing through each resistor Find the voltage drop (potential difference) through each resistor
Kirchhoffs Rules
Junction Rule
conservation of matter
Loop Rule
conservation of energy
closed loop
V = 0
Exercise
In solving complicated circuit problems apply Junction rule first (conservation of current) You may assign any direction of current as long as it is reasonable (does not violate common sense!) Then apply the loop rule
Write down the equations for loop rules concerning loop A, B, C and the outer loop of the circuit following clockwise direction. (there must be four equations!)

Electric Current

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Electric Current

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Current and Resistance

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

A measure of how much charge passes through an amount of time

Ammeter (measures current)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Total volume V = (A)(!x)

!Q = (n A vd !t)*(q) !Q/!t = (n A vd)*(q) I = n q vd A

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

conductivity (material property) resistivity (material property)

Sunday, July 24, 2011

conductivity resistivity Current is proportional to conductivity but inversely proportional to resistivity!

Current is proportional to conductivity but inversely proportional to resistivity!

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

a much better form than V = I R

Sunday, July 24, 2011

a much better form than V = I R

Increasing !V increases I Increasing R decreases I

Sunday, July 24, 2011

a much better form than V = I R

Increasing !V increases I Increasing R decreases I

Increasing R does not increase !V Current (I) is increased because !V is increased

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Derive the equation R = "L/A from V = IR, J = E/" = I/A, V = EL

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Resistance and Temperature

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

Sunday, July 24, 2011

U U 1week 1day 1hour U P = = = t 2weeks 7days 24hours 3600secs 1209600secs

(b) $5.82 10 3 (c) $0.416

Direct current - current that is constant in direction and magnitude

Sunday, July 24, 2011

!Q = (n A vd !t)(q) !Q/!t = (n A vd)(q) I = n q vd A