GUIA NIVEL 5 ORDINARY TEST. PHRASAL VERBS.

GET AWAY WITH (SOMETHING) A HOUSEHOLD NAME TAKE OFF GO ON BRING UP WITH FLYING COLORS LIKE CLOCKWORK SET UP GET DOWN TO BE RIGHT UP BREAK DOWN

El tercer condicional, tambin llamado the past conditional, se usa para hablar de algo irreal o imposible en el pasado. Aunque parezca complicado, es siempre la misma estructura y, adems, es muy parecida al castellano. Se forma con una primera parte de la oracin: If + subject + past perfect. If you had rung the doorbell. Y a continuacin: Subject + would have + past participle They would have opened the door. La verdad es que no tocaste el timbre, pero imaginemos que lo hubieras hecho. If you had rung the doorbell, they would have opened the door. Si hubieras tocado el timbre, habran abierto la puerta. Ten cuidado, porque despus de if no se puede colocar la partcula would. If I would have gone es incorrecto. Tanto la parte de la oracin que comienza con 'if' como la parte que comienza con 'would' pueden ir en primer lugar dentro de la oracin. We would have paid more for the car if they had repaired the dent in the door. Habramos pagado ms por el coche si ellos hubieran arreglado la abolladura de la puerta. If I had taken my dog to the show, it would have won a ribbon. Si hubiera llevado a mi perro al concurso, habra ganado un premio. If the line had been any longer, I would have torn up the tickets and left. Si la cola hubiera sido ms larga, habra roto las entradas y me habra marchado. 1. If I (have) money, I (buy) a new mobile phone. 2. If I (stay) in a hotel, I (spend) a lot of money.

3. If they (not destroy) the evidence, the police (find) it. 4. If you (pay) the debt, I (not have) financial problems. 5. If the kids (not brush) their teeth, they (visit) the dentist. 6. If I (lend) him the book, he (sell) it. 7. If Tom (climb) the tree, he (fall) down. 8. If Sam (not take) the bus, he (miss) the play. 9. If Sally (learn) the song, she (sing) in the concert. 10. If my sisters (behave) properly, they (go) to the party.
11.

Grammar notes: reported speech

12. Definition 13. Reported speech is often also called indirect speech. When we use reported speech, we
are usually talking about the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. For example: 14. "I'm going to the cinema". He said he was going to the cinema. 15. Basic tense chart 16. The tenses generally move backwards in this way (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right): present simple past simple I'm a teacher. He said he was a teacher past continuous. present continuous He said he was having lunch with his I'm having lunch with my parents. parents. past perfect simple present perfect simple He said he had been to France three I've been to France three times. times. present perfect continuous past perfect continuous I've been working very hard. He said he had been working very hard. past simple past perfect I bought a new car. He said he had bought a new car. past continuous past perfect continuous It was raining earlier. He said it had been raining earlier. past perfect past perfect The play had started when I arrived. NO CHANGE POSSIBLE past perfect continuous past perfect continuous I'd already been living in London for five NO CHANGE POSSIBLE years.

17.
18. Other verb forms 19. Other verb forms also sometimes change: will I'll come and see you soon. can I can swim under water for two minutes. must All tickets must be bought in advance. shall What shall we do about it? may May I smoke? would He said he would come and see me soon. could He said he could swim under water for two minutes. had to He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance. should He asked what we should do about it. might He asked if he might smoke.

1."The gardener cut the grass yesterday", my mother said. 2."I did not understand the lesson", my sister said. 3."We will travel to New York the next year", my father said. 4."I will not go to work tomorrow", I told my wife.

5."Peter is going to write a letter", the secretary said. 6."It is very expensive", the lady said. 7."He is such an irritable person", the teacher told me. 8."I am working now!", my father said. 9."We are finishing our homework", the pupils answered. 10."They are studying maths", the teacher explained. 11."I am reading a book", I told my sister. 12."My father loved the farm", my neighbour said. 13."I have felt very nervous", I said. 14."We knew him in Australia", my husband and my son said. 15."I never work on Sundays", I told my boss.

16."He was very ill", the doctor explained. 17."I am going to sign a contract", the secretary said. 18."Mr. Thompson will see you tomorrow morning", the receptionist said. 19."I enjoyed the trip but I didnt take photos", my friend told me. 20."I have lost all my money!", the old lady exclaimed. SOLUCIN: 1.My mother said that the gardener had cut the grass the day before. 2.My sister said that she had not understood the lesson. 3.My father said that we would travel to New York the following year. 4.I told my wife that I would not go to work the following day. 5.The secretary said that Peter was going to write a letter. 6.The lady said that it was very expensive. 7.The teacher told me that he was such an irritable person. 8.My father said that he was working at that moment. 9.The pupils said that they were finishing their homework. 10.The teacher explained that they were studying maths. 11.I told my sister that I was reading a book. 12.My neighbour said that his father had loved the farm. 13.I said that I had felt very nervous. 14.My husband and my son said that they had known him in Australia. 15.I told my boss that I never worked on Sundays. 16.The doctor explained that he had been very ill. 17.The secretary said that she was going to sign a contract.

18.The receptionist said that Mr. Thompson would see you the following morning. 19.My friend told me that he had enjoyed the trip but he had not taken photos. 20.The old lady exclaimed that she had lost all her money.

The double comparative

The double comparative 1. We can use double comparatives to say that things are changing constantly. - It is getting nicer and nicer. - More and more people are becoming addicted to the Internet. Life is getting more and more complicated. 2. We can use the structure the ... the ... (with two comparatives) to say that one thing depends on another thing. - What time shall we leave ? - The sooner, the better. - The more I study, the more I know. - The more I know, the more I learn. - The more I learn, the better for me. CARACTERISTICAS
1. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fund Buenos Aires). 2. Se dice que una oracin est en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significacin del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aqul se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza.

(Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza). 3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga. 4. El complemento de la oracin activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente. 5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomtica). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano.

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA

TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO

PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos

PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, ser visto you will be seen, sers visto he will be seen, ser visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seris vistos they will be seen, sern vistos

PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO: I had been seen, haba sido visto CONDICIONAL: I should be seen, sera visto FUTURO PERFECTO: I shall have been seen, habr sido visto CONDICIONAL PERFECTO: I should have been seen, habra sido visto

1. Britney Spears sang her new songs. 2. The ladies were listening the speech carefully. 3. My father gets a good salary.

4. The boss lent me one of his books. 5. He did not pay the bill. 6. My neighbour is going to buy a new car. 7. I had lost my umbrella when it began to rain. 8. Alice was looking for her pencils. 9. I will hang a picture on the wall. 10. Susan has not answered your letters. RESPUESTA. 11. The new songs were sung by Britney Spears.
12. The speech was being listened carefully by the ladies.

13. A good salary is got by my father. 14. One of his books was lent to me by the boss. 15. The bill was not paid by him. 16. A new car is going to be bought by my neighbour. 17. My umbrella had been lost by me when it began to rain. 18. The pencils were being looked for by Alice. 19. A picture will be hung on the wall by me. 20. Your letters have not been answered by Susan.

Adjectives ending in ED and ING

Some adjectives have the characteristic of ending in ed and ing. Lets ltake a look at the rules. We use adjectives ending in ING to describe something or someone. Examples: Maria is watching a very interesting movie. I hate that teacher. He is really boring.

We use adjectives ending in ED when we want to describe how people feel.

Examples: This movie isnt interesting. I am bored. Juan is very exited because he is going to travel to Miami for the first time. Conclusions - We can use adjectives ending in ing for things or people. Remember that when we use ing it is describing the person or thing. - We can use the ed ONLY for people (or animals) because THINGS CANNOT FEEL. We can say: Felipe is boring. (describes his personality). Felipe is bored. (he feels bored at the moment) Now complete the sentences below using the correct adjective:

Dogs often feel ___ during fieworks.

frightening frightened

The metro can be ___ the first time you use it.

confused confusing

Satoru was ___ to hear about the earthquake.

shocking shocked

I think that rainy days in winter are ___.

depressing depressed

She's ___ of doing the same thing every day.

bored boring

It was the most ___ I have been watching a film.

exciting excited

The meals at Immigrant's Cafe are ___.

satisfying satisfied

Los tag questions son pequeas frases o preguntas (mini-questions) que se colocan al final de una oracin afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente al verdad? espaol o al no? ms utilizado en pases de Amrica.

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR 1. 2.

Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares. Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.

3.

Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO.

Analicemos ahora las diferentes alternativas que pueden presentarse:

a) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT

SIMPLE O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: aren't you? isn't he? isn't she? isn't it? aren't we? aren't you? aren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It's a beautiful day, isn't it? (Es un da hermoso, no?) Martha is angry, isn't she? (Marta est enojada, verdad?) You are really tired, aren't you? (Ests muy cansado, no?) They're very nice people, aren't they? (Son personas muy agradables, no?) You are coming tomorrow, aren't you? (Vas a venir maana, verdad?) Pedro's flying now, isn't he? (Pedro est volando en estos momentos, no?) Por favor recuerda que, en ingls americano y UNICAMENTE en este caso en particular, para la primera persona del verbo to be se utiliza aren't I? como equivalente de am I not?: I'm late, aren't I? (Llego tarde, no?) I'm arriving late at night, aren't I? (LLegar tarde por la noche, no?)

b) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE

O CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: am I? are you? is he? is she? is it? are we? are you? are they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: I'm not late, am I? (No llego tarde, no?) It isn't a beautiful day, is it? (No es un da hermoso, verdad?) Martha isn't angry, is she? (Marta no est enojada, no?) You aren't really tired, are you? (No ests muy cansado, verdad?) They aren't very nice people, are they? (No son personas muy agradables, no?) You aren't coming tomorrow, are you? (No vas a venir maana, no?) Pedro isn't flying now, is he? (Pedro no est volando en estos momentos, no?)

c) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O

CONTINUO. Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: wasn't I? weren't you? wasn't he? wan't she? wasn't it? weren't we? weren't you? weren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos: It was a beautiful day, wasn't it? (Fue un da hermoso, verdad?) Martha was angry, wasn't she? (Marta estaba enojada, no?) You were really tired, weren't you? (Estabas muy cansado, verdad?) You were studying at 6, weren't you? (Estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?) He was flying when I phoned, wasn't he? (Estaba volando cuando llam, no?)

. Tony gave her a present for her birthday, 2. There's some milk left, 3. Nobody would want a used car, 4. Your parents are visting us next week, 5. She's been acting funny this week, 6. Everybody's here, 7. Let's forget about it, 8. Sit down, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

9. She hardly spoke,

10. They should have arrived by now,

Following a verb (gerund or infinitive)

Both gerunds and infinitives can replace a noun as the object of a verb. Whether you use a gerund or an infinitive depends on the main verb in the sentence. Consult the lists below to find out which form to use following which verbs.
I expect to have the report done by Friday. I anticipate having the report done by Friday. [INFINITIVE] [GERUND]

Some common verbs followed by a gerund (note that phrasal verbs, marked here with *, always fall into this category): acknowledge She acknowledged receiving assistance. * accuse of admit advise anticipate appreciate avoid complete consider defer delay deny discuss entail * look after * insist on involve justify mention * plan on postpone recall resent recommend resist He was accused of smuggling contraband goods. They admitted falsifying the data. The author advises undertaking further study. He anticipates having trouble with his supervisor. I appreciated having a chance to read your draft. He avoided answering my question. I finally completed writing my thesis. They will consider granting you money. She deferred writing her report. We delayed reporting the results until we were sure. They denied copying the information. They discussed running the experiments again. This review procedure entails repeating the test. He will look after mailing the tickets. He insisted on proofreading the article again. This procedure involves testing each sample twice. My results justify taking drastic action. The author mentions seeing this event. They had planned on attending the conference. The committee has postponed writing the report. I cannot recall getting those results before. He resented spending so much time on the project. She recommends reading Marx. The writer resists giving any easy answers.

risk sanction suggest

She risks losing her viewing time. They will not sanction copying without permission. I suggest repeating the experiment.

* take care of He will take care of sending it to you. tolerate She can't tolerate waiting for results.