Laboratory of Energy and Electrification

April 24, 2006

CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH

PLANE WALLS
By:

Sukris Tri Cahyono

F14104027

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
2006

A. INTRODUCTION
A heat transfer situation in which time is not a factor is designed as steady
state. The consideration of heat transfer where time is not considered affords some
simplification in the analysis. The governing equation for steady state conduction
with internal generation is:
q
2T 0
k
Where :

2T is temperature gradient in vector form

q is heat flow vector
k is thermal conduntivity vector
Which is known as Poisson equation; and forsteady state conduction without
internal generation of heat, the Laplace equation applies:

2T = 0
Both of the above apply toan isotropic medium that is one whose properties do
not vary with direction, physical properties are also presumed independent of
temperature.
The initial consideration is one dimensional steady state conduction without
internal generation of energy. As just discussed, the Laplace equation applies to
this case. A general form of the Laplace equation in one dimension is

d i dT
x
0
dx dx
Where
x

: criticalgeometryin the direction of heat transfer (m)

dT/dx

: temperature gradient along x axis

0,1,

or

in

rectangular,

cylindrical,

and

spherical

coordinates,respectively.
Plane Walls
In the case of a plane wall as shown in the figure on laboratory manual.
The equation and boundary conditions to be satisfied are:

d 2T
0
dx 2

T(x) = T(0) = To at x = 0
T(x) = T(L) = TL at x = L
Where
To : temperature at x = 0
TL : temperature at x = L
The equation may be separated and integrated twice to yield
T(x) = c1x + c2
And the constants of integration c1 and c2 evaluated, by applying the
boundary equation to be
c1 = (TL To) / L and c2 = 0
when c1 and c2 are substituted into equation, the final expression for the
temperature profile becomes:

TL T0
x T0
L
T TL
T ( x) T0 0
x
L
T ( x)

Accordng the equation, the temperature variarion in a plne wall under the
conditions specified is linier.
The Fourier rate equation is repeated below, in scalar form, for reference
qx = -kA dT/dx
where
qx : heat flux
A : cross section area
k

: thermal conductivity

Since in the steady state case, q is constant, then the equation change (after be
integrated) into :
TL

q x dx kA dT
0

T0

giving
qx

kA
T0 TL
L

Alternately, the temperature gradient dT/dx could have been evaluatedfrom

the equation. These two alternate means of evaluating heat flux, either by direct

integration of the Fourier rate equation or by solvingfor the temperature profile

and substituting the temperature gradient exprression into the rate equation, are
both employed in subsequent examples. One approach may be simpler than
another in certain cases, but no general statement can be made in this regard.
The quantity kA/L, in the equation is the thermal conductance for a flat plate
or wall. The reciprocal of this quantity, L/kA is designated the thermal resistance.
B. OBJECTIVES
This experiment have two objectives, are:
1. To asses the characteristics of the steady state heat transfer through the
plane wall.
2. To determine the rate of steady state heat transfer through the plane walls.

C. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS

Materials are plane walls made out of alumonium. The set up of the
experiment is ilustrated in the figure 2 from the Laboratory Manual comprises of
Hybrid Recorder Yokogawa DR 130, a water bath at 100 0C and thermocouples.
Eleven observatiom points are inserted into the aluminium block and the distance
between two observation points are 0.01 m.

D. METHODS
1. Record the initial temperature at the observation points located as
described in Fig 2 (from the Laboratory Manual)
2. Pour boiling water at 100 0C into the water boyh until the water surface
reaches the height of the aluminium plane wall. Maintain the water at a
constant temperature.
3.

Record the temperature development at the observation points in an

interval of two minutes.

E. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Time

T(0C)

(Minute) 0

82.7

63.1 59.5 56.5 52.5 44.6 45.7 42.6 40.3 35.8 35.8

79.7

68.7 66.2 64.4 61.1 6.03 56.8 54.0 51.8 48.1 47.6

79.3

71.1 68.9 68.0 65.9 65.2 62.4 60.7 59.3 56.6 56.4

80

74.3 71.3 71.5 70.0 69.1 67.2 66.0

80.8

77.6 74.0 74.3 73.5 72.2 71.0 69.9 68.3 67.3 66.6

10

82.6

78.5 74.9 75.9 75.1 74.4 72.6 72.2 70.9 69.3 68.6

12

85.6

80.7 76.9 77.3 76.8 76.9 74.6 74.6 73.1 71.0 70.0

14

94.3

71.4 79.0 78.8 79.0 76.8 76.4 76.5 74.8 72.8 71.3

16

99.2

79.0 80.2 79.4 79.7 77.6 77.3 77.9 75.8 73.8 72.5

18

102.3 87.3 81.4 81.4 81.6 89.4 80.1 79.9 78.3 75.6 74.3

20

104.1 89.8 84.4 83.5 83.9 80.5 81.4 81.3 79.5 77.2 76.0

22

104.0 90.7 86.4 85.5 85.7 83.1 83.8 83.5 81.6 79.2 77.9

24

104.1 91.1 87.3 87.9 88.1 85.4 83.9 84.1 82.9 80.0 78.7

26

104.1 90.3 86.3 87.3 88.1 86.3 84.7 85.2 83.1 80.9 79.7

28

104.1 90.9 86.4 87.5 83.0 87.2 84.9 85.6 83.6 81.4 80.5

30

104.1 90.1 86.3 87.3 87.9 86.9 87.5 86.2 84.4 82.1 80.7

32

104.1 91.5 87.5 88.4 89.4 87.7 86.2 86.5 85.5 83.5 82.3

34

104.1 92.0 87.3 88.2 88.9 88.0 86.7 87.2 85.9 83.5 82.0

36

104.1 90.5 87.0 88.4 89.1 88.6 87.1 87.6 85.9 82.8 82.2

38

104.0 90.6 86.5 88.3 89.1 88.5 86.7 87.5 86.2 84.2 82.6

40

104.0 90.8 87.2 88.7 88.5 88.6 86.5 87.1 85.6 83.7 82.2

42

104.1 91.5 87.2 88.0 88.4 87.9 86.5 87.0 86.1 84.0 82.5

44

104.1 91.8 87.8 88.9 88.0 88.0 86.9 87.1 86.3 84.2 82.3

46

104.2 90.0 86.5 88.5 89.2 88.1 86.3 86.5 85.4 84.2 82.5

48

104.1 90.6 86.6 88.1 89.1 88.0 86.7 86.2 85.5 83.8 82.3

50

103.9 90.9 86.4 87.7 88.2 87.8 86.7 86.9 85.6 84.1 82.6

52

104.1 89.6 86.2 87.9 88.9 88.0 86.8 86.7 86.7 83.8 82.1

54

104.1 91.6 87.1 87.9 88.6 87.3 85.9 86.5 85.6 83.8 82.0

56

104.2 90.9 86.0 87.0 87.8 86.5 85.6 86.0 85.0 83.3 81.7

10

62.9 62.1

58

104.2 89.9 85.6 86.6 87.8 87.3 86.0 85.9 84.8 83.0 81.4

60

104.1 90.7 86.1 88

88.6 87.9 86.8 86.5 85.3 83.5 81.8

Graph of Temperature Distribution Relation at Each Time for Each

Observation Points
120

100

Temperature

80

60

40

20

0
0

Observation Points

10

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60

GRaph of Temperature Distribution Relation at Each Time for Each

Observation Points
120
water
100

1 cm
3 cm
4 cm

60

5 cm
6 cm
7 cm

40

8 cm
9 cm

20

10 cm

Time of Heated (minutes)

60

56

52

48

44

40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

Temperature

2 cm
80

T(0C)

Time
(Minute)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60

0
35.27
34.97
34.93
35
35.08
35.26
35.56
36.43
36.92
37.23
37.41
37.4
37.41
37.41
37.41
37.41
37.41
37.41
37.41
37.4
37.4
37.41
37.41
37.42
37.41
37.39
37.41
37.41
37.42
37.42
37.41

10

36.62

38.85

40.6

41.25

38.76

40.99

40.08

39.27

35.8

36.38

37.74

40.86

43.76

45.55

48.018

48.76

49.2

49.62

48.1

49.36

38.22

41.67

45.2

47.95

51.12

52.68

54.56

56.37

56.6

59.04

38.86

42.39

46.6

50

53.46

56.04

58.8

62.9

65.31

39.52

43.2

47.72

51.75

55.32

58.7

61.92

64.47

67.3

70.26

39.7

43.47

48.36

52.55

56.64

59.82

63.76

66.81

69.3

72.46

40.14

44.07

48.92

53.4

58.14

61.22

65.68

68.79

71

74

38.28

44.7

49.52

54.5

58.08

62.48

67.2

70.32

72.8

75.43

39.8

45.06

49.76

54.85

58.56

63.11

68.32

71.22

73.8

76.75

41.46

45.42

50.56

55.8

65.64

65.07

69.92

73.47

75.6

78.73

41.96

46.32

51.4

56.95

60.3

65.98

71.04

74.55

77.2

80.6

42.14

46.92

52.2

57.85

61.86

67.66

72.8

76.44

79.2

82.69

42.22

47.19

53.16

59.05

63.24

67.73

73.28

77.61

80

83.57

42.06

46.89

52.92

59.05

63.78

68.29

74.16

77.79

80.9

84.67

42.18

46.92

53

56.5

64.32

68.43

74.48

78.24

81.4

85.55

42.02

46.89

52.92

58.95

64.14

70.25

74.96

78.96

82.1

85.77

42.3

47.25

53.36

59.7

64.62

69.34

75.2

79.95

83.5

87.53

42.4

47.19

53.28

59.45

64.8

69.69

75.76

80.31

83.5

87.2

42.1

47.1

53.36

59.55

65.16

69.97

76.08

80.31

82.8

87.42

42.12

46.95

53.32

59.55

65.1

69.69

76

80.58

84.2

87.86

42.16

47.16

53.48

59.25

65.16

69.55

75.68

80.04

83.7

87.42

42.3

47.16

53.2

59.2

64.74

69.55

75.6

80.49

84

87.75

42.36

47.34

53.56

59

64.8

69.83

75.68

80.67

84.2

87.53

42

46.95

53.4

59.6

64.86

69.41

75.2

79.86

84.2

87.75

42.12

46.98

53.24

59.55

64.8

69.69

74.96

79.95

83.8

87.53

42.18

46.92

53.08

59.1

64.68

69.69

75.52

80.04

84.1

87.86

41.92

46.86

53.16

59.45

64.8

69.76

75.36

81.03

83.8

87.31

42.32

47.13

53.16

59.3

64.38

69.13

75.2

80.04

83.8

87.2

42.18

46.8

52.8

58.9

63.9

68.92

74.8

79.5

83.3

86.87

41.98

46.68

52.64

58.9

64.38

69.2

74.72

79.32

83

86.54

42.14

46.83

53.2

59.3

64.74

69.76

75.2

79.77

83.5

86.98