6.

1 Gravity and Energy (disclamer I dont have an equation-maker program soooooo I will writing things weirdly but hopefully you understand. Equations should be in the textbook anyways lol) 1) Consider gravitational potential energy so far where Eg= mgh - Here, Eg increases at greater heights, representing work done to life object from surface to h - but, g changes above surface of earth (other celestial body) 2) Now consider the force at gravity to be an energy well, or a gravity well - now potential energy Ep is zero beyond the gravitational field and negative within the field since energy is regulated to lift object out of gravity well A = W = Ep Ep = (-GMm)/r , where G = gravitational constant [6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/g2] M = mass of attractor m = mass of object r = radius from centre

Ep = gravitational potential energy of object in the gravitational field [J]; amount of work energy required to lift an object out of attractors gravitational field. 3) Also, ETO = ETF

EKO + EPO = EKF + EPF Escape Speed (no friction) ooooooh baby, friction For an object to escape earths gravity well (from surface) the kinetic energy (speed) must equal the objects gravitational potential energy EKO + EPO = 0 mv2 = 6Mm/r vescape = (2GM/r) min speed required to escape earths gravity well. If v = vescape, object goes on forever If v < vescape, object returns (no escape), where vescape = escape velocity [m/s]

HOMEWORK pg 295 #3, pg 313 #13, 14ab, 16, 17 6.2 Orbits Equations For Orbital Speed Newtons Mountain insert your wacky diagram that I can make no sense of

Fcentripetal = GMm/r2 (Formula for gravity) = (mobjectv2)/r vorbit = (GM/r) , where M = mass of earth or other attraction [kg] G = gravitational constant r = distance from centre of attraction to object [m]

vorbit = speed required to maintain orbitl; orbital velocity [m/s] Notice vescape = (2GM/r) & vorbit = (GM/r), therefore vescape > vorbit Also, mass of object cancels and therefore has no effect on vescape or vorbit.

Kinetic Energy of Orbit Fc = (mv2)/rorbit = (GMm)/( rorbit)2 mv2 = (GMm)/r Ek = mv2 = (GMm)/r Escape Energy Using Ek For energy to escape, earths gravity well equals ( that kinda just trailed off in your notes) Ep = (-GMm)/r and Eorbital = (GMm)/2r move rorbit and divide each side by

Therefore the kinetic energy of orbit equals half the potential energy required to escape the gravity well. Total Energy of Orbit ET = Ek + Ee = [(GMm)/2r] [(-GMm)/r] = (GMm 2GMm)/2r

|ET| = Ek = (GMm)/2r Keplers Law of Planetary Motion (1571 1630) Third Law mass of the orbiting object is insignificant to the mass of the attraction (eg. sun, earth) Fg = GMm/r2
r 2r

Therefore, r3/T2 = (GM)/(42) = K where, T = period of orbit K = constant for each system M = mass of attraction r = average radius of orbit

Also, r13/T12 = r23/T22 where, r1 & T1 are orbiting objects r2 & T2 are for a second orbiting object (same attraction) Random Useful Info Mmoon = 7.36 x 1022 rmoon = 1.738 x 1026 m

HOMEWORK pg 302 #3a, 5 pg 314 #20, 21, 23, 24, 27

6.3 Simple Harmonic Motion repetitive motion where force on object is proportional to distance (deformation) equilibrium (spring in relaxed state) point (obeying Hookes Law) Hookes Law

F = kx

Where, F = force on spring k = spring constant [N/m] x = displacement from equilibrium [m] (compression/extension)

Acceleration Eg. Mass oscillating on spring pendulum swinging Fnet = Fofspringonmass ma = kx a = (kx)/m Where, m = mass on spring a = acceleration of mass at any point x Total Energy of System ET = Ek + Ee = mv2 + kx2 (Note: at max compression, x = max. Therefore, Ee = max = ET. Hence, v = 0 & Ek = 0) Equilibrium At equilibrium, x = 0 Therefore Ee = kx2 = 0 All energy is kinetic, Ek = max v = max

Eq
x

Amplitude max distance Pendulum

A A

Eq

A A

At max compression/extension, ET = Ee = kx2 But x = A Therefore, ET = kA2

At any point in cycle, ET = kA2 = mv2 + kx2 (Ek) (Ec) may have copied this wrong.. could be Ee Therefore, KA2 = mv2 + kx2

Period for SHM T = 2(m/k) Where, T = time for one cycle [s] m = mass on spring

HOMEWORK pg 307 #1ac, 2ab pg 314 #31, 33, 36 Love, Nicole HAVE FUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUN!!!!!!!!!!!!