Heat of Precipitation

Heat of Reaction Energy changes in a chemical raction are called the heat of reaction. The symbol for the heat of reaction is H The heat of reaction is defined as heat change a) When 1 mol of reactants react or; b) When 1 mol of products are formed. Heat of reaction is usually name according to the type of reaction that occurs. Type of Reaction Precipitation Displacement Neutralisation Combustion Heat of Reaction Heat of Precipitation Heat of Displacement Heat of Neutralisation Heat of Combustion

Examined the displacement reaction below. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) H = - 190 kJ mol-1

190 kJ of heat energy is released when1 mol of copper, Cu, is displaced from its salt solution by zinc, Zn. The heat of displacement of copper by zinc is -190 kJ mol-1

1 mol of Zinc reacts with 1 mol of copper(II)sulphate to form 1 mole of Zinc(II)sulphate and 190kJ of heat is produced. Example 1 When sulphur burns in oxygen gas, sulphur dioxide gas is produced. S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g) H = -297 kJ

Calculate the heat change when 25 g of sulphur is burnt completely in excess oxygen. (Relative atomic mass: O, 16; S, 32) Number of moles of sulphur used = mass of sulphur Molar mass of sulphur = 25 g 32 g mol-1 = 0.781 mol From the equation: When 1 mole of sulphur is burnt, heat is given out = 297 kJ So, when 0.781 mol of sulphur is burnt, heat given out = 297 (0.781)kJ 1 = 232.0 kJ
Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

Example 2

The thermochemical equation for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is a shown below. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = -92 kJ

What is the change in heat if 2 moles of ammonia are produced? When 2 moles of ammonia are produced, heat given out = 92 (2) kJ 2 = 92 kJ Example 3 The thermochemical equation for the combustion of octane is shown below. C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 2 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l) H = -5512 kJ

Calculate the mass of octane required for combustion to produce 1298 kJ of heat. 5512 kJ of heat is produced by 1 mole of octane. If 1298 kJ of heat is procduced by 1 (1298) 5512 = 0.24 mole of octane. Mass of C8H18 required = number of moles of C8H18 x molar mass of C8H18 = 0.24 mole x 114 g mol-1 = 27.36 g Determining Heat of Reaction Heat change is the amount of heat that is released or absorbed in a reaction. The change of heat of a reaction depends on the a) Mass of the substance used. b) Temperature change () that is the difference between the final temperature (T2) and initial temperture (T1) of the reaction. = T2 T1 c) Specific heat capacity (c) of a substance is the heat that is needed to raise the temperature of 1g of substance by 1 C. Heat change in a reaction can be determined by using the following formula Heat change = solution mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change = mc

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

The unit used to measure heat change is joule (J). The above formula can be used to calculate the heat change that occurs in a reaction by making four assumptions namely: a) The density of the aqueous solution that is used is the same as the density of water that is 1 g cm-3. 1 cm3 of aqueous solution is assumed to have mass of 1 g. Assumption: Density of aqueous solution = density of water = 1 g cm-3 Therefore, 1 cm3 of solution has a mass of 1 g. b) Chemicals in solid form are not assumed to absorb heat energy. Ignore the mass of chemicals in solid form. c) No heat is lost to the surroundings. Calculation on Heat Change Two ways to calculate the heat change in a reaction: a) Involving volume of solution and temperature change only b) Involving a thermichemical equation. Calculation involving Volume of Solution and Temperature Change only. Step 1: Write the formula of heat change if the volume of solution and the temperature change are given in the question. Heat change = mc Where, m = the total volume of solution is the mass (g) of the solution. c = specific heat capacity (4.2 J g-2 C-1) = temperature change ( C) Step 2: replace the values of m, c and in the formula. The answer that is obtained is written in the unit of joule, J. Example: Heat change =xJ

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

Calculation involving Thermochemical Equations If a substances mass (or volume and molarity of solution) is given, and required to calculate heat change, the following guidelines can be followed: Step 1: Firstly, calculate the number of moles. (a) If a substance mass is given, use the following formula to determine its number of moles: Number of moles = mass Mass molar

(b) If a solutions volume and molarity (concentration) are given, use the following formula to determine the number of moles: Number of moles = MV 1000

Step 2: Multiply the number of moles that was obtained with the Heat change = Number of moles x H

H value.

If the heat change value is given and required to calculate the mass of the substance used, can use the following guidelines. Step 1: Firstly, calculate the number of moles. The number of moles is determined by using the following formula: Number of moles = heat change Value H Step 2: Multiply the number of moles that was obtained with the substance molar mass. Heat change = Number of moles x molar mass If the heat of reaction ( H), volume and concentration of solution are given in the question, and required to calculate the temperature change, following guidelines can be used: Step 1: First determine the number of moles of solution using the following formula: Number of moles = MV 1000

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

Step 2: Determine the heat change that occurs by adjusting the following formula: Number of moles = heat change H Therefore, Heat change = number of moles x H value

Step 3: Use the formula and adjust it to form a new formula: Heat change = mc = heat change mc

Determining the Heat of Reaction Heat of reaction can be determined if the following information is known: a) b) c) d) The substance mass Temperature change Specific heat capacity The number of moles of substance or solution i) The number of moles of a fuel such as alcohol liquid can be determined by using the formula below: Number of moles = ii) mass Mass molar

The number of moles of a solution can be determined by using the formula: Number of moles = MV 1000

Easier guidelines to determine the heat of reaction ( H) of certain reactions Step 1: Calculate heat change using the formula: Heat change = mc Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of reactant(s) which reacts, using either of the following formulae: Number of moles = mass Mass molar Or Number of moles = MV 1000 If there are two types of solution present, calculate the number of moles for each one.

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

Step 3: Write chemical equation or ionic equation for the reaction that occurs.

Step 4: Link the number of moles of reactants with the heat change which occurs. Calculate the heat of reaction, H by using the following formula: Heat of Reaction = mc Number of moles

Heat of Precipitation Heat change when 1 mol of precipitate is formed from its ion. Example: A white precipitate of lead(II)sulphate, PbSO4 is formed when lead(II)nitrate(V), Pb(NO3)2 solution is added to sodium sulphate(VI), Na2SO4 solution. The heat of precipitation of lead(II)sulphate is -51 kJ mol-1. The thermochemical equation for this precipitation reaction is Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq) = -51 kJ

One mole of lead(II)sulphate, PbSO4 precipitate is formed. The ionic equation is as follows: Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) PbSO4(s)

The energy level diagram for the precipitation of lead(II)sulphate, PbSO4 is as below: Energy Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)

H = -51 kJ

PbSO4(s)

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

Example 2

Reaction between Silver nitrate AgNO3 solution and Sodium chloride, NaCl solution, forms the white precipitate Silver chloride, AgCl. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO2(aq)

1 mol of silver ion, Ag+ with 1 mol of chloride ion, Cl-, to form 1 mol of Silver chloride, AgCl. Ionic equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

The Heat of Precipitation of Silver chloride can be defined as follows: The heat of precipitation of silver chloride is the ehat that is released when 1 mol of silver chloride is formed. The precipitation reaction of Silver chloride, AgCl, is an exothermic reaction because the temperature of the reaction mixture increases.

25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 silver nitrate, AgNO3 solution is mixed with 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 Sodium chloride, NaCl solution. The temperature changes form 30 C to 38 C. Calculate the heat of precipitation of Silver chloride, AgCl. Then draw the energy level diagram for the reaction above. [Specific heat energy of solution = 4.2 J g-1 C, Density of solution = 1 g cm-3] Step 1: Calculate the heat change Heat change = mc = 50 x 4.2 x 8 = 1680 J

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of reactants Number of moles of Ag+ ion = = = Number of moles of Cl- ion = = = MV 1000 1 x 25 1000 0.025 mol MV 1000 1 x 25 1000 0.025 mol

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry

Heat of Precipitation

Step 3: Write down the ionic equation Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)

Step 4:Link the number of moles of reactants with the heat change, and calculate the heat of reaction 0.025 mol of Ag+ ion reacts with 0.025 mol of Cl- ion to produce 1680 J of heat. Therefore, 1 mol of Ag+ ion reacts with 1 mol of Cl- ion to produce = 1680 J 0.025 = 67 200 J = 67.2 kJ Therefore, the heat of precipitation of Silver chloride, H = - 67.2 kJ mol-1

Energy level diagram for the precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl

Chapter 4 Thermochemistry