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mg;gy;Nyh gapw;rp ikak; TNPSC Neh;Kfj; Njh;Tf;fhd Nfs;tpfs;

I. jdpg;gl;l (Personal) Nfs;tpfs;


1. cq;fs; ngah; vd;d? 2. cq;fs; fy;tpj; jFjpiaf; $wTk;. 3. cq;fisg; gw;wpf; $wTk;. Gjpy;: vd;Dila ngah;> fy;tpj;jFjp> Ntiyg; ghh;f;fpd;w Nghd;wit gw;wp tptuq;fs; 4. cq;fs; nrhe;j Ch; vJ? 5. cq;fs; gs;sp / fy;Y}hp / gy;fiyf;fofk; - d; rpd;dq;fs; vd;d?

II.

FLk;gk; njhlh;ghd Nfs;tpfs;


1. cq;fs; ngw;Nwhhpd; njhopy; kw;Wk; tUkhdk;?

III.

elg;G epfo;Tfs;
- jhYfh / khtl;lk; / khepyk; / Njrpa / cyf mstpy;

IV.

fy;Y}happy; gbj;j bfphp / P.G bfphp ghlq;fs;


- mbg;gilf; Nfs;tpfs; - (c.k;. tzpftpay; bfphp gbj;jth;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpfs; 1. What is book keeping? 2. What is trial balance? 3. What is balance-sheet? 4. What are the duties of the Auditor? Ans: The verification of assets and liabilities

V.

jw;Nghija gzp
1. jw;NghJ gzpahw;Wk; Jiwapd; gzp vd;d? 2. jw;Nghija gzpf;fhd flikfs; ahit? 1

3. Jiwapd; gbepiy mikg;G (hierarchy) 4. Jiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (importance)

VI.

vjph;fhyg; gzp
ehk; tpz;zg;gj;jpy; njhptpj;jpUe;j 4 my;yJ 5 tpUg;gkhd gjtpfs; (c.k;) 1. cjtp tphpT mYtyh; (rl;lk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw ePq;fyhf) 2. cjtp gphpT mYtyh; (rl;lj;Jiw) 3. cjtp gphpT mYtyh; (ePjpj;Jiw) 4. ed;dlj;ij mYtyh; (r%f ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw) 5. ,sepiy Ntiytha;g;G mYtyh; 6. rhh;gjpthsh; %d;whk; epiy Nkw;fz;l gjtpfspy; fPo;fz;l Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;fg;gLk; i. ii. iii. iv. mj;Jiwapd; gzp vd;d? mg;gzpf;fhd flikfs; ahit? me;jg; gzpapd; Jiwf;fhd gbepiy mikg;G vd;d? (hierarchy) me;jg;gzpf;fhd Jiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; (importance)

VII. jw;Nghija tPL cs;s khtl;lk; kw;Wk; nrhe;j Chpd; khtl;lk;


1. tptrhak; 2. njhopw;rhiyfs; 3. ePh;g;ghrdk; 4. mizf;fl;Lfs; 5. Rw;wyhj; jyq;fs; 6. gz;ghL (tpohf;fs; Kjypa ....) 7. Kf;fpa kw;Wk; Gfo;tha;e;j egh;fs; 2

8. Kf;fpa Nfhtpy;fs;> Njthyaq;fs; kw;Wk; k#jpfs; (c.k;) tpUJefh; khtl;lk; i. tpUJefhpy; cs;s Kf;fpar;re;ij (gyruf;Fg; jkpo;ehl;by; Fwpg;gplj;jFe;j xd;whFk;. (kw;w nghs;shr;rp MFk;) kj;jpa murpd; jkpo;ehl;bw;fhd tpUJefhpy; kl;Lk; cs;sJ. mf;khh;f; ju nghUl;fSf;fhdJ) Kf;fpar; re;ij: eph;za epWtdk;

ii. iii.

jPg;ngl;b> gl;lhR> mr;R kw;Wk; vOJnghUl;fs; njhopw;rhiyfs; rptfhrpapYk;> gUj;jp-nerT> ghz;Nl[; Jzp cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiyfs; uh[ghisak; Rw;W tl;lhuj;jpYk; cs;sd. Foe;ijj; njhopyhsh; epiy Kd;dhs; Kjy;th;fs; - fhkuh[h; kw;Wk; Fkhurhkpuh[h gpwe;j Ch;fs; cs;sd.

iv. v.

vi.

jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s xNu gid Muha;r;rp epiyak; jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}hpy; cs;sJ.

vii. viii.

ukd kfhp~papd; gpwe;j Ch; jpUr;Rop MFk; =tpy;ypGj;J}hpy; cs;s Mz;lhs; Nfhtpypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vd;d? Mz;lhs; Nfhtpypd; NfhGuk; jkpof murpd; rpd;dkhf (Kj;jpiu) cs;sJ.

VIII. HOBBIES
1. `hf;fp / fhy;ge;J / fphpf;nfl; tpisahLjy; - xU Ntis ePq;fs; fhy;ge;J MLfpNwd; vd;W $wpdhy;> fhy;ge;J tpisahl;ilg; gw;wp KOtJk; njhpa Ntz;Lk;. (,d;iwa epiy tiu) fhy;ge;J cyf> Njrpa> khepy mstpy; ve;j tpisahl;L tPuh; ngah; Nghdth;. ];Nlbak; ngah;

2. Njhl;l Ntiy 3. ,ir 4. rpdpkhj; jpiug;glk; (Motion Picture) 5. thndhyp epfo;r;rpfisf; ftdpj;Jf; Nfl;ly; 3

6. njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfis ghh;j;jy; 7. Xtpak; 8. ehty;fis thrpj;jy; NkNy $wpa fhy;ge;J tpisahl;L Nghy;> 2 Kjy; 8 tiu Nghd;witfSf;Fk;> ehk; mijg;gw;wp KOtJk; njhpe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

IX.

nghJ
Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpd; NghJ ePq;fs; $Wk; gjpy;fs; eL epiyikNahL ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; (impartial) ePq;fs; ahh; vd;W Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpd; NghJ ntspf;fhl;lf; $lhJ. (c.k;) nghJTilik / rkjh;kk; nghpahhpd; Nfhl;ghLfs; / ef;ry;fs; / jPtputhjk; / jPtpu kjf; fUj;Jf;fs; / mbg;gilthjk; - Nghd;witfSf;F Mjuthd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpf;ff; $lhJ. rpf;fyhd Ntz;Lk;. Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpy;fs; eLepiyikAld; ,Uj;jy;

Fwpg;ghf 1. ,e;jpah - =yq;fh cwTfs; 2. ,yq;ifj; jkpoh; gpur;rid vd;d? ,e;jpa - ,yq;if xg;ge;jk;> 1987 tpLjiyg; Gypfs; - ,yq;if muR Nghh; epWj;j xg;ge;jk; ,e;j Nghh; epWj;j xg;ge;jk; vg;NghJ Kwpe;jJ? ,e;j xg;ge;jj;jpw;F ehh;Nt ehl;bd; gq;fspg;G vd;d? ,e;j xg;ge;jk; Kwpe;j gpd;dh; vd;d epfo;Tfs; epfo;e;jJ?

3. ,];Nuy; - ghy];jPdg; gpur;rid 4. ,e;jpa mnkhpf;f mZ xg;ge;jk; 5. ,e;jpah ghfp];jhd; cwTfs; 6. ghyhW Mw;wpd; gpur;ridfs; 7. nghpahW mizf;fl;Lg; gpur;ridfs;

X.

cly; nkhop 1. Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpd; NghJ> ehw;fhypapy; mkUk; NghJ KOtJkhf cl;fhu Ntz;Lk;. (ehw;fhypapd; Edpapy; cl;fhuf; $lhJ) (ehw;fhypapy; KOtJkhf mkh;e;J kpfTk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ) rha;thf J}q;Ffpw khjphp

2. Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpd; NghJ> ehw;fhypapy; ekJ KJF tisT ,y;yhky;> Neuhf mkh;;e;J ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. (without bent)

Neh;Kfj; Njh;tpw;fhd EZff;fq;fs;


1. Njhw;wk; (Appearance) 2. cil (Dress) 3. jd;dk;gpf;if (Self-confidence) 4. jtWfis xj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; kdg;ghd;ik (Habit of error acceptance) 5. Neh;ik (Honesty) 6. JzpT (Courage) 7. njspT (Clarity)

Neh;Kfj;Njh;tpd; NghJ nra;a Ntz;bait (Dos)


1. Nfl;fg;gLfpw Nfs;tpfis rhpahfg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L gjpyspg;gJk;> RUf;fkhf fr;rpjkhd thpfspy; tpilaspg;gJk; mtrpakhFk;. 2. njhpahj Nfs;tpfSf;F njhpahJ vdr; nrhy;fpw (including interview board members) kjpg;ghh;fs;. Neh;ikia njspTld; midtUNk

3. gjpyspf;Fk; NghJ jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; tpilaspf;f Ntz;Lk;. (eLf;fj;Jld; tpilaspj;jhy; Njh;thsh; ek;ikf; Fog;Gtjw;F Kaw;rp nra;a Nehplyhk;)

Neh;Kfj;Njh;tpd; NghJ nra;af;$lhjit (Donts)


1. Njh;thshplk; tpthjk; nra;tNjh> Nfhgj;Jld; gjpy; $wNth $lhJ. 2. cly; kw;Wk; iffis Ml;bg; Ngrf; $lhJ.

kw;w EZf;fq;fs; (Other Techniques)


1. ey;y (Good) Rj;jkhd (Clean) gof;ftof;fq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; 2. jPa rfthrk; jtph;j;jy; 3. md;ghd mZFKiw (Soft approach) 4. kw;w tpz;zg;gjhuh;fs; / Nghl;bahsh;fs; - Tld; xg;gplhik (Non comparison) 5. ngw;Nwhh;fs; / Mrphpah;fs; / ez;gh;fs; - Tld; gpur;ridfisg; gfph;jy; 6. fye;jhNyhrpj;jy; (Counselling) 7. nghOJNghf;Ffs; / jsh;j;Jjy; (Relaxation) - elj;jy;> tpisahLjy;> g+q;fh / flw;fiu / Vhpf;fiu / tptrhaj; Njhl;lk; my;yJ fodp Nghd;witfSf;Fr; nry;Yjy; - ,ir> jpiug;glk; / njhiyf;fhl;rp / thndhyp - Xtpak;

BASIC INTERVIEW TIPS


An interview is a conversation between an employer and a candidate for both parties to learn more about each other for the purpose of filling a position within a company or organization. You and the interviewer each have a need: you want a job and the interviewer wants to find the right person to fill the job. If you receive an interview, chances are you have already been prescreened and meet all or most of the requirements the employer is looking for in a candidate. Typically this prescreening has been done through an application process and /or resumes review. The interview is an opportunity for further screening. Through an interview both parties start to form impressions of whether a fit exists between your qualifications/personality and the organization /position. To fill up the posts of various departments in the Government of TamilNadu, Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission (TNPSC) is conducting both written examination and interview to select the suitable candidate. What is the Commission seeking? Three main areas the Commission typically look at in the selection process: What can you do for us? If selected, how can you contribute to the department and/or organization differently than other interview candidates? This can be demonstrated through your educational background, prior experience, special skills and Knowledge. Why do you want to work under the Government? The Commission wants to make sure the candidate chosen has a solid understanding of the department and position. As a candidate you need to state why you want to work in a government posts/services. Also, you need to convey to the commission that you have a realistic picture of the job. What are you like once weve gotten to know you? The Commission is looking at areas such as your motivation, initiative, creativity, problem-solving abilities and team-work skills, and how these skills will continue once you are selected and part of the organization and department. 1. For all the posts, interview is held at the premises of the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission. Reach the venue one hour before the scheduled time. 2. During the day of interview take enough food and go cheerfully. 7

3. Gents: it is better to use dark colour pant and matching light colour shirts. You may choose a suitable tie and coat. 4. Ladies: it is better to use cotton sarees or churidars; 5. Do not use dresses of hard coloures. 6. Better, do not use brand new dresses while attending interviews as the candidate may not be familiar with the new dress which might cause irritation. 7. Use properly ironed cloths. 8. Gents should keep their normal hairstyle and be smart in appearance, preferably with shaved face. 9. Do not use excessive cosmetics. 10. Do not use excessive oil on the hair. 11. Do not have mobile with you while going to the interview. 12. Take a copy of the Bio-Date / Resume /CV together with a photo copy of application you have sent already to TNPSC with you. 13. Keep all certificates and documents in proper order in a plastic folder/file. 14. Always have 2 photocopies of certificates, you are going to produce to the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission duly attested by the gazette officer. 15. You will be asked to sit in a room for the verification of certificates. The officers who are working in Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission will come and verify the certificates. During that time discuss something relevant to the interview. 16. Do not make any noise in the room. 17. Do not exhibit any certificate unless asked for. 18. After the verification of certificates are over and once the interview has commenced you will be taken to the board by the assistants for the interview. You will be asked to sit in front of the board room for 2 3 minutes. 8

19. Non verbal Messages: Non- verbal language speaks larger than words. As you walk in the interview room, here are a few things that you must keep in mind. 20. Start it off like a winner. May I came in: Once the door of the interview chamber has been opened by the assistants, say May I come in Sir or May I come in . Say Good morning: with a pleasant smile and a positive and confident attitude. Posture: after wishing the interview board, stand erect nearby your seat. Say Thank you: once you are asked to take your seat, say thank you. Dont Fidget: There is nothing worse than people playing with their hair, clicking pen tops, tapping feet or unconsciously touching parts of the body. Eye Contact: Answer the questions looking straight at the face of the officer. Do not look here and there. Look the interviewer in the eye. Move your hands: Gesturing or talking with your hands is very natural, but keep it in moderation.

21. Be comfortable. Take a seat facing the interviewer, however, slightly off center, be sure that you are in a comfortable position. 22. Listen attentively. Listen to the questions, think carefully and give correct answers in a clear voice. 23. Avoid nervous mannerisms. Pay attention to nervous mannerisms. Every one is nervous to some extent; the key is to appear calm and composed. 24. Speak clearly. Use good grammar and a friendly tone. Try to avoid answer just yes or no to a question. Always clarify, expand on your answers. Be sure not to go on rambling. 25. Be positive and enthusiastic. Pump up your enthusiasm prior to the interview. Never whine gripe or complain about past employers, jobs, classes etc.

26. while giving answers to questions: a. Be Concise: Listen to the questions carefully and answer to the point. An interviewee rambling on is likely to turn off the interviewer. b. Provide Examples: Support your contentions with example. Think of recent strong strategic example of work youve done, then when the question is asked answer say I do not know Avoid incorrect answer with specifics, not in generalities. c. Be Honest: It is always better to state the truth than beating about the bush. If you are not sure about the answer say I do not know Avoid incorrect answers. d. Avoid jokes and loose talks. e. Do not argue with the Interviewer. f. Say Thanks/ Have a nice day/ Good day/ Have a pleasant day/ Have a wonderful day to the interviewer/ board at the end of the Interview. You have no way of knowing what specific questions will be asked of you during an interview. However, there are certain questions that are asked in nearly every interview, such as: 1. Tell me about yourself. 2. What are your extra curricular activities? 3. What are your Strengths? 4. What are you weaknesses? 5. How do you define success? 6. Where do you see yourself 5 years from now? 7. What are the specific achievements in your life? 8. What subjects did you like best in School/ College? 9. Why Maths/English/Physics? 10. Which are the books you read currently? 11. Which programs do you watch on TV? 12. What is your favourite book? 13. How do you spend your free time? 14. Which games you like to play the most?

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15. What will you do if you are not selected? 16. Tell me a joke. 17. Who is your role model and why? 18. Why did you prefer to college where you studied? 19. Why should we appoint you? 20. What is your dream job? 21. What kind of people do you enjoy working with? 22. What are your expectations from life? 23. Please narrate your work history and education in brief. 24. Can you describe your positive and negatives points? 25. Can you describe your leadership qualities with an example? 26. What are the things you find most uncomfortable in a post? 27. In your previous job, what kind of pressures did you encounter? 28. What is your long-term employment or career objective? 29. Why do you think you will be successful I such a post? 30. How does this post fit in with your overall career goals? 31. Who or what in your life influenced you most with your career objectives? 32. What would be your goal if you this post? 33. How would you describe yourself as a person? 34. What are the most important characteristics and abilities a person must possess to become a successful? 35. In your work experience, what have you done that you consider truly creative? 36. What kind of problems have people recently called on you to solve? Tell me what you have devised. 37. What was your most difficult decision in the last six months? What made it difficult? 38. What was the last major problem that you were confronted with? What action did you take on it? 11

39. Do you have a long and short-term for your department? Is it realistic? 40. What are the standards of success in your job? 41. When judging the performance of your subordinate, what factors or characteristics are most important to you? 42. In your present job, what approach do you take to get your people together to establish a common approach to a problem? 43. What approach do you take in getting your people to accept your ideas or department goals? 44. How do you get people who do not want to work together to establish a common approach to a problem? 45. Do you feel you work more effectively on a one to one basis or in a group situation? 46. Would you rather write a report or give a verbal report? Why? 47. Why did you choose this career? 48. Tell us something about your family background 49. Tell us about the problems in your hometown. What are the solutions to those problems? 50. Tell us about the headlines in the newspaper you have read today?

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CURRENT TOPICS ESSENTIAL FOR INTERVIEW PREPARATION


Topics Council of ministers, central and state Capitals, Governors and chief minister of states Heads of important offices Sports Tamilnadu Districts Commissions and committees Important originations [National, International] Banking related information Award Science and technology. Books and Author Important day [National, International] Basic information about Tamilnadu and India

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mg;gy;Nyh gapw;rp ikak; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs;


Mf];l; 22> 2010 igaD}h; fiyQh; efuk; jpiug;glf; fiyQh;fSf;F xU Vf;fh; gug;gstpy; 15 Mapuk; tPLfs; - Kjy;th; mbf;fy; ehl;bdhh;. ,lk;: nrd;id gy;fiyf;fof E}w;whz;L tpoh muq;F 64tJ Rje;jpu tpohtpy; jpl;lq;fs; mwptpg;G Kjy;th; fUzhepjp murpd; gy ey

1. jkpofj;jpy; rpW kw;Wk; FW tptrhapfSf;F jpwd;kpf;f Gjpa kpd; Nkhl;lhh; ,ytrk; 2. fiyQh; tPL toq;Fk; jpl;lj;jpy; fhd;fphPl; tPLfSf;F khdpak; 60>000 ,Ue;J 75>000 Mf cah;T midtUf;Fk; ,ilepiy fy;tpj;jpl;lk; [{iy 15> 2010 Jtf;fk; jQ;irapy; nrg;lk;gh; khjk; 25 kw;Wk; 26 Mfpa ehl;fspy; Nfhapy; 1000 Mz;L epiwtile;jij xl;b tpoh elj;jg;gLk; vd Mf];l; 13> 2010 md;W Kjy;th; mwptpg;G ,e;jpa &ghapd; Gjpa rpd;dk; ,uz;Lk; fye;j fyit Njtehfhp uh; Nuhkd; Mh; -

1. ehza kjpg;gpw;F jdpr;rpd;dk; nfhz;l Ie;jhtJ ehL ,e;jpah 2. jkpofj;ij Nrh;e;j Kk;ig I.I.b. khzth; cjaFkhh; cUthf;fpa rpd;dj;ij ,e;jpa &gha; rpd;dkhf kj;jpa muR xg;Gjy; [{iy 21> 2010 gs;sp rpwhh; fz;nzhsp fhg;Nghk; jpl;lk; Jtf;fk; 15 fpuhk Cuhl;rpfSf;F cj;jkh; fhe;jp tpUJ> jyh &.5 yl;rk; kw;Wk; Nflak; - [{iy 19> 2010 Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilapy; Jiz Kjy;th; toq;fy; khepy Njh;jy; Mizauhf jpU. iraJ KdPh; N`hlh Nk 22> 2010 epakdk;. Kd;G ,Ue;j D. re;jpuNrfh; Xa;T

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jkpof jiyik Njh;jy; mjpfhhpahf gputPd;Fkhh; epakdk; Kd;G ,Ue;j eNu~;Fg;jh Xa;T Mf];l; 27> cyf nrk;nkhopfs; cah; Ma;T jkpo;g;gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kjy;th; Jtf;fp itj;jhh;. ,e;jpa Gtpapay; Ma;Tj;Jiw ,ilNa Ghpe;Jzh;T xg;ge;jk;. kw;Wk; jkpo;ehL ikak; fdpk jQ;ir epWtdk;

Nkl;Lg;ghisak; Kjy; ehkf;fy;tiu gy;NtW gFjpapy; gpshl;bdk; gbkq;fs; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ. Mf];l; 4> 2010> xNu ehspy; %d;W ngUk; njhopw;rhiy xg;ge;jk;> jkpof Kjy;th; Kd;dpiyapy; 1. jput epiy vhpthA Kidak; jkpo;ehL njhopy; tsh;r;rp epWtdk; kw;Wk; ,e;jpad; Mapy; epWtdk; - ,ize;J kjpg;G 10 Mapuk; Nfhb - ,lk;: fhl;Lg;gs;sp (vz;Z}h; JiwKfk; mUNf) 2. vy;.rp.b kw;Wk; gpsh];kh b.tp cs;spl;l kpd;dZ nghUs; tPbNahfhd; epWtdk; - a+dpl;b mg;isad;]; ypkpnll; epWtdk; epWt kjpg;G 1500 Nfhb ,lk;: khdhkJiu rpg;fhl; njhopw;g+q;fh 3. N[.Nf. lah;]; epWtdk; - Gjpa lah; njhopw;rhiy kjpg;G 1500 Nfhb; ,lk;: jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; [{iy 31> 2010 fhl;Lg;gs;spapy; - fly; ePiuf; epiyak; jpwg;G Kjy;th; - nryT kjpg;G 2300 Nfhb FbePuhf;Fk;

illy; ghh;f tshfk; - Kjy;th; jpwg;G Nfhitapy; Mf];l; 2> ; 2010 rkr;rPh; fy;tp chpikr;rl;lk; - 2009 18 taJf;F cl;gl;l midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr> rkkhd kw;Wk; jukhd fl;lha fy;tp jha;nkhop %yk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ehL KOtJk; rkr;rPh; fy;tpf;fhf Mz;Lf;F &.73 Mapuk; Nfhb Njit vd;W Nfg; FO $wpAs;sJ. cyfj;jkpo; nrk;nkhop khehL 2010 [_d; khjk; 23 Kjy; 27 tiu eilngw;wJ

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gpwehl;L jkpoh;fis nfsutpf;Fk; tpUJfs;: 1. Fws;gPl tpUJ 2. njhy;fhg;gpah; tpUJ jkpo; kl;Lk; rk];fpUjj;ij jOtpg; gpwf;fhj nkhop jpuhtpl nkhopfspNyNa jiyahaJk; kpfg;nghpa nfhz;lJ jkpo;nkhop lhf;lh; fhy;Lnty; ghuk;ghpaj;ij

jkpo;nkhop nrk;nkhopahf mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W Kjy; Fuy; vOg;gpath; - fhy;Lnty; fhy;Lnty; fUj;ij mbg;gilahf itj;J kiwkiyabfshh; NjtNeag; ghthzh;> mth;fSk; jkpo;jhd; cyf nkhopfspNyNa Kjy; nrk;nkhop vd;W miw $ty; tpl;ldh;. 1996 Mk; Mz;L jp.K.f. jpUr;rp khehl;by; jkpo; kj;jpa murpd; mYtyf nkhopfspy; xd;whf mq;fPfhpf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ. 1998y; BJP Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j NghJ 1999 Mk; Mz;il rk];fpUj Mz;lhf mwptpj;jJ. 2004Mk; Mz;L jp.K.f. tpOg;Guk; khehl;by; jkpOf;F nrk;nkhop mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Nwj;jPUNthk; vd jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wpaJ. If;fpa Kw;Nghf;F $l;lzp mNkhf ntw;wp ngw;W Ml;rp mikj;j gpd;G 2004> [_d; khjk; Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; V.gp.N[. mg;Jy;fyhk; mth;fs; jdJ ghuhSkd;w ciuapy; jkpOf;F nrk;nkhop mq;fPfhuk; toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwptpj;jhh;. If;fpa Kw;Nghf;F muR> mf;Nlhgh; 12> 2004 jkpOf;F nrk;nkhop mq;fPfhuk; toq;fpaJ. fd;dpahFkhpapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s jpUts;Sth; rpiy nrk;nkhop khehl;bd; rpd;dkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jpUts;Sth; cUtg;glj;ij Rw;wp rpe;Erkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; milahsr; rpd;dq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. gpwg;nghf;Fk; my;yh caph;f;Fk; nrk;nkhop khehl;bd; Kj;jpiu thrfk;. vd;w ts;Stdpd; thrfk;

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nrk;nkhop khehl;Lg;ghly; jkpof Kjy;tuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;L> M];fhh; tpUJ ngw;w ,iraikg;ghsh; A.R. u`;khd; mth;fshy; ,iraikf;fg;gl;lJ. nrk;nkhop khehL> [_d; 23> 2010 md;W FbauRj;jiyth; gpujPgh ghl;By; mth;fshy; Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;lJ. fiyQh; K. fUzhepjp ehl;ilr;rhh;e;j nkhopapay; mth;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. nrk;nkhop jkpo;tpUJ gpd;yhe;J mwpQh; Dr. m];Nfhh;g;gh;Nghyh

rpe;Jntsp ehfhpf kf;fs; Ngrpa jpuhtpl nkhop jkpo; nkhopia xj;jpUe;jJ vd;W lhf;lh;. m];Nfhh;g;gh;Nghyh jdJ Muha;r;rpapy; fz;Lgpbj;jhh;. fiyQh; K. fUzhepjp nrk;nkhop jkpo; tpUJ lhf;lh;. m];Nfhg;gh;Nghyh mth;fSf;F nrk;nkhop Muha;r;rp ikaj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; ,izajs khehLk;> nrk;nkhop khehl;NlhL elj;jg;gl;lJ jkpof Kjy;th; epiwT ciuapy; 1. jkpo; tsh;r;rpf;fhf &.100 Nfhb epjpak; mikf;fg;gLk;. 2. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Mhpa> INuhg;gpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;L NjkJuj;jkpNohir cyfk; vy;yhk; guTk; tz;zk; toptif nra;ag;gLk;. 3. rq;fj;jkpo; fhZk; Ie;jpizfis Nghw;Wk; tifapy; jkpofj;jpy; 5 khtl;l ikaq;fspy;> 5 njhd; kugpay; g+q;fh Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. 4. kJiuapy; mikatpUf;Fk; njhy;fhg;gpah; nrk;nkhop jkpo;r;rq;fk; tUq;fhyq;fspy; nrk;nkhop khehLfis Kiwahf elj;Jtjw;F Vw;ghLfis nra;Ak;. 5. Fkhp fz;lj;jpYk;> g+k;GfhhpYk; mfo;thuha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;s eltbf;if vLf;fg;gLk;. 6. njhy;ypay; Muha;r;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F nrd;idapy; Xh; Muha;r;rp $lk; epWt Ntz;Lk;. 7. cyfj;jkpo; nrk;nkhop khehL ,dp Ie;jhz;LfSf;F xU Kiw eilngWk;. 8. jkpopy; gbj;jth;fSf;F muR Ntiyapy; Kd;Dhpik 9. nrk;nkhop khehl;L nryT 68.5 Nfhb &gha;. kJiu jy;yhFsk; gFjpapy; 14.15 Vf;fh; epyj;jpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; cyfj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; mikf;fg;gLk; ,q;F> jkpo; Ma;T muq;fk;
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mikf;fg;gl;L> mjpy; rq;fg; Gyth;fs; kw;Wk; jkpo; rhd;Nwhhpd; rpiy mikf;fg;gLk;. kJiu khtl;lk;> jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; Rw;Wr;#oy; g+q;fh mikf;fg;gLk;. 4 Nfhb &gha; kjpg;gPl;by;

jkpofj;jpy; Gjpa njhopw;Ngl;ilfs; mikf;fg;gl cs;s ,lq;fs; 1. jQ;ir khtl;lk; - ghiyag;gl;b fpuhkk; 2. jpUts;Sth; khtl;lk; - fhNthp uh[Guk; fpuhkk;> Vdk;ghf;fk; fpuhkk;. 3. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk; - nghd;dhFb 4. tpUJefh; khtl;lk; - re;jpug;gl;b fpuhkk; 5. GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lk; - khj;J}h; fpuhkk; (Fsj;J}h; tl;lk;) 6. f&h; khtl;lk; - khzthrp 7. NtY}h; khtl;lk; - my;yhy Nrhp (Mw;fhL tl;lk;)> ehfNyhp fpuhkk; 8. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; khtl;lk; - kapNyhpghisak; fpuhkk; jkpofj;jpy; Nkyit mikg;gjw;fhd jPh;khdk; thf;nfLg;G %yk; rl;lg;Nguitapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. (nkhj;jk;: 216 Ngh;; Mjuthf 155 Ngh;> vjpuhf 61 cWg;gpdh;) 1986y; M.G. uhkr;re;jpud; (Kd;dhs; Kjy;th;) ghpe;Jiuahy; Nkyit fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. mg;NghJ k.ngh. rptQhdk; jiyth; 2010 Nk> 16 FbauRj;jiyth; gpujPgh ghl;By; jkpofj;jpd; Nkyit kNrhjhTf;F xg;Gjy; mspj;jhh;. Nkyit mikf;Fk; gzpapd; rpwg;G Mizah; V.vk;.gp. [khYjPd; 1999Mk; Mz;L jkpo; ,iza khehl;by;> jkpo; ,izag;gy;fiyf; fofk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. nrd;id cah; ePjpkd;wk;> kJiu fpisapy; jkpopy; tof;Ffis thjhLtjw;F jkpof rl;lg;Nguitapy; jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa murpay; rl;ltpjp 348-,d; fPo; cah; ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tof;fhL nkhopahf Mq;fpyk; ePbf;Fk; vd jiyik ePjpgjp mYtyfk; njhptpj;jJ. 10 kw;Wk; +2> Njh;Tfspy; khzt> khztpfs; mjpf msT Njh;r;rp ngw;w khtl;lk; tpUJfs; khtl;lk; (25 Mz;Lfshf)

18

nrd;id mz;zhrhiyapy; Xke;J}uhh; murpdh; Njhl;lj;jpy; 25 Vf;fh; epyg;gug;gpy; 12.11.2008 Kjy; fl;lg;gl;L Gjpa rl;lg;Nguit tshfk; te;jJ. Gjpa rl;lg;Nguit jiyikr; nrayf tshfj;ij ghuj gpujkh; lhf;lh;. kd;Nkhfd; rpq; khh;r; 13> 2010 jpwe;J itj;jhh;. gpshf; V (A) rl;lkd;w tshf; gpshf; gp (B) jiyikr; nrayf tshf fl;blk; - 7 khb jkpof muRg;gzpapy; kfspUf;F 30% ,l xJf;fPL toq;fpa rl;lk; 1989 kiytho; goq;Fb kf;fSf;F xU tpOf;fhL jdp xJf;fPL toq;fpa rl;lk; - 1990 cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfspy; ngz;fSf;F 33% - ,l xJf;fPL toq;fpa rl;lk; - 1996 tptrhapfSf;F 7000 Nfhb &gha; $l;LwT fld; js;Sgb nra;j jpl;lk; - 2006 fhkuhrh; gpwe;jehs; fy;tp tsh;r;rp ehs; rl;lk; - 2006 ,];yhkpah;fSf;F 3.5% ,l xJf;fPL toq;fpa rl;lk; - 2007 ijj;jpq;fs; Kjy; ehs; jkpo; Gj;jhz;L njhlq;Fk; ehs; vd;w rl;lk; - 2008 mUe;jjpaUf;F 3.5% ,l xJf;fPL rl;lk; - 2009 fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; 21 ,yl;rk; FbirfSf;F gjpyhf fhd;fphPl; tPLfs; fl;Lk; jpl;lk; - 2010 jkpo;ehL kfsph; Mizaj;jpw;F Gjpa jiytuhf Kd;dhs; mikr;rh; rw;Fz ghz;bad; epakdk;. jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuj;ij giwrhw;Wk; fpuhkpaf; fiytpoh> ehd;fhtJ Mz;lhf 2010> [dthp 10 nrd;id rq;fkk; njhlq;fpaJ. (Jan 10 Kjy; Jan 17 tiu) jkpof MSeh; Rh;[pj;rpq; gh;dhyh jkpof rl;lrigapy; 2010> [dthp 6 ciuahw;wpdhh;.
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4tJ khepy epjpf;FO Nf. gzpe;jpunul;b jiyikapy; mikg;G nrd;id ejpePh; Mizaj;jiyth; Jiz Kjy;th; K.f. ];lhypd; $tk; MW cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lkhd jpUts;Sth; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s $tk; Vhpapy; ,Ue;J mJ flypy; fyf;Fk; ,lk; tiu nkhj;jk; 65 fp.kP J}uk;. je;ij nghpahh; epidthf rkj;Jt Guq;fs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. jpUth&hpy; kj;jpa gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlf;fk; nrg;lk;gh; 30> 2009. rkr;rPh; fy;tpKiw tUk; 2010-11 fy;tpahz;by; ,Ue;J mky;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W jkpof Kjy;th; mwptpg;G ,e;j fy;tp Mz;by; 1 kw;Wk; 6 tFg;Gfspy; rkr;rPh; fy;tpf;fhd nghJ ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghl E}y;fis cUthf;fp nray;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd fUzhepjp cj;juT. thfd cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tbtikg;gpy; jkpo;ehL Kjyplk; jpUth&h; kj;jpa gy;fiyf;fofj;ij njhlq;fpitj;j kj;jpa kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw mikr;rh; fgpy;rpgpy; jkpofj;jpy; eNthja gs;spfSf;F khepy muR mDkjp juNtz;Lk; vd Ntz;LNfhis Kd;itj;jhh;. nghUshjhu typikapy; jkpofk; 4Mk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ jkpofj;jpy; Mz;L tUkhdk; &gha; 72>000f;F Fiwthf cs;s Vio FLk;gq;fs; gad;ngWk; tifapy; cah; rpfpr;irf;fhd fiyQh; fhg;gPl;Lj;jpl;lj;jpid kj;jpa Rfhjhuj;Jiw mikr;rh; Fyhk; egp Mrhj; nrd;idapy; [{iy 23> 2009 jkpof Kjy;th; Kd;dpiyapy; njhlq;fpdhh;. kUj;Jtf; fUtpfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fs; jahhpg;gjw;fhf xUq;fpize;j kUj;Jtg;g+q;fhit nrq;fy;gl;by; mika cs;sjhf Rfhjhuj;Jiw mikr;rh; Fyhk; egp Mrhj; mwptpg;G nrq;fy;gl;by; cs;sJ. xUq;fpize;j Neha;jLg;G kUe;J tshfk; mika

20

jkpofj;jpNyNa Kjyhtjhf 3-MtJ jiyKiw (3G) vd miof;fg;gLk; 3G nry;Nghd; Nrit Nfhit kw;Wk; ePyfphp khtl;lj;jpy; [dthp 24> 2010 njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; ,iza khehL mf;Nlhgh; 23> 2009 md;W n[h;kdpapy; eilngw;wJ. (fzpdptop fhz;Nghk; jkpo;) khehL ikafUj;J. jkpo; ,iza khehl;by; jkpof muR gpujpepjpahf mz;zh gy;fiyf;fof Kd;dhs; JizNte;jh; K. mde;jfpU~;zd; fzpdpj;jkpo; rq;fj;jiyth; Mz;Nlh gPl;lh;> jkpo; ,iza gy;fiyf;fof ,af;Feh; ef;fPud; cs;gl 15f;F Nkw;gl;Nlhh; ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J fye;J nfhz;ldh;. jkpo;ehl;by; mhpaY}h; mUNf cs;s fpuhkj;jpy; ilNdhrh; Kl;ilfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd

ilNdhrh; Kl;ilfs; nfhs;splk; nts;shw;Wf;F ,ilNa Mw;Wg;gLif mUNf epytpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; mfo;thuha;r;rp nra;j NghJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. Mf];l; 9> 2009 jpUts;Sth; rpiy ngq;f@hpy; jkpof Kjy;th; jpwe;jhh;. Mf];l; 13> 2009 fd;dl ftpQh; rh;tf;Qh; rpiy nrd;idapy; fh;ehlf Kjy;th; jpwe;jhh;. M.P. f;fs; khjk; 16 Mapuk; rk;gsk; ngw;wdh; (gioa Cjpak;) vk;.gpf;fs; rk;gsj;ij 80 Mapuj;J xU &ghahf cah;j;j Ntz;Lk; vd ghh;ypnkz;l; $l;Lf;FO ghpe;Jiu nra;jJ. kj;jpa mikr;ruit> vk;.gp. rk;gsk; 50 Mapuk; vd xg;Gjy; mspj;jJ. njhFjp kw;Wk; mYtyf mytd;];fs; khjk; jyh 20>000 vd;gJ 40 Mapuk; &ghahf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. ,J NghjhJ vd vk;.gpf;fs; ghh;ypnkz;by; mksp. Mf];l; 22> 2010 mikr;ruit $l;lj;jpy; vk;.gpf;fs; rk;gsk; khjk; njhFjp mytd;rhf 45 Mapuk;> mYtyf mytd;rhf 45>000 &gha; rk;gsk; 50>000 Nrh;j;J khjk; xd;Wf;F 1.40 yl;rk; &gha; ngWthh;fs;.

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Kd;dhs; kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs; gphpauQ;rd;jh]; Kd;~p> Kusp kNdhfh; N[h~p> Nkhfd;rpq; (rkh[;thb fl;rp %j;j jiyth;) MfpNahUf;F 2007> 2008> 2009 Mk; Mz;bw;fhd rpwe;j ehlhSkd;wthjp tpUJ Mf];l; 18k; Njjp GJby;ypapy; FbauRj;jiyth; toq;fpdhh;. National Innovation Council Njrpa GJikf;FO jpU. rhk; gpl;Nuhlh mth;fspd; jiyikapy; Njrpa GJikf;FO mikf;f gpujkh; mDkjp. ,e;jf; FO ,e;jpahtpd; tsh;r;rpf;fhd gy;NtW fhuzpfis Muha;e;J 2010-2020 tiuapyhd gj;jhz;L fhyj;jpw;F GJikahd Mf;fg;g+h;t tsh;r;rp eltbf;iffs; gw;wp muRf;F MNyhrid toq;f mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. #g;gh; gf; Neha;f;fpUkp: Kjy; Kjyhf nly;yp kUj;Jtkidapy; ,e;Neha;f;fpUkp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljhy; ,jd; ngah; vd;.b.vk;-1 (epa+nly;yp nkl;ly;Nyh gPl;lh Nyf;lNk];) ve;j kUe;Jf;Fk; fl;Lg;glhjjhy; #g;gh;gf; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jpa Njh;jy; Mizak; 1950> [dthp 25 cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Mz;L 2010 jdJ itutpoh nfhz;lhbaJ. Nlq;fh;fis jhf;fp mopf;fty;y> ehf; VTfizapd; ghpNrhjid ntw;wpfukhf [{iy 16> 2010 md;W uh[];jhdpy; eilngw;wJ. (2011y; ,uhZtj;jpy; Nrh;f;fg;glTs;sJ) ,e;jpahtpy; KjyhtJ ghJfhg;G gy;fiyf;fofk; 1. ,e;jpa Njrpa ghJfhg;G gy;fiyf;fofk; 2. Indian National Defence University - `hpahdh khepyj;jpd; Fh;fhd; gFjpapy; igNdhy vd;w ,lj;jpy; &gha; 300 Nfhb kjpg;gpy; mikf;fg;gLk; vd mwptpg;G. fhkd;nty;j; Nghl;bapy; 16 jpl;lq;fspy; KiwNfLfs; Coy; ele;jpUg;gij kj;jpa yQ;r xopg;G Mizak; fz;Lgpbj;Js;sJ. Nfh`pD}h; ituk; vil 105 fhul; Vg;uy; 6> 2010 rj;jP];fh; khepyk; je;Njthlh vd;w khNthap];Lfs; elj;jpa td;Kiw jhf;FjYf;F 75f;Fk; rp.Mh;.gp.v/g;. fhtyh;fs; gyp. ,lj;jpy; Nkw;gl;l

INS fNkhh;jh vd;gJ ,e;jpahtpd; KjyhtJ ePh;%o;fpf; fg;giyj; jhf;ff;$ba ,e;jpa flw;gilapd; Nghh;f;fg;gy; MFk;.

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[_d; 10> 2010 ,e;jpahTk;> ,yq;ifAk; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G> tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Fbngah;e;j jkpoh;fspd; kWtho;T cs;spl;l 7 xg;ge;jq;fs; ifnaOj;J. INS rpthypf; - Nulhh; fUtpfSf;F Gyg;glhj KjyhtJ Nghh;f;fg;gy; - ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; cs;ehl;L njhopy; El;gj;jpy; cUthdJ jhNkhjud; fkpl;b : tq;fpapy; thbf;ifahsh;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; Nritfspy; FiwghLfis fisaTk;> rpwe;j Nritf;fhd toptiffis fz;lwpa (SEBI Kd;dhs; ,af;Fdh; jhNkhjud;) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. FNu~p [{iy 30 Kjy; jiyik Njh;jy; fkp~duhf nghWg;G Me;jpukhepyk; flg;gh khtl;lj;jpw;F kiwe;j Kjy;th; uh[Nrfunul;b khtl;lk; vd ngah; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. Y.S.

,e;jpah fdlh ehLfSf;F ,ilNa> tuyhw;W rpwg;G kpf;f rptpy; mZrf;jp xg;ge;jk; [{d; 2 ifnaOj;jhdJ. [{d; 2> 2010 ICC jiytuhf ruj;gthh; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. Njdp khtl;lk; Njtrhuk; mUNf mk;gug;gh; fhl;Lg;gFjpapy; cyfpNyNa kpfg;nghpa kpd;fhe;jkhf ,e;jpad; epa+l;bhpNdh mg;rh;Ntl;lhp (INO) mika cs;sJ. nryT 60 Nfhb Njrpa kdpj chpik Mizaj;jpd; 6tJ jiytuhf cr;rePjpkdw; Kd;dsh; jiyik ePjpgjp Nf.[p. ghyfpU~;zd; epakdk;. Vh; khh;~y; g+~z; ePyfz;l NfhfNy jiyikapy; FO mikg;G kq;f@U tpkhd tpgj;J Fwpj;J. H1N1 ituirf; nfhy;Yk; th]p/GS vd;Dk; jLg;g+rp kUe;J jahhpg;G - ,J %f;F topNa nrhl;L kUe;jhf mspf;fg;gLk; (Naso vac) 38tJ jiyik ePjpgjpahf (cr;r ePjpkd;wk;) r^uh]; N`hkp fghbah epakdk;. ,th; nrg;lk;gh; 29> 2012 tiu gjtpapy; ,Ug;ghh;. ngz;fSf;fhd ,l xJf;fPL kNrhjh khh;r; 9> 2010 epiwNtwpaJ.
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100%

Muk;gfy;tpia

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s 6 taJ Kjy; 14 taJ tiuapyhd midj;J Foe;ijfSk; fy;tp ngWtij mbg;gil chpikahf;Fk; rl;lk; ehL KOtJk; 2010> Vg;uy; 1 Kjy; mkYf;F te;jJ. murpay; rhrdj;jpd; 86tJ gphptpy; fy;tpia mbg;gil chpikahf;Fk; kNrhjh 2002 Mk; Mz;L ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. K];yPk;fSf;F 4 rjtPjk; ,l xJf;fPL mspg;gjw;F Me;jpu muRf;F ,ilf;fhy mDkjp toq;fp cs;sJ cr;rePjpkd;wk;. rl;l fkp~d; jiytuhf gp.tp.nul;b epakdk;. v];.b. nlz;Ly;fh; jiyikapy; epakpf;fg;gl;l tWik mstPl;Lf;FO nrg;lk;gh; - 2009 mspj;j kjpg;gPl;bd;gb ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapy; 38% tWikapy; cs;sdh;. MLA, MP, Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapl tpUk;Gk; egh;fSf;F nlghrpl; njhif cah;T nlghrpl; njhif cah;T khepy rl;lrigf;F - &.10>000 (Kd;G &.5>000) jho;j;jg;gl;l> goq;Fb egh;fSf;F - &.5>000 (Kd;G 2>500) kf;fsitf;F Nghl;bapl tpUk;GNthh; - &.25>000 (Kd;G 10>000) jho;j;jg;gl;l> goq;Fbapd egh;fSf;F - &.12>500 (Kd;G 5>000) ehl;bd; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk; Kjd;Kjyhf gy;Nehf;F Njrpa milahs vz; toq;fg;glTs;sJ. iftpuy; Nuif my;yJ tpopj;jpiu milahskhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jd; jiyik nray; mjpfhhp ee;jd; ePyNfzp epakdk;. Kjy; fl;lkhf ehl;bd; flNyhu milahs vz; toq;fg;glTs;sJ. khepyq;fspy; trpg;gth;fSf;F

INS Arihant - ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZrf;jp ePh;%o;fp fg;gy; [{iy 26> 2009 md;W ,e;jpa flw;gilapy; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. xNrhNdhrhl; - 2 (fly;rhh; tsq;fisg;gw;wp Muha) ,e;jpahtpy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. nrg;lk;gh; 23> 2009 md;W PSLV C14 uhf;nfl; gpwehLfspy; 6 ehNdh nraw;if Nfhs;fis Rke;J nrd;wJ.

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Ie;J fl;lq;fshf Vg;uy; 16 Kjy; Nk 13 tiu kf;fsit Njh;jy; eilngw;wJ. If;fpa Kw;Nghf;Ff; $l;lzp 262 ,lq;fis ifg;gw;wpaJ. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; - 206 BJP 116 rkh[;thb [djh fl;rp 23 gF[d; rkh[; fl;rp 21 If;fpa [djh jsk; - 20 AIADMK 9 RNar;ir 9 jphpzhKy; fhq;fpu]; - 19 DMK 18 khh;f;rp];l; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp 17 gp[{ [djh jsk; - 14 rptNrdh 11 Njrpathj fhq;fpu]; - 9 njYq;F Njrk; - 9

Nk 22> 2009 kd;Nkhfd; rpq; gpujkuhf gjtp Vw;whh;. 15tJ kf;fsit rghehafh; - jpUkjp. kPuhFkhh; Jiz rghehafh; - fhpa Kz;lh (BJP) ,ir cyfpy; toq;fg;gLk; kpf cahpa tpUJ fpuhkp tpUJ (fpuhk Nghd; tpUJ - ,ir cyfpd; M];fhh; vd fUjg;gLtJ) 2009Mk; mz;L 52tJ fpuhkp tpUJ A.R. uFkhDf;F 2 tpUJfs;. xU tpUJ ];yk;lhf; kpy;ypadh; glj;Jf;fhfTk; kw;nwhd;W n[a;N`h ghlYf;F ,ir mikj;jw;fhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. kugZ fj;jhpf;fha;f;F 11 khepyq;fspy; vjph;g;G ,e;jpahtpy; gaph; nra;a mDkjp fpilahJ vd;W kj;jpa muR mwptpg;G 2010y; 108 Mz;LfSf;F gpwF mw;Gj fq;fz #hpa fpufzk; kJiu> fd;dpahFkhp> ,uhNk];tuk;> jD];Nfhb Mfpa ,lq;fspy; KOikahf fhl;rp mspj;jJ. 97tJ ,e;jpa mwptpay; khehL> [dthp 3> 2010 md;W Nfus khepyk; jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; njhlq;fpaJ. Njrpa mwptpay; kw;Wk; nghwpapay; Muha;r;rp thhpak; 2010 khh;r; Kjy; nray;gl njhlq;fpaJ. 2011 [dthpapy; 98tJ ,e;jpa mwptpay; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; eilngw cs;sJ. (nrd;id) khehL S.R.M.

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,e;jpahtpy; 31 rjtPj K];yPk;fs; tWikf; Nfhl;bw;F fPo; ,Ug;gjhf Njrpa gad;ghl;L nghUspay; Ma;Tf;FOtpd; Ma;T $Wfpd;wJ. fg;gypy; ,Ue;J nrq;Fj;jhfr; rPwpr; nrd;W vjphp ehl;L fg;giy jhf;fp mopf;fty;y #g;gh; rhdpf; gpuNkh]; VTfizia ,e;jpahtpy; ntw;wpfukhf Nrhjpj;jJ ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. (xhprh tq;ff;fly;) gpuNkh]; gpu means gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejpia Fwpf;Fk; Nkh]; means u~;ahtpd; kh];Nfh efiu Fwpf;Fk; G. khjtd; ehah;> rh;tNjr tpz;ntsp mfhlkpapd; (IAA) jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. IAA jiyikaplk; ghhP]py; cs;sJ ,e;jpah u~;ah ,ilNa rptpy; mZrf;jp xg;ge;jk; brk;gh; 7> 2009 md;W ifnaOj;jhdJ. (National Water Animal) ek; ehl;bd; Njrpa ePh;tho; tpyq;Fr;rpd;dkhf lhy;/gpd; Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. lhy;/gpd; ,e;jpahtpy; fq;fh (Ganges) fq;if kw;Wk; gpuk;kGj;jpuh ejpfspy; ,e;jpahTf;Fk; tq;fhs Njrj;Jf;Fk; ,ilNa mjpfk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhfpj Nehl;bw;F gjpyhf ghypkh; Nehl;Lfis mwpKfg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Kjd; Kjypy; ghypkh; Nehl;Lfs; 1988y; M];jpNuypahtpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Mrpa rpq;fspd; fzf;nfLg;G 2010: F[uhj;jpd; fph; tdg;gFjpapy; rpq;fk; fzf;nfLg;G eilngw;wJ. 2005 fzf;nfLg;gpy; nkhj;j rpq;fk; : 358 2010 fzf;nfLg;gpy; nkhj;j rpq;fk; : 411 kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;G> jw;NghJ 15MtJ Kiwahf Vg;uy; 1> 2010y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;Nghija kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;gpd; Kof;fk; ek; kf;fs; fzf;nfLg;G> ek; vjph;fhyk; (Our Census, our future) Guh (PURA) Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas murhq;f jpl;lq;fSf;F> jdpahh; Jiwapd; nray;ghl;il gad;gLj;jp> eyj;jpl;lq;fis> Fwpg;ghf fpuhkq;fspy; nray;gLj;jNy MFk;.

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Me;jpu Kjy;th; uh[Nrfu nul;b nrg;lk;gh; 2> 2009 md;W fh;D}y; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ey;ykiy fhLfspd; gTuyh Fl;lh gFjpapy; eilngw;w n`ypfhg;lh; tpgj;jpy; cly; rpjwp caph; ,oe;jhh;. njhiyj;njhlh;Gj;Jiwapd; gpjhkfd; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; rhk; gpj;Nuhlh gpujkhpd; MNyhrfuhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. NkYk; Njrpa mwpT rhh; FOtpd; jiytuhf cs;shh;. (National Knowledge Commission) xUehs; rh;tNjr fphpf;nfl; Nghl;bfspy; rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fh; ,ul;il rjk; mbj;jhh;. gpg;uthp 2010 Fthypah; efhpy; ,e;jpah njd; Mg;gphpf;f mzpfSf;F ,ilNa eilngw;w 2tJ xU ehs; rh;tNjr fphpf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; ,e;j rhjid epfo;e;jJ. rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fh; xU ehs; rh;tNjr fphpf;nfl; Nghl;bapy; 17>000 ud; fle;j Kjy; tPuh; vd;fpw ngUikia rr;rpd; nlz;Ly;fh; ngw;Ws;shh;. (India Vs Australia) mzpfSf;F vjpuhd i`juhghj; efhpy; eilngw;w xUehs; Nghl;bapy; ,e;j rhjidia nlz;Ly;fh; gilj;jhh;. NeU Nfhg;ig fhy;ge;J Nghl;bapy; ,e;jpah 6 5 vd;w Nfhy; fzf;fpy; rphpahit ntd;W Nfhg;igia jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. kj;jpa murpd; kpfTk; gpugykhd Njrpa Cuf Ntiytha;g;G cWjp jpl;lj;Jf;F kfhj;kh fhe;jp ngaiur; #l;l kj;jpa muR KbT [k;K fh~;kPh; gpugy gj;jphpf;ifahsh; - vOj;jhsh; - kdpj chpik Mh;tyuhd gy;uh[;g+hpf;F Njrpa xUikg;;ghl;lf;fhd ,e;jpuh fhe;jp tpUJ toq;fg;gl;lJ. kp];Adpth;]; - 2010> mnkhpf;fhtpy; yh];Ntfh]; efhpy; ele;j 2010Mk; Mz;bw;fhd kp];Adpth;]; Nghl;bapy; nkf;rpNfh ehl;il Nrh;e;j [pNkdh egul;Nl mofp gl;lk; ntd;whh;. 16tJ njd;fpof;F Mrpa ehLfs; khehL Vg;uy; 9> 2010 md;W `h Neha; (Ha Noi) tpal;ehkpy; eilngw;wJ. 17tJ cr;rpkhehL mf;Nlhgh; khjk; ,e;NjhNd~pahtpy; eilngwTs;sJ. 16tJ rhh;f; khehL 2010> Vg;uy; 28> 29 Njjpfspy; g+l;lhd; jiyefuk; jpk;Gtpy; eilngw;wJ.

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G15 ehLfspd; cr;rpkhehL 14tJ khehL Nk 17 Kjy; 20 tiu> 2010 nj`;uhd; (<uhd;) ehl;by; eilngw;wJ. 15tJ cr;rpkhehL 2012y; ,yq;ifapy; eilngWk;.
4 tJ I.gp.v];.V khehL gpNurpypy; eilngw;wJ (,e;jpah> gpNurpy;> njd; Mg;gphpf;f ehLfis Fwpf;Fk;). nts;sp fpufj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf [g;ghd; jdJ KjyhtJ nraw;if Nfhshd mfhl;Rfpia H 2 A vd;w uhf;nfl; %yk; Nk 21> 2010 md;W [g;ghdpd; njw;F gFjp jNdfh~pkh vd;w tpz;ntsp epiyaj;jpypUe;J nrYj;jpaJ. fd;rh;Ntbt; fl;rpj; jiyth; Nltpl; Nfk&d; mth;fs; ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhf Nk 21> 2010 gjptpNaw;whh;. 2010 Jan 12 fhPgpad; fly; gFjpapd; ehlhd i`jp jPtpy; hpf;lh; msTNfhspy; 7 Gs;spfs; jpwd; nfhz;l gaq;fu epyeLf;fk; Vw;gl;lJ. (2>30>000 Ngh; - kuzk;). Jghapy; 160 jsq;fs; nfhz;l cyfpd; caukhd fl;llk; Gh;[;fhyp/gh Jan 4> 2010 jpwf;fg;gl;lJ 2>625 mb cauk; cyfpd; kpf cahe;j fl;llk;. ,d;GT+ad;rh H1N1 ];itd;/g;S vdg;gLk; Neha; - itu]; Neha; njhw;W Shangai co-operation org onsation Summit 10 tJ cr;rpkhehL [Pd; 11> 2010 md;W c];ngfp];jhd; ehl;L jiyefh; jh~;nfz;l; efhpy; eilngw;wJ. mnkhpf;f mjpgh; ghuf;xghkh 2009 Mk; Mz;bd; mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpRf;F Njh;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;shh;. khyj;jPtpy; flYf;fbapy; mikr;ruitf; $l;lk; eilngw;wJ. flYf;fbapy; mikr;ruitf; $l;lk; elj;jg;gLtJ cyfpNyNa ,JNt Kjy; KiwahFk; (Gtpapd; ntg;gepiy mjpfhpj;J tUtij czh;j;Jk; tifapy; ,f;$l;lk; eilngw;wJ). gUtepiy khw;wk; Fwpj;j Nfhgd;N`fd; cr;rpkhehL 2009> brk;gh; 7 to 18 tiu jl;gntg;gk; Fwpj;j khehl;by; 193 ehLfspypUe;J jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; Mh;tyh;fs; gq;Nfw;wdh;. re;jpudpy; jz;zPh; cs;sJ vd;W ,e;jpah mDg;gpa re;jpuahd;-1 tpz;fyk; fz;Lgpbj;Jf; $wpAs;sJ.
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nrg;lk;gh; 12> 1996 Mk; Mz;L NjtfTlh gpujk ke;jphpahf ,Ue;j NghJ ngz;fs; ,lxJf;fPL kNrhjh jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;lJ> khh;r; 9> 2010 khfhzq;fs; mitapy; [Rajya Sabha] xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpofj;jpy; 2005 Mk; Mz;by; tlfpof;Fg; gUtkiof; fhyj;jpd; NghJ ehd;FKiw ngWkio nga;jjhy; 22 khtl;lq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. 2008 tlfpof;Fg; gUtkioahy;> ep~h Gayhy; 12 khtl;lq;fs; gyj;j Nrjk; Vw;gl;lJ. jhkpuguzp fUNkdpahW ek;gpahW ,izg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpw;F 9.2.2009 md;W jkpof Kjy;tuhy; mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ. 2009 [dthp 1 Kjy; fhiy 10 kzp kJf;filfs; ,aq;Fk; vd;W muR Miz Kjy; ,uT 10 kzp tiu

rpwg;Gg; nghJ tpepNahfj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2.10.2008 Kjy; gj;J kspifg; nghUs;fs; nkhj;jkhf &gha; 50 vd;w kypthd tpiyapy;> epaha tpiyf; filfs; %yk; midj;Jf; FLk;g ml;iljhuh;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;LtpUfpd;wJ. ney;iy khtl;lk; fq;if nfhz;lhdpy; V.b.rp. lah;]; vd;w epWtdKk; (Gjpa lah; njhopw;rhiy) nguk;gY}h; khtl;lk; MRF epWtdk; Gjpa lah; njhopw;rhiy. Nfhit khtl;lk; gy;ylj;jpy; R];yhd; epWtdk; Gjpa fhw;whiyg; ghfq;fs; cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;rhiyAk;> jpUtz;zhkiy khtl;lk; nra;ahwpy; FNuhj;ypq; epWtdk; etPdf; fhyzp njhopw;rhiyAk; mike;J tUfpd;wd. epyj;jb ePhpy; /g;NshiuL mjpfk; cs;s jUkGhp kw;Wk; fpU~;zfphp khtl;lq;fspd; FbePh; gpur;rpidf;F epue;juj; jPh;thd XNfdf;fy; $l;Lf;FbePh; jpl;lj;jpw;F 26.2.2008 md;W jkpof Kjy;tuhy; mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ (&gha; 1>330 Nfhb nryT). ,uhkehjGuk;> rptfq;if> GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lq;fspy; cs;s twzl gFjpfspd; FbePh; Njitia epiwT nra;a &gha; 616 Nfhb kjpg;gPl;by; ,uhkehjGuk; $l;Lf; FbePh;jpl;lk; gzp eilngw;WtUfpd;wJ. &gha; 908 Nfhb nrytpy; nrd;id mUNfAs;s nek;Nkypapy;> ehs;NjhWk; 100 kpy;ypad; ypl;lh; mstpw;F fly; ePiu FbePuhf;Fk; jpl;lk; eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.

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jpUr;rpapy; ,e;jpa Nkyhz;ikf; fy;tp epWtdj;ijAk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; cyfj;juk; tha;e;j gy;fiyf;fofj;ijAk;> jpUth&hpy; kj;jpa gy;fiyf; fofk; mikf;f kj;jpa muR mDkjp. tpOg;Guk;> jpz;btdk;> gz;Ul;b> jpUf;Ftis> ,uhkehjGuk; kw;Wk; mhpaY}h; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; XNu Mz;by; MW muR nghwpapay; fy;Y}hpfis mikj;jJ muR. kJuthaypypUe;J nrd;id JiwKfj;jpw;F &gha; 1>655 Nfhb kjpg;gPl;by; gwf;Fk; rhiy mikg;gjw;fhd jpl;lk; kj;jpa murhy; xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;gl;L 8.1.2009 md;W Kjyikr;rh; Kd;dpiyapy; ghuj gpujkh; kd;Nkhfd;rpq; mth;fshy; mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. &gha; 14>600 Nfhb kjpg;gPl;by; nkl;Nuh ,uapy; jpl;lk; Xa;T ngw;w cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh; jpU. M.S. [dhh;j;jdk; mth;fisf; nfhz;l xU egh; FO> mwpf;if gb mUe;jjpah;f;F 3 rjtPj cs; xJf;fPL toq;Ftjw;F rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. 2008 - mz;zhgjf;fk; (tPujpur;nraYf;fhf) - jhgpj; myp (,uhkehjGuk); - rhyk;khs; (fpU~;zfphp) kj;jpa murpd; [Ptd;uf;~h gjf;fk; - jpU. uhjhfpU~;zd; Nfhl;il mkPh; kjey;ypzf;fg; gjf;fk; - M.M.S. mg;Jy; t`hg;

nrd;id mUNf cj;jz;bapy; 31.12.2008 md;W> ,e;jpahtpNyNa Kjy; Kiwahf jkpo;ehl;by; fly;rhh; gy;fiyf;fofk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpof Kjy;;th; njhlq;fpdhh;. nrd;id mUfpy; Xuflj;jpy; &gha; 470 Nfhb &gha; KjyPlby; Njrpa ; Nkhl;lhh; thfdr; Nrhjid kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp cs;spl;l tsh;r;rp fl;likg;G ikak; 4.11.2006 md;W mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;lJ. 2 Mapuj;J 427 Nfhb &gha; kjpg;gPL NrJ rKj;jpuj;jpl;lk; 2.7.2005 md;W kJiuapy; njhlq;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ. 8.1.2009 ntspehL tho; ,e;jpah;fs; khehL nrd;idapy; Dr. kd;Nkhfd;rpq; Jtq;fp itj;jhh;. kjpg;G $l;L thp jkpofj;jpy; 1.1.2007 Kjy; mky; gLj;jg;gl;lJ 2005-2006 Mk; Mz;by; czT jhdpa cw;gj;jp jkpofj;jpy; 61 yl;rk; ld; 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;by; czT jhdpa cw;gj;jp jkpofj;jpy; 84 yl;rk; ld;.

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tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh; xa;T+jpak; khjk; 3000 Kjy; 4000 &gha; cah;T> Flk;g xa;T+jpak; &gha; 1500ypUe;J 2000 Mf cah;T 1.5.2007 Kjy; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. kj;jpa ntspAwTj; Jiwapd; fpis mYtyfk; 26.8.2008 Kjy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 17.12.2007 Kjy; kJiuapYk;> 14.9.2008 Kjy; NfhitapYk; flTr;rPl;L mYtyfk; (Passport office) njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. 2005 2006 Mk; Mz;L &gha; 7>528 Nfhbahf ,Ue;j r%fg; ghJfhg;G jpl;lq;fSf;fhd epjp xJf;fPL> 2009 2010 ,y; &gha; 15>520 Nfhbahf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. 11-tJ Ie;jhz;Lj;jpl;lk; 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;LKjy; &gha; 85>344 Nfhb kjpg;gPl;by; nray;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. 2007-2008 Mk; Mz;by; &gha; 14>000 Nfhb xJf;fPl;bYk; 2008-2009 Mk; Mz;by; &gha; 16>000 Nfhb kjpg;gPl;by; jpl;lg;gzpfs; nray; gLj;jg;gl;L> 2009-2010 Mk; Mz;by; &gha; 17>500 Nfhb mstpy; jpl;lg;gzpfs; nray; gLj;jg;glcs;sd. muR mYtyh;fs;> Xa;T+jpah;fs; kw;Wk; xa;T+jpah;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; mftpiyg;gbia 1.1.2007 Kjy; 29% ,Ue;J 35% rjtPjkhfTk;> 1.7.2007 Kjy; 35% ,Ue;J 41% khfTk; 1.1.2008 Kjy; 41% ,Ue;J 47% khfTk;> 1.7.2008 Kjy; 47% ,Ue;J 54% khfTk;> 1.1.2009 Kjy; 54% ,Ue;J 64% khfTk;> kj;jpa muRf;F ,izahf cah;j;jp toq;fg;gl;lJ.

24.9.2007 md;W Xa;T+jpah;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l gz;bif Kd;gzk; &gha; 500 ,Ue;J 1000 khf cah;T 21.12.2006 ,y; njhlq;fg;gl;l www.tn.gov.in/karavoolam vd;Dk; fUT+y ,izj;jsj;jpd; %yk; gy gaDs;s jfty;fis Rygkhfg; ngwKbtNjhL> ,e;jpa muR> khepy fzf;fhah; kw;Wk; hprh;t; tq;fp Nghd;w gy Kf;fpa ,izj;jsq;fisf; fhz ,izg;G trjp cs;sJ. ika murpd; gpzahsh; mikr;rfk;> nghJ FiwjPhgG ; ; kw;Wk; Xa;T+jpaj;Jiw> ,e;j www.tn.gov.in ,izajsj;ij (2007-2008) mq;fPfhpj;J jq;fg;gjf;fj;ij ghprhf mspj;jJ. jkpo; ehl;bw;fhd gjpNdhuhtJ Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; (2007-2012) jpl;lj;jpw;F &gha; 85>344 Nfhb mstpy; kj;jpa jpl;lf;FO xg;Gjy; mspj;Js;sJ. ,e;j jpl;lfhyj;jpy; khepy nghUshjhuj;ij Mz;nlhd;wpw;F ruhrhpahf 9% mstpw;F tsh;r;rp milar; nra;tijf; Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;L jkpof muR jpl;lq;fis tFj;J nray;gLfpd;wJ.

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nrd;id nklNuh uapy; jpl;lj;jpd; Kjy; ,uz;L topj;jlq;fs; nrd;idapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Kjy; topj;jlk; tz;zhug;Ngl;ilapypUe;J nrd;id tpkhd epiyak; tiuapYk;> mLj;jJ nrd;id nrd;l;uy; ,uapy; epiyak; Kjy; Gdpj Njhikahh; kiy tiuapYk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ. khz;GkpF jkpof Kjyikr;rh; fiyQh; mth;fspd; jiyikapy; khz;GkpF kj;jpa kdpj tsNkk;ghl;Lj;Jiw mikr;rh; jpU. mh;[Pd;rpq; mth;fshy; nrd;idapy; kj;jpa nrk;nkhop jkpo; Ma;T epWtdk; 18.8.2007 md;W njhlq;fp itf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; khepyk; mike;j nghd;tpoh. 1.11.06 nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. (jkpof Kjy;th; jiyik). md;W nrd;idapy;

jkpo; ehl;by; cs;s 12618 fpuhk Cuhl;rp> 385 Cuhl;rp xd;waq;fs; kw;Wk; 29 khtl;l Cuhl;rpfSf;fhd Njh;jy; mf;Nlhgh; 2006 elj;jg;gl;lJ. gy Mz;Lfshf Njh;jy; elj;jg;glhky; ,ue;j ghg;ghg;gl;b> fPhpg;gb> ehl;lhh;kq;fyk; kw;Wk; nfhl;lfr;rpNae;jy; fpuhk Cuhl;rpfSf;F mf;Nlhgh; 2006 ntw;wpfukhfj; Njh;jy; elj;jg;gl;ld. Njh;jypy; Gjpjhf ntw;wp ngw;w fpuhk Cuhl;rpj;jiyth;fs;> Jizj; jiyth;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk rKjhaj;jiyth;fisAk; mioj;J jkpof Kjy;th; nrd;idapy; 13.11. 2006 md;W rkj;Jtg; ngUtpoh elj;jg;gl;lJ. khepy murpd; nrhe;jthp tUthapypUe;J cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F gfph;e;jypf;fg;gLk; epjp 2007 08 Mk; Mz;by; 8% ,Ue;J 9% cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; 2009-2010 ,y; 9% ,Ue;J 9.5% cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. 2007-08 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J khepyepjp Miza epjpg;gfph;tpy;> Cuhl;rpfspd; gq;F 47% ,Ue;J 60% khf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. fpuhk

2008 09 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; khepy epjpf;FO khdpaj;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk; epjpapy; Fiwe;jJ jyh & 30 yl;rk; tPjk; rkkhf toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cs;shl;rpg; gpujpepjpfSf;F> Cuhl;rp eph;thfk; kw;Wk; Cuf tsh;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp gapw;rpaspj;jpl> Kjd; Kiwahf ,e;j murhy;> 3 Nfhb &gha; epjp xJf;fPL nra;J gapw;rpj; njhFg;G epjp (Training corpus Fund) Vw;glj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jkh; fhe;jp Cuhl;rptpUJ Mz;L NjhWk; rpwg;ghd kw;Wk; GJikahd Kaw;rpfis nray;gLj;Jk; 15 fpuhk Cuhl;rpfis nfsutpf;Fk; tifapy;> murhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
32

15 fpuhk Cuhl;rpfSf;F NflaKk;> &gha; 5 yl;rk; nuhf;fg;ghpRk; mg;NghJ gjtp tfpj;j fpuhk Cuhl;rpj; jiyth;fSf;Fg; gjf;fKk;> ew;rhd;wpjOk; jkpof Kjy;tuhy; 10.10.2007 md;Wk; (2006 - 2007)> (2007 2008) Mk; Mz;bw;fhd cj;jkh; fhe;jp Cuhl;rp tpUJ 19.12.08 md;Wk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. 2007 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J Mz;LNjhWk; etk;gh; 1 Kjy; ehsd;W cs;shl;rpfs; jpdtpoh midj;J Cuf kw;Wk; efh;Gw cs;shl;rp epWtdq;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. khz;GkpF jkpof Kjy;th; mth;fshy; [dthp 2007 Mk; Mz;by; njhlq;fp itf;fg;gl;l midj;Jf;fpuhk mz;zh kWkyh;r;rpj; jpl;lNk> jw;NghJ nray;gLj;jg;gLk; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRj;jpl;lq;fspy; kpfg;nghpa jpl;lkhFk;. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; xt;nthU Cuhl;rpapYk; Fsk;> E}yfk;> tpisahl;L ikak;> RLfhL> FbePh;j;jpl;lg;gzpfs; Mfpa fl;lhag;gzpfSk;> njUtpsf;F> kPd;tsh;g;Gf; Fsq;fs;> fpuhkr;re;ij Mfpa tpUg;gg;gzpfis cs;Sh;j; Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;ehL FbePh; tbfhy; thhpak;> neLQ;rhiyj;Jiw> fy;tpj;Jiw kw;Wk; Ntshz;Jiw kw;Wk; gpwJiw jpl;lq;fspd; epjp Mjhuq;fis> Cuf tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; Cuhl;rpj;Jiw ,ju jpl;lq;fSld; ,ad;wsT xUq;fpize;J> xt;nthU Mz;Lk; midj;J fpuhk mz;zh kWkyh;;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;glTs;s fpuhk Cuhl;rpfspy; nray;gLj;jg;gLk;. Njrpa Cuf Ntiy cWjpj;jpl;lk; : ,j;jpl;lk; 2.2.2006 Kjy; flY}H;> tOg;Guk;> jUtz;zhkiy> ehfg;gl;bdk;> jpz;Lf;fy;> rptfq;if Mfpa MW khtl;lq;fspy; Kjy; fl;lkhf nray;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1.4.2007 Kjy; ,j;jpl;lk; jQ;rhT+h;> jpUth&h;> f&h; kw;Wk; jpUney;Ntyp Mfpa khtl;lq;fSf;F ,uz;lhk; fl;lkhf tphpTgLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1.4.2008 Kjy; ,j;jpl;lk; jkpo;ehl;bYs;s ,ju midj;J 20 khtl;lq;fspYk; %d;whk; fl;lkhf tphpT gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; 20.36 Nfhb kdpj ehl;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L 22>406 gzpfs; Kbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpofj;jpy; Njrpa Cuf Ntiy cWjpjpl;lj;jpd; fPo; gad; ngWNthhpy;> 82% ngz;fs; NkYk; 59% jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh; FLk;gq;fis rhh;e;j gadhspfs; Mthh;fs;. Njrpa mstpy; Njrpa Cuf Ntiy cWjpr; rl;lj;ij rpwg;ghf nray;gLj;jpa rpwe;j 22 khtl;lq;fspy; flY}h;> rptfq;if> jpz;Lf;fy; khtl;lq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,jw;nfd fle;j 2.2.2009 md;W GJby;ypapy; eilngw;w tpohtpy; ,k;%d;W khtl;lq;fSk; ghpRfis ntd;Ws;sd. nghpahh; epidT rkj;JtGuk; - r%fePjpia Nkk;gLj;jTk;> rhjp rkakw;w rkj;Jt rKjhaj;ij cUthf;fTk; kf;fs; xw;WikAlDk;> rNfhjuj;Jtj;Jld; thoNtz;Lk; vd;w je;ij nghpahh; mth;fspd;
33

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xt;nthU rkj;JtGu FbapUg;G Kfg;gpYk; je;ijnghpahh; mth;fspd; rpiyia mikf;Fk;> ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lkhf 2008-09 Mk; Mz;by; midj;J khtl;lq;fspYk; (nrd;id> ePyfphp khtl;lq;fs; jtpu) jyh xd;W tPjk; 29 rkj;JtGuq;fs; mikg;gjw;F muR KbT nra;J> 146tJ rkj;JtGuk; jpUr;rp khtl;lj;jpy; 14.6.2009 md;W jpwf;fg;gl;lJ. kfspH; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; 31.03.2009 tiu 62.60 ,yl;rk; kfspiu cWg;gpduhf nfhz;l 3>91>311 Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;L cs;sd. 3.9.2007 khz;GkpF jkpof Kjyikr;rh; mth;fshy; midj;J Ng&uhl;rp mz;zh kWkyh;r;rpjpl;lk; Jtq;fg;gl;lJ. jkpofj;jpy; njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpl> njhopy; kw;Wk; th;j;jf mikg;Gfspd; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l rpwg;Gj; njhopy; Kidg;Gf;FO (Special task force) 8.11.2006 mikf;fg;gl;lJ. mnkhpf;fhtpd; Nkhl;NlhNuhyh njhopw;rhiy jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; nly; fk;g;A+l;lh;]; njhopw;rhiy jpUg;ngUk;GJ}H; mg;NghNyh Nubay; lah;]; njhopw;rhiy Xuflk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; nlrhy;t; nrkpfz;lf;lh; Ml;NlhNkhigy;]; njhopw;rhiy jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; FNuhj;ypq; epWtdk; - nra;ahW rhk;rq; ,e;jpah vyf;l;uhdpf;]; njhopw;rhiy jpUg;ngUk;GJ}H; nfghNuh thfd cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy Xuflk; - jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h; rhd;kpdh [S.C.I] mnkhpf;f epWtdk; - Xuflk; cah; njhopy; El;gG+q;fh lhlh ];By; njhopw;rhiy J}j;Jf;Fb vk;.gp.gp.vy;. GJg;gpf;fj;jf;f vhprf;jp epWtdk; - nrq;fy;gl;L mUfpy; `Pz;lha; Nkhl;lh;]; njhopw;rhiy ,uz;lhk;fl;lk; - ,Uq;fhl;Lf; Nfhl;il hpdhy;l; md;l; eprhd; fhh; njhopw;rhiy Xuflk; mnkhpf;fhtpd; rpf;ndl; Nrhyhh; - jpUg;ngUk;GJ}h;
34

vk;.Mh;.vg; epWtdj;jpd; lah;njhopw;rhiy nguk;gY}h; Nkhrh;gpah; fl;likg;G Nkk;ghl;L epWtdj;jpd; Nghl;Nlh Nthy;lhaf; njhopy; El;gj; njhopw;rhiy Xuflk; rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyk; Nehf;fpah rPnkd;]; njhopw;rhiy Xuflk; N`z;rd; buhd;]; kp~d;]; ,z;lh; Ne~dy; epWtj; njhopw;rhiy gy;ylk; rpwg;G nghUshjhu kz;lyk; V.b.rp. lah;]; njhopw;rhiy ney;iy khtl;lk; fq;ifnfhz;lhd; rpwg;Gg; nghUshjhu kz;lyk; nla;Nyh; - V[p kw;Wk; `PNuh tzpf thfdj; njhopw;rhiy Xuflk; mNrhf; Nyyz;L [g;ghd; eprhd; tzpf thfdj;njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; mNrhf; Nyyz;L eLj;ju fduf tzpf thfdj; njhopw;rhiy vz;Z}h;> X#h;> gps;isg;ghf;fk;. `h;~h FOkvz;nza; - thA Jug;gz ,ae;jpuj; njhopw;rhiy> kpjitf; fz;zhbj; njhopw;rhiy jiykzY}h;> gpisg;ghf;fk;> jpUg;ngUk;GJ}H;. je;ij nghpahhpd; gpwe;j ehshd 17.9.2006 md;W jpUts;@hpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l epykw;w Vio tptrhaj; njhopyhsh; FLk;gq;fSf;F ,ytr epyk; toq;Fk; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; ,J tiu 2>10>427 Vf;fh; epyk;> 1>75>355 epykw;w Viotptrhaj; njhopyhsh; FLk;gq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. khepyj;jpw;Fs; ghAk; MWfis ,izj;J nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gLk; fhyq;fspy; cghpePiu twz;lkhtl;lq;fSf;F nfhz;L nrd;W ghrd trjpfisg; ngUf;fpLk; Gul;rpfukhd jpl;lq;fspd; Kjw;fl;lkhf 165 Nfhb &gha; kjpg;gPl;by; GJf;Nfhl;il rptfq;if khtl;lq;fspd; twz;l gFjpfs; gad;ngw fhtphpapd; FWf;Nf fl;lidapy; fjtizfl;Lk; fhtphp Fz;lhW ,izg;Gj;jpl;lk;. J}j;Jf;Fb> jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lq;fspy; twz;l gFjpfs; gad;ngw 369 Nfhb &gha; kjpg;gPl;by; jhkpuguzp fUNkdpahW ek;gpahW ,izg;Gj;jpl;lk; gaph; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;;lj;jpd; fPo; jkpof tptrhapfs; mjpf mstpy; gadila Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;NfhSld; fhg;gPl;Lj;njhifapy; 50% njhifia muNr Vw;Fk; jpl;lk; 2006 Kjy; eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2008-2009 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; muR ghypnlf;dpf;fpy; khzth;fSf;Fk; fy;tpf;fl;lzk; ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. gapYk; midj;J

35

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fhy;eil kUj;Jtkidfspy; rpWgpuhzpfSf;fhd EioTf;fl;lzKk; kw;Wk; rpfpr;ir fl;lzKk; 9.1.2007 Kjy; uj;J nra;ag;gLtjhf jkpof muR mwptpg;G. jkpof Kjy;thpd; Nfhhpf;ifia Vw;W ,yq;ifj; epthuzj;jpw;fhf &gha; 500 Nfhb kj;jpa muR xJf;fPL jkpoh;fspd;

jkpof Kjy;th; ,uhkehjGuk; $l;L FbePh;j;jpl;lj;ij nrd;id> jiyikr; nrayfj;jpy; ,Ue;J kpd;Clfj;njhiyj; njhlh;G %ykhf 11.6.2009 md;W njhlq;fpitj;jhh;. 1.8.2009 md;W nrd;id mz;zhgy;fiyf;fofk; ];lhypd;> kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu> A.R. uFkhd; gl;lk; toq;fpaJ. JizKjy;th; K.f. MfpNahUf;F lhf;lh;

The thirteenth finance Commission was Constituted by the President under Article 280 the constitution to make recommendations for the peiod 2010 -15 with Dr. Vijay Kelkar as the chairman of the commission. The commission Submitted its report to president on December 30, 2010 and was tabled in the Parliament on 25th February 2010. The Election Commission of India celebrated 60yrs of it is Constitution on 25th Jan 2010 as the diamond jubilee Anniversary.

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The worlds first ATM shjle macbine to dispense gold bars and coins is up and running in the UAE capitas. Indias star cricketer Gautam Gambhir on 23rd September 2010 received the Managing India award for the most promising Sportsman of the year from president Pratibha Devisingh patil The one-man hiberhan commission, constituted on 16th Dec 1992, to enquire into the circumstances that led to the demoltion of the Babri Masjid mosque on 6 Dec, 1992 Submitted its report on June 30, 2009. The Report was tabled in parliament on 24 November 2009. Prime Minister inaugurates Triruvanantnapuram. 97th Indian Science congress at

8th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas, 2010 held in New Delhi A.R. Rahman wins two Grammy Awards for the song Jai Ho and for the Sound track for the Flim Slum Dog Millionaire. Shasshi Tharoor resigns as Minister of State for external affairs over his controversial role in the Kochi IPL franchise Madhuri Gupta, a senior diplomat in India High Commission in Islamabad arrested for spying April 27, 2010 May, 2010 Delhi High Court says stock exchanges are not under RTI India signs a new social security agreement with South Korea, the agreement will benefit a huge number of Indians particularly those working in the fields of IT, medicine and finance. The social security agreement is signed in the south Korean capital scoul. India and Malaysia sign six pacts, with the accord for implementing the comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA) from July 1, 2010 being the centerpiece. The agreements are signed by prime minister Dr. Manmohan Singh and his Malaysian counterpart Md. Najibin, Kualalumpur, Malaysia.

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The three day 17th Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Summit concludes in Hanoi, Vietnam During the Summit, other related meetings and Summits including the East Asia Sumit are held at the same venue. The union health and family welfare ministry pushes back the target date for achieving population stabilization in India to 2070 from 2045. The centre declares elephant a national heritage animal with a view to shopping up measures for the protection of the countrys elephant population. The Lok Sabha passes two bills to change the name of Orissa and the name of the Language of the state. The bills provide for change of the name of the state to Odisha and name of the language to Odia November 9, 2010 The first world statistics day is celebrated the world over; the decision to declare October 20 as the world statistics day was taken by the united nations General Assembly in early 2010. Ms. Alexandria mills from USA beats 119 contestants from across the world to win the coveted miss world, 2010 title at the paseant held in Sanya, China. Mr. Prithviraj Chavan was Sworn in as the new chief minister of Maharashtra on November 11, 2010. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announces that it will launch three satellites Megha Tropiques, SARAL and RISAT 1 in 2011 to study climate change. Minister for communications and Information Technology Mr. A. Raja Resign from the union cabinet, on 14 November 2010. Three Indian performing art forms the mudiyettu (a ritual theatre of Kerala) the Chhau dance (a tradition from eastern India) and the Kalbelia folk song and dances of Rajasthan are inscribed by the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation (UNESCO) in the representative list of the Intangible cultural heritage of humanity.

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The Bihar Assembly election results are announced the ruling Janata Dal (united) BJP alliance, led by Mr. Nibish Kumar, registers, a landslide victory winning four-fifths of the seats (206) in the 243 member assembly. Mr. N. Kiran K. Reddy assumes charge as the CM of Andhra Pradesh, he succeeds Mr. K. Rosaiah. Kosovo votes in a historic poll, the nations first since declaring independence in 2008. Nicole Faria of India won the coveted Miss Earth 2010 title at the Pageant held in Nha Jrang, Vietnam on December 4, 2010. The fourth unit of the Kaiga Generating station (KGS) Indias 20th nuclear power reactor achieves criticality with this unit becoming operational, India now ranks sixth in the world in terms of production of Nuclear energy behind the US, France, Japan, Russia and South Korea. The Jaitapur Nuclear power project in Maharashtra, to be set up in collaboration with France, receives clearance from union environment ministry. French president Mr. Nicolas Sarkozy wraps up his four-day India visit during his visit India and France sign a string of crucial agreements, the most important of these being and Areva-Nuclear power corporation of India limited (NPCIL) pact for two nuclear reactors for India, and a deal signed by Air India and jet Airlines with French Company Airbus Industries for the lease of a number of aircraft. The centre announces its decision to extend visa on arrival facility to five ASEAN countries Cambodia, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar. The two-day 2010, G20 summit concludes in Scoul, South Korea; at the summit leaders of the worlds biggest economics agree to curb Persistently Large imbalances in saving and spending.

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Myanmars Pro-democracy campaigner Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi is set free after several years of house arrest. (13, Nov 2010) The 10th Russia, India, China (RIC) trilateral meeting, featuring the Foreign ministers of three nations is held in Wuhan, China. At the North Atlantic treaty organisation (NATO) summit held in Lishon, Portugal. Nov 20, 2010 the 28 members of NATO agree on a missile defence pact in Europe At the Shanghai cooperation organisation (SCO) Summit held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan Russian Prime Minister Mr. Vladimir Putin calls for creating a 10 year road map focussed on launching large-scale joint projects for the organisation. Ace Indian Shuttler Saina Nehwal wins the Hong Kong Open Womens singles crown in Hong Kong, beating Chinas Shixian wang in the final; this is Sainas fourth Super series title. Nepals five-time Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala died in March 2010 at the age of 85. He was also the president of the Nepali congress party. Nepal became a Republiuc in 2009. Juila Gillard has become the first ever female elected Prime Minister of Australia.

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DEPARTMENT DETAILS 1. Department of co-operative Audit Administrative Hierarchy of cooperative audit department: Director of Cooperative Audit Joint Director of Cooperative Audit Assistant Director of Cooperative Audit Cooperative Audit Officer Senior Cooperative Auditor Junior Cooperative Auditor 2. Department of co-operative Audi Administrative Hierarchy of Department of cooperation: Registrar Additional Registrar Joint Registrar Deputy Registrar Cooperative Sub Registrar Senior Inspector Junior Inspector The Registrar of cooperative societies being the head of the department is functioning at Chennai. 3. Department of Local Fund Audi The local fund audit department entrusted with the task of statutory audit of urban and rural local bodies, universities, market committees, local library authorities and other miscellaneous institutions under the provision of the respective acts governing the institutions.

41

Administrative Hierarchy: Director Joint Director Deputy Director Assistant Director Inspector Deputy Inspector 4. Department of the Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments CE] [HR and

The management and control of the temples and administration of their endowment has been recognized as one of the primary responsibilities of the state. Administrative Hierarchy: Commissioner Additional Commissioner Joint Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Grade I Executive Officer Grade II Executive Officer Grade III Executive Officer Grade IV Executive Officer 5. Department of commercial taxes: Administrative Hierarchy: Before 30th July 2008

Now, Redesignated as

42

Commissioner Joint Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Commercial Tax Officer Deputy Commercial Tax Officer Assistant Commercial Tax Officer

Commissioner Additional Commissioner Joint Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Commercial Tax Officer Assistant Commercial Tax Officer

6. Department of labour Organization The labor department is functioning under the administrative control of the labour and employment department in the secretariat. The commissioner of labour is the head of the department. Organization set up: Commissioner of labour Additional Commissioner of labour Joint Commissioner of labour Deputy Commissioner of labour Assistant Commissioner of labour, Labour officer, Inspector of Plantations Deputy Commercial Tax Officer Commercial Tax Officer Inspector of labour Deputy Inspector of labour Assistant Inspectors labour

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7. Department of Registration

Registration department is functioning from the year 1865. The department is providing a valuable and important service to the public in registering documents of sale, lease, mortgage, will etc involving transfer of immovable properties like land and buildings. The registration of the documents gives legal status for the transactions. The department is levying and collecting stamp duty on the market value of the immovable property involved in the transaction. Registration fee is also collected for the service rendered by the department in the registration of the documents. Administrative Hierarchy: Inspector general of registration Addition Inspector general of registration Deputy Inspector general of registration Assistant Inspector general of registration District registrar Sub registrar

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8. Department of social defence

9. Department of municipal Administration 1. Commissioner (IAS Officer) Joint Commissioner (IAS) & Joint Commissioner of Administration (Non IAS) Joint Director Regional Director Municipal Commissioner 2. Director Joint Director Additional Director Regional Director

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Municipal Commissioner Administrative Hierarchy: State level Director Joint Director Assistant Director Superintendents Executive Officers Accountants Assistants Junior Assistants 10. Department of Revenue District Administrative Structure District is the basic unit of administration in India. The Oxford Dictionary defines it as a territory marked off for special administrative purpose. A district is generally named after the largest town or city of the territorial area of the concerned district Therefore, a district is an administrative unit in the hierarchy of administration which consists of a number of territorial areas, namely, villages, towns and cities. District Level Functionaries The District Collector is the head of district administration. The office of the collector at first was created by Warren Hastings in 1772 for the dual purpose of collecting revenue and dispensing justice. Strictly speaking, the collector is for the collection of land revenue in the beginning. But, at present, there are enormous functions to the district collector. The general roles and the functions of the district collector are following. 1. As Collector, he has to collect land revenue. 2. As District Magistrate, he has to maintain law and order in the district.

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3. As District Officer, he has to deal with the personnel matters like salary, transfer, etc with in the district. 4. As Development Officer, he is responsible for the implementation of rual development district. 5. As the Returning Officer, he is the chief for the elections to the Parliament, the State Legislative Assembly, and the local government in the district. Hence, he coordinates the election works at the district level. 6. As the District Census Officer, he conducts the census operations once in ten years. 7. As the Chief Protocol Officer, he has to protect the VIPs in their tour and stay in the district. 8. As the coordinator, he supervises the district level other functionaries and departments. 9. He presides over the District Plan Implementation Committee. 10. He acts as the official representative of the state government during the ceremonial functions in the district. 11. He acts as the Public Relations Officer of the state government. 12. He acts as the Crisis Administrator in chief during the natural calamities and other emergencies. 13. He supervises and controls the local government institutions. 14. He handles the work pertaining to civil defence; and 15. He is responsible for civil supplies, food and other essential commodities. Hence, the District Collector is the multi-functionary in the district level. In fact, the work-load functions are more to a collector due to the welfare state policy in which the government has to implement a large number of programmes for the people. Actually, the office of the District Collector is very much prestigious. The District Collector is the hero of the district administration.

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Structure of Administration Hierarchy in a district: Collector District revenue officer Revenue divisional officer Tahsildars Revenue inspector Village Administrative officers Village Assistant 11. Tamilnadu Secretariat: Departments The departments which are included in the Chief Secretariat in Tamil Nadu, are following. Adi Dravidar and Tribal Welfare Law Agriculture Labour and Employment Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Municipal Administration and Water Supply Backward Classes & Most Backward Personnel and Administrative Classes and Minorities Welfare Reforms Co-operation, Food and Consumer Personnel and Administrative Protection Reforms (Training) Commercial Taxes Planning, Development and Special Initiatives Energy Public Works Department Environment and Forest Revenue Finance Rural Development Handlooms, Handicrafts, Textiles and School Education Khadi Health and Family Welfare Small Industries Higher Education Social Reforms Highways Social Welfare and Nutritious Meal Programme Home, Prohibition and Excise Tamil Development, Religious Endowments and Information Housing and Urban Development Tourism and Culture Industries Transport Information Technology Youth Welfare and Sports Development

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Administrative Hierarchy: Chief Secretary Secretary Additional Secretary (ADS) Joint Secretary (JS) Deputy Secretary (DS) Under Secretary (US) Section officer (SO) Assistant Section officer (ASO) Assistant Steno- typists and typist Office Assistants (OA)

12. Tamilnadu Public service commission: Article 315 of Indian constitution: Subject to the provisions of this article, there shall be a public service commission for the Tamilnadu. Tamilnadu public service commission has had a glorious past of 75 years. During 1923, the lee commission had recommended setting up of a central public service commission in India, but it did not give much thought to the need of establishing similar commission in provinces. Administrative Hierarchy: Secretary Joint Secretary (JS) Deputy Secretary (DS)

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Under Secretary (US) Section officer (SO) Assistant Section officer (ASO) Assistant Steno- typists and typist Office Assistants (OA) 13. Department of agricultural marketing and business: Administrative setup: Commissioner Joint Director Assistant Director/ Secretary of market committee Superintendent of market Supervisor Junior Assistant 14. Department of Jail: Organization Set-up

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HEADQUARTERS ADMINISTRATION Additional Director General of Prisons Deputy Inspector General of Prisons (Range) Deputy Inspector General of Prisons (Headquarters)

Chief Probation Superintendent

Office of the Additional Director General of Prisons Prisons Jurisdiction of Prisons:


The location and the District Jurisdiction of Central Prisons are as follows:

Location Central Prison Puzhal - I

District Jurisdiction All Convict Prisoners of Chennai, Thiruvallur, Kancheepuram,

Central Prison, Puzhal - II

All Remand Prisoners of Chennai, Thiruvallur, Kancheepuram

Special Prison for Women, Puzhal

All Women Prisoners of Chennai Thiruvallur, Kancheepuram

Central Prison, Vellore Special Prison for Women, Vellore

Dharmapurai, Vellore,Thiruvannamalai and Krishnagiri Women Prisoners of Dharmapuri, Coimbatore, Erode, Nilgiris, Cuddalore, Villupuram, Triuvannamalai, Vellore, Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam. Salem, Namakkal,

Central Prison, Cuddalore Central Prison, Salem Central Prison, Trichy

Villupuram, Cuddalore. All Habitual and Habitual Prison Offenders of this State. Trichy , Karur, Perambalur, Pudukkottai, Thanjavur, Nagai and Thiruvarur.

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Special Prison for Women, Trichy

Trichy, Perambalur, Karur, Pudukkottai, Madurai, Ramnad, Virudhunagar, Sivagangai, Dindugal, Theni, Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Kanyakumari.

Central Prison, Madurai

Madurai , Ramnad, Sivagangai, Dindigul, Theni and Virudhunagar.

Central Prison, Palayamcottai Central Prison, Coimbatore

Tirunelveli, Kaniyakumari and Thoothukudi. Coimbatore, The Nilgiris and Erode, Salem, and Namakkal

Borstal School, Pudukkottai District Jail Dindigul District Jail Ramanathapuram

All young offender (18 to 25 Years) of the State.

All male remand and under trial prisons and male District Jail Virudhunagar District Jail Nagercoil District Jail Srivaikundam District Jail Pudukkottai prisoners sentenced to less than three months committed by the Courts in the District in which the District Jail is situated

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IMPORTANT TOPICS
KAVERI RIVER WATER DISPUTE From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Kaveri River Water Dispute) Jump to: navigation, search This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (March 2009) Kaveri river flows in South Karnataka and then to Tamil Nadu. The sharing of waters of the river Kaveri had been the bone of contention of a serious conflict between the Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The genesis of this disparity, itself, lies in two controversial agreements, one signed in 1892 and another in 1924, between the Madras Presidency and the Princely State of Mysore. The state of Karnataka feels that it has not got its due share of water utilization viv a vis Tamil Nadu. Karnataka claims that these agreements were skewed heavily in favour of the Madras Presidency, and has since demanded a renegotiated settlement based on "equitable sharing of the waters". Tamil Nadu, on the other hand, pleads that it has already developed almost 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2) of land and as a result has come to depend very heavily on the existing pattern of usage. Any change in this pattern, it says, will adversely affect the livelihood of millions of farmers in the state. Decades of negotiations between the parties bore no fruit. The Government of India then constituted a tribunal in 1990 to look into the matter. After hearing arguments of all the parties involved for the last 16 years, the tribunal delivered its final verdict on 5 February 2007. In its verdict, the tribunal allocated 419 billion ft (12 km) of water annually to Tamil Nadu and 270 billion ft (7.6 km) to Karnataka; 30 billion ft (0.8 km) of Kaveri river water to Kerala and 7 billion ft (0.2 km) to Puducherry. The dispute however, seems far from over with all four states deciding to file review petitions seeking clarifications and possible renegotiation of the order. Karnataka 34,273 (42%) Drought area in the basin (in 21,870 (63.8%) km) Basin Area (in km) 53 Tamil Nadu 44,016 (54%) 12,790 (29.2%) Kerala 2,866 (3.5%) -Pondicherry Total 148(-) -81,155 34,660

Contribution of state (in billion 425 (53.7%) ft according to Ktaka) Contribution of state (in billion 392 (52.9%) ft according to TN) Quantity demanded by each 465 (41%) state Share for each state as per TN's 177 (24%) demand Share for each state as per 270 (37%) tribunal verdict of 2007 Contents

252 (31.8%)

113 (14.3%) 126 222 (30%) (17%) 566 (50%) 100 (9%) 9.3 (1%) 566 (76%) 5 (1%) 419 (58%) 30 (4%) 7 (1%)

790 740 1140.3 748 726

1 History of the dispute 2 Post independence developments 3 1970s 4 1980s o 4.1 The constitution of the tribunal o 4.2 Interim award and the riots o 4.3 The crisis of 19951996 o 4.4 Constitution of the CRA o 4.5 The flare up and high drama of 2002 4.5.1 CRA meeting and the Supreme Court order 4.5.2 Demonstrations 4.5.3 Censure of both states by the Supreme Court o 4.6 20032006 5 Judgment 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

History of the dispute


The history of this conflict goes back a long way. Disputes have occurred since 1807, but British influence mediated tensions for several decades. The British controlled both Mysore and Madras for a short period in the middle of the 19th century. During their regime, numerous plans were drawn up for the utilization of the Kaveri waters by both states. However, the drought and subsequent famine in the mid 1870s put a hold on the implementation of these plans. The plans were revived by Mysore in 1881, by which

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time Mysore was back in the hands of the Mysore kings, while present day Tamil Nadu continued to remain a part of the Madras Presidency. Mysore's plans to revive the irrigation projects met with resistance from the Madras Presidency. Mysore state made a representation to the then British government; as a result of which, a conference was held in 1890 with the objective of agreeing "on the principles of a modus vivendi, which would on the one hand allow to Mysore reasonable freedom in dealing with her irrigation works, and on the other, give to Madras practical security against injury to her interests" and eventually the Agreement of 1892 was signed. Karnataka deems this agreement as having been between unequal partners because, while Mysore state was a princely state, Madras formed a part of the British Raj. Karnataka also considers this agreement to have been severely inimical to its interests as it gave sweeping powers and prescriptive rights to Madras, the lower riparian state. As per this agreement, Mysore was required to obtain Madras' consent for any new irrigation reservoirs across any of the main rivers it wished to utilize and share information on any new irrigation scheme it wished to undertake to utilize the waters Things came to a head in 1910 when Mysore, under Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar as the king and Sir. M.Vishweshwariah as Chief Engineer came up with a plan to construct a dam at Kannambadi village to hold up to 41.5 TMC of water. The dam was planned to be built in two stages. In the first stage a capacity of 11 TMC was envisioned, while in the second stage the full capacity was set to be realized. Madras however, refused to give its consent for this move as it had its own plans to build a storage dam at Mettur with a capacity of 80 TMC. After a reference to the Government of India, permission was accorded to Mysore, but for a reduced storage of 11TMC. During construction, however, the foundation was laid to suit the earlier desired full storage. This raised Madras' hackles and the dispute continued. As a result, the then British Government of India referred the matter to arbitration under Rule IV of the 1892 Agreement. The Cauvery dispute thus had come up for arbitration for the first time. Sir H D Griffin was appointed arbitrator and M. Nethersole, the Inspector General of Irrigation in India, was made the Assessor. They entered into proceedings on 16 July 1913 and the Award was given on 12 May 1914. The award upheld the earlier decision of the Government of India and allowed Mysore to go ahead with the construction of the dam up to 11 TMC. The agreement also stipulated that Mysore was not to increase its area under irrigation more than 110,000 acres (450 km2) beyond what was already existing, while the same cap for Madras Presidency was pegged at 301000|acre|km2. Nonetheless, Madras still appealed against the award and negotiations continued. Eventually an agreement was

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arrived at in 1924 and a couple of minor agreements were also signed in 1929 and 1933. The 1924 agreement was set to lapse after a run of 50 years. As a result of these agreements, Karnataka claims that Mysore was forced to give up rights.

Post independence developments


In 1947, India won independence from the British. This changed the equations drastically. Tamil Nadu was carved out of Madras Presidency and Mysore province became a state. Further in 1956, the reorganization of the states of India took place and state boundaries were redrawn based on linguistic demographics. Kodagu or Coorg (the birthplace of the Kaveri), became a part of Mysore state. Huge parts of erstwhile Hyderabad state and Bombay Presidency joined with Mysore state. Parts of Malabar which earlier formed part of Madras Presidency went to Kerala. Pondicherry had already become a de facto Union territory in 1954. All these changes further changed the equations as Kerala and Pondicherry also jumped into the fray. Kerala staked its claim as one of the major tributaries of the Kaveri, the Kabini, now originated in Kerala. Karaikal region of Pondicherry at the tail end of the river demanded the waters that it had always used for drinking and some minimal agriculture. While these additional claims complicated matters greatly at a technical level, Mysore state and Tamil Nadu still remained the major parties to the dispute. By the late 1960s, both states and the Central government began to realize the gravity of the situation as the 50 year run of the 1924 agreement was soon coming to an end. Negotiations were started in right earnest and discussions continued for almost 10 years.

1970s
While discussions continued, a Cauvery Fact Finding Committee (CFFC) was constituted. The brief of the CFFC was to inspect the ground realities and come up with a report. The CFFC came up with a preliminary report in 1972 and a final report in 1973. Inter state discussions were held based on this report. Finally in 1974, a draft agreement which also provided for the creation of a Cauvery Valley Authority was prepared by the Ministry of Irrigation. This draft however, was not ratified. While all these discussions went on, Tamil Nadus irrigated lands had grown from a pre-Mettur command area of 1,440,000 acres (5,800 km2) to 2,580,000 acres (10,400 km2) while Karnatakas irrigated area stood at 680,000 acres (2,800 km). Karnataka maintains that these figures demonstrate the lop-sided nature of the agreement

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In 1976, after a series of discussions between the two states and the Central government chaired by Jagjeevan Ram, the then Irrigation Minister, a final draft was prepared based on findings of the CFFC. This draft was accepted by all states and the Government also made an announcement to that effect in Parliament. Tamil Nadu came under Presidents rule soon after that and the agreement was put on the backburner. When Presidents rule was lifted, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) with M. G. Ramachandran at the helm came to power for the first time in Tamil Nadu and the dispute took a new turn. The Tamil Nadu government now rejected the draft agreement and started insisting that the 1924 agreement had only provided for an extension and not a review. It began insisting that status quo be restored and everyone go back to the agreements of 1892 and 1924. This however, did not cut ice with Karnataka which had throughout maintained that those agreements were partisan and had been signed between unequal partners. When Karnataka began construction of the Harangi dam at Kushalanagara in Kodagu, it was once again met with resistance from Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu went to court demanding the constitution of a Tribunal under the Inter State Water Disputes Act(ISWD) of 1956. It also demanded the immediate stoppage of construction work at the dam site. As a result of Tamil Nadus protests, Karnataka had to fund the construction under the non-plan head and this led to a severe strain on its finances.

1980s
Later Tamil Nadu withdrew its case demanding the constitution of a tribunal and the two states started negotiating again. Several rounds of discussions were held in the 80s. The result was still, a stalemate. In 1986, a farmers association from Tanjavur in Tamil Nadu moved the Supreme Court demanding the constitution of a tribunal. While this case was still pending, the two states continued many rounds of talks. This continued till April 1990 and yet yielded no results.

The constitution of the tribunal


The Supreme Court then directed the government headed by Prime Minister V. P. Singh to constitute a tribunal and refer all disputes to it. A three man tribunal was thus constituted on 2 June 1990. The tribunal was headquartered at New Delhi and was to be headed by Justice Chittatosh Mookerjee. The four states presented their demands to the tribunal as under

Karnataka - claimed 465 billion ft (13 km) as its share Kerala - wants 99.8 billion ft (2.83 km) as its share

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Pondicherry - claims 9.3 billion ft (0.3 km) Tamil Nadu - wants the flows to be ensured in accordance with the terms of the agreements of 1892 and 1924 (ie., 566 billion ft (16 km) for Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry; 177 billion ft (5 km) for Karnataka and 5 billion ft (0.1 km) for Kerala).

Interim award and the riots


Soon after the tribunal was set up, Tamil Nadu demanded a mandatory injunction on Karnataka for the immediate release of water and other reliefs. This was dismissed by the tribunal. Tamil Nadu now went back to the Supreme Court which directed the tribunal to reconsider Tamil Nadus plea. The tribunal reconsidered Tamil Nadus plea and gave an interim award on 25 June 1991. In coming up with this award, the tribunal calculated the average inflows into Tamil Nadu over a period of 10 years between 198081 and 198990. The extreme years were ignored for this calculation. The average worked out to 205 billion ft (5.8 km) which Karnataka had to ensure reached Tamil Nadu in a water year. The award also stipulated the weekly and monthly flows to be ensured by Karnataka for each month of the water year. The tribunal further directed Karnataka not to increase it irrigated land area from the existing 1,120,000 acres (4,500 km2) Karnataka deemed this extremely inimical to its interests and issued an ordinance seeking to annul the tribunals award. The Supreme Court now stepped in at the Presidents instance and struck down the Ordinance issued by Karnataka. It upheld the tribunals award which was subsequently gazetted by the Government of India on 11 December 1991. Karnataka was thus forced to accept the interim award and widespread demonstrations and violence broke out in parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu following this. Thousands of Tamil families had to flee from Bangalore in fear of being attacked and lynched. The violence and show down, mostly centered in the Tamil populated parts of Bangalore, lasted for nearly a month and most schools and educational institutions in Bangalore remained closed during this period.

The crisis of 19951996


In 1995, the monsoons failed badly in Karnataka and Karnataka found itself hard pressed to fulfill the interim order. Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court demanding the immediate release of at least 30 billion ft. The Supreme Court refused to entertain Tamil Nadu's petition and asked it to approach the tribunal. The tribunal examined the case and recommended that Karntaka release 11 billion ft. Karnataka pleaded that 11 billion ft was unimplementable in the circumstances that existed then.

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Tamil Nadu now went back to the Supreme Court demanding that Karnataka be forced to obey the tribunal's order. The Supreme Court this time recommended that the then Prime Minister, Mr. P. V. Narasimha Rao intervene and find a political solution. The Prime Minister convened a meeting with the Chief Ministers of the two states and recommended that Karnataka release 6 billion ft instead of the 11 billion ft that the tribunal ordered. Karnataka complied with the decision of the Prime Minister and the issue blew over.

Constitution of the CRA


Karnataka had all through maintained that the interim award was not 'scientific' and was inherently flawed. It had, nevertheless, complied with the order except during 199596 when rains failed. What complicated matters was that the Interim award was ambiguous on distress sharing and there was no clear cut formula that everyone agreed upon to share the waters in the case of failure of the monsoon. In 1997, the Government proposed the setting up of a Cauvery River Authority which would be vested with far reaching powers to ensure the implementation of the Interim Order. These powers included the power to take over the control of dams in the event of the Interim Order not being honoured. Karnataka, which had always maintained that the interim order had no scientific basis and was intrinsically flawed, strongly protested the proposal to set up such an authority. The Government then made several modifications to the powers of the Authority and came up with a new proposal. The new proposal greatly reduced the executive powers of the Authority. The power to take over control of dams was also done away with. Under this new proposal, the Government set up two new bodies, viz., Cauvery River Authority and Cauvery Monitoring Committee. The Cauvery River Authority would consist of the Prime Minister and the Chief Ministers of all four states(Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Kerala) and was headquartered in New Delhi. The Cauvery Monitoring Committee on the other hand, was an expert body which consisted of engineers, technocrats and other officers who would take stock of the 'ground realities' and report to the

The flare up and high drama of 2002


In the summer of 2002, things once again came to a head as the monsoon failed in both Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Reservoirs in both states fell to record low levels and inevitably tempers rose. The sticking point yet again, as in 199596 was how the distress would be shared between the two states. The tribunal had overlooked this crucial point when it gave the interim award and it had returned once again to haunt the situation. Tamil Nadu demanded that Karnataka honour the interim award and release to Tamil

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Nadu its proportionate share. Karnataka on the other hand stated that the water levels were hardly enough to meet its own demands and ruled out releasing any water in the circumstances that prevailed.

CRA meeting and the Supreme Court order


A meeting of the CRA was called on 27 August but the Tamil Nadu chief minister Jayalalitha walked out of the meeting. The focus now shifted to the Supreme Court which ordered Karnataka to release 1.25 billion ft of water every day unless CRA revised it. Karnataka started the release of water but pressed for another meeting of the CRA which was fixed for 8 September. The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister this time boycotted the meet citing insufficient notice as the reason. A minister from her cabinet, however represented Tamil Nadu. The CRA revised the Court's order from 1.25 billion ft to 0.8 billion ft per day. This time however, the Karnataka government in open defiance of the order of the CRA, refused to release any water succumbing to the large scale protests that had mounted in the Kaveri districts of the state. Tamil Nadu aghast at the defiance, went back to the Supreme Court. Karnataka now resumed the release of water for a few days, but stopped it again on 18 September as a protesting farmer committed suicide by jumping into the reservoir and the protests threatened to take a dangerous turn. The centre now stepped in and asked Karnataka to release the water. The SC meanwhile, in response to Tamil Nadu's petition asked the CRA for details of the water release and water levels in the reservoirs. The CRA in turn ordered for the inspections of the reservoirs. While the CRA inspected the reservoirs in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (on 23 September) flatly refused to grant them permission to inspect its reservoirs. This move by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, coupled with her earlier walkout and boycott of the CRA meets, came in for severe criticism from all quarters. On 30 September the Supreme court ordered Tamil Nadu to co-operate with the CRA and Tamil Nadu gave in.

Demonstrations
The flare up had by now, well and truly taken an ugly turn and there were accusations and counter accusations being thrown all around in both states. The opposition parties in Tamil Nadu too had jumped into the fray and at the same time joining Jayalalitha in stinging rebukes of both the Centre and the CRA. To add to all this, the dispute had already spilled onto the streets in the district of Mandya in Karnataka and was threatening to spread to other parts of the state too. Precipitating the matters on the streets, the SC ordered Karnataka on 3 October to comply with the CRA and resume the release of water.

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Karnataka once again refused to obey the orders of SC. Tamil Nadu slapped another contempt petition on Karnataka and soon the issue degenerated into a 'free for all' with all and sundry from both states joining the protests. Soon, film actors and various other cross sections of society from both states were on the streets. The belligerence soon hit a crescendo and even as some groups in Tamil Nadu called for a stoppage of power from the Neyveli Power station to Karnataka as a tit-for-tat measure, a Pan-Tamil militant outfit (a month or so later) went ahead and blasted a major power transformer supplying power to the neighbouring states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.The Karnataka Chief Minister, Mr. S. M. Krishna on the other hand, fearing that the situation might spiral out of control, embarked on a padayatra from Bangalore to Mandya. While some saw this as merely a gimmick, some, like U R Ananthamurthy saw it as a good faith effort to soothe tempers and joined him in the yatra.

Censure of both states by the Supreme Court


In the meanwhile, Tamil Nadu's contempt suit on Karnataka, came up for hearing on 1 November. The Karnataka government, by now saw the spectre of a harsh rebuke and action by the SC, and in a bid to salvage the situation, decided to resume the release of water; while at the same time compensating its own farmers for the loss. The supreme court deferred the case to 15 November and on 15 November, while reserving its comment on Karnataka, censured the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister for attacking the CRA and the Prime Minister and ordered Tamil Nadu to tender an unqualified apology. Tamil Nadu complied with it and tendered the apology. By now, with Karnataka's resumption of water release, compensation of its farmers and the first signs of the arrival of the north-east monsoon in Tamil Nadu, frayed tempers were on the wane. A couple of months later, the Supreme Court in an exceptionally stinging censure, pulled up the Karnataka government for its defiance of the courts. The Karnataka Chief Minister tendered an unqualified apology and soon the dispute blew over. Most importantly and equally unfortunately, once again the dispute had blown over without any agreement being reached on the issue of 'distress-sharing'.

20032006
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2009) The last four years haven't seen any major flare up in the dispute even though the summer of 2003 saw a dry spell in both states. The monsoons in 2004, 2005 and 2006 was quite copious and this helped a great deal in keeping the tempers calm. While the last 3 or 4 years have been relatively quiet as far as jingoistic voices are concerned, a flurry of development has been afoot in the courts.

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The term of the tribunal was initially set to expire in August 2005. However, in the light of the many arguments the court was yet to hear, the tribunal filed a request for extension of its term. The extension was granted and the tribunal's term was extended for another year until September 2006. Early in 2006, a major controversy erupted over the 'Assessor's report' that was apparently 'leaked' to the press. The report had suggested a decision which Karnataka summarily rejected. Another major controversy erupted when just a couple of months before the September 2006 deadline, the tribunal recommended the formation of another expert committee to study the 'ground realities' yet again. This was unanimously and vehemently opposed by all the four states party to the dispute. The states contended that this move would further delay a judgment which has already been 16 years in the making. More than the disapproval of all the four states of the new expert committee that was proposed, the proposal turned out to be a major embarrassment for the tribunal. This was because, not only were the four states opposed to it, even the Chief Judge of the tribunal, Mr.?? was opposed to it. However the other two assistant judges on the 3-man adjudication team, overruled the opinion of the main Judge. And all this was done in a packed courtroom and this led to petty bickering and heated arguments between the three judges in the packed courtroom. This left everyone in the courtroom shocked and the Tamil Nadu counsel was moved to remark that it was embarrassing that the judges probably needed help settling their own disputes before adjudicating on the dispute at hand. Nonetheless, the new expert committee was formed and carried out further assessments. Subsequently, the extended deadline of the tribunal also passed and the tribunal was given yet another extension.

Judgment
The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal announced its final verdict on 5 February 2007. According to its verdict, Tamil Nadu gets 419 billion ft (12 km) of Cauvery water while Karnataka gets 270 billion ft (7.6 km). The actual release of water by Karnataka to Tamil Nadu is to be 192 billion ft (5.4 km) annually. Further, Kerala will get 30 billion ft and Puducherry 7 billion ft. Tamil Nadu appears to have been accepting the verdict while the government of Karnataka, unhappy with the decision, filed a revision petition before the tribunal seeking a review.

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METRO RAIL PROJECT CHENNAI: The proposed metro railway project for the city is on the fast track with the state government moving the center for clearances. Project consultant Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) is expected to submit a draft by the month-end Work on the partly elevated and partly underground metro railway line along Annasalai and Poonamallee high road is expected to cost Rs.7,129 crore as per a brief project profile submitted by DMRC in December 2006. Based on the report, the state government has started working on getting clearances form the planning commission, the cabinet and various departments. The metro rail will decongest the crowded road corridors in the inner city and offer a more environment friendly mass transportation alternative for the burgeoning metropolis. Government sources say the first railway corridor from toll gate to Kamaraj Airport will cover 27.3km. There will be 22 stations. The second corridor from fort station to guindy will consist of 18 stations along the 21.8km stretch. Once the government finalizes the DPR, work is expected to start from January 2008 and get over within five-and-a-half years. The elevated track will be mostly along Annaisalai, which is wide enough to have a railway line along the median. In places such as Broadway, where there is not enough road width, it will be an underground line. According to the DPR, corridor one will start from tollgate on tiruvotriyur high road. It will go past the railway cross near washermanpet station as an underground line. It will cover Broadway and high court; go past the MUC grounds and the central station (opposite the Moore Market Complex). The underground track will cross poonamalee high road and the cooum to enter Annasalai near tarapore towers. The track will be elevated from the point it enters Annasalai till where it terminates at a station before the airport building. The second corridor, which starts from fort station, will enter poonamallee high road, to cover aminjikarai and Ann nagar Second Avenue. The underground line will take a turn at tirumangalam to touch koyambedu fruit market, CMBT and the inner ring road to terminate near the guindy suburban railway station. Here as well as the fort station and the station opposite the Moore market complex, will have passages to connect commuters from suburban lines to the metro rail corridors.

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MullaperiyarDam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Mullaperiyar Dam
Official name Locale Coordinates Mullaperiyar Dam Kerala, India
93143N 77839E9.52861N 77.14417E

Construction began 1887 Opening date Dam and spillways Height Length Impounds Reservoir Creates Capacity Mullaperiyar Issue Periyar Reservoir 443.23 million cubic meter 155 ft (47.24 m) 1200 ft (365.76 m) Periyar River 1895

Mullaperiyar Dam is constructed over the headwaters of the Periyar River in Kerala, India. The Periyar National Park, Thekkady is located around the Periyar reservoir formed by the backwaters of this dam. It is operated by the Government of Tamil Nadu according to a 999-year lease agreement made during erstwhile British colonial rule.

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Contents

1 Name 2 History 3 Disputes o 3.1 Historical background of the dispute o 3.2 Current status 4 Notes 5 Further reading

Name
The name is derived from a portmanteau of Mullaiyar and Periyar. As the dam is located after the confluence of the Mullayar and Periyar Rivers, the river and hence the dam came to be called Mullaperiyar.

History
Periyar river is a west-flowing river of Kerala State. The river flows its full course entirely through Kerala, and derives its water almost exclusively from catchment area (Drainage basin) inside the State. The dam stops the west flowing river to form a reservoir, which is also exclusively located in Kerala. From the reservoir, Tamil Nadu collects water to the eastern side of Western Ghats via a tunnel. On 29 October 1886 a lease indenture for 999 years was made between Maharaja of Travancore and Secretary of State for India for Periyar irrigation works. The lease indenture inter alia granted full right, power and liberty to construct, make and carry out on the leased land and to use exclusively when constructed, made and carried out all such irrigation works and other works ancillary thereto to Secretary of State for India (now Tamil Nadu). By another agreement in 1970, Tamil Nadu was also permitted to generate power. A first dam was built by the British Corps of Royal Engineers. After the first dam was washed away by floods, a second stonework dam was built in 1895. The dam's purpose was to divert the waters of the west-flowing Periyar River eastward, taking the water from the reservoir through a tunnel cut across the watershed and Western Ghats to the arid rain shadow regions of Theni, Madurai District, Sivaganga District and Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu.[4] Although Kerala claims that the agreement was forced on the then princely State of Travancore, presently part of Kerala, the pact was revalidated in 1970 by Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The lease provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its catchment basin, for an annual rent of Rs. 40,000.

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Disputes
The government of Tamil Nadu has proposed an increase in the storage level of the dam from the currently maintained 136 feet (41 m) to 142 feet (43 m). The Kerala government has opposed this move, citing safety concerns for the more than hundred year old bridge and especially for the thickly populated districts downstream. A 10-million-dollar 3D Hollywood movie inspired by these controversies, titled Dam 999, is scheduled for release in 2011.

Historicalbackgroundofthedispute
A lease deed was signed between the Travancore Princely State and British Presidency of Madras in 1886 which gave the British the right to divert "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its catchment to British territory (the Madras Presidency, now Tamil Nadu) for 999 years. After Independence, both the entities became non-existent. Further, according to Indian Independence Act 1947, all the treaties between British Government and Indian Princeley States have lapsed. Moreover, Article 131 of the Constitution of India denies Supreme Court of jurisdiction on preconstitutional agreements. Kerala argued that the agreement is not an equal one, but imposed on the local King by the mightly British Empire. After independence, even in the absence of any treaties, Tamil Nadu continued to use the water from Periyar for extending irrigation facilities, and later for power generation on the basis of informal agreements between the governments of the two states. In 1970 the Kerala and Tamil Nadu governments signed a formal agreement to renew the 1886 treaty almost completely. The Idukki Hydroelectric project, located 30 km downstream was completed in 1976 by the Kerala government, is still the major resource (about 30%) for irrigation and electricity needs of Kerala. After Independence the areas downstream of the Mullaperiyar become heavily inhabited, as Kerala has a very high population density. In 1979, safety concerns were raised by Kerala Government after a minor earthquake, after which a few leaks were detected in the Mullaperiyar dam. A state agency had reported that the structure would not withstand an earthquake above magnitude 6 on the Richter scale. The then Tamil Nadu government lowered the storage level to the current 136 feet (from 142.2 feet) at the request of the Kerala Government to carry out safety repairs, after which it was suggested that the storage level could be raised to the full reservoir level of 152 feet (46 m). Security concerns regarding the downstream inhabitants prompted Kerala to backtrack on the 1970 Agreement in 2000. Another argument put forward by Kerala on the basis of a report on a study conducted state agencies suggested that the loss of habitat to the fauna of Periyar National Park would occur due to flooding after the increase in the storage level. IIT Delhi conducted a study which stated that the dam safety would be affected even at a level of 136 ft (41 m). IIT Roorkee conducted structural stability study on the Reservoir had found that the structure would not be safe in the event of an earthquake. Meanwhile, the Tamil Nadu government had increased its withdrawal from the reservoir, with additional facilities to cater to the increased demand from newly irrigated areas. One article estimates that "the crop losses to Tamil Nadu, because of the reduction in the height of the dam, between 1980 and 2005 is a whopping Rs. 40,000 crores. In the process the farmers of the 66

erstwhile rain shadow areas in Tamil Nadu who had started a thrice yearly cropping pattern had to go back to the bi-annual cropping." However, the Kerala Government maintains that this is not true. During the year 1979-80 the gross area cultivated in Periyar command area was 171,307 acres (693.25 km2). After the lowering of the level to 136 ft (41 m), the gross irrigated area increased and in 1994-95 it reached 229,718 acres (929.64 km2). An article written in 2000 in Frontline stated: "For every argument raised by Tamil Nadu in support of its claims, there is counter-argument in Kerala that appears equally plausible. Yet, each time the controversy gets embroiled in extraneous issues, two things stand out: One is Kerala's refusal to acknowledge the genuine need of the farmers in the otherwise drought-prone regions of Tamil Nadu for the waters of the Mullaperiyar; the other is Tamil Nadu's refusal to see that it cannot rely on or continue to expect more and more from the resources of another State to satisfy its own requirements to the detriment of the other State. A solution perhaps lies in acknowledging the two truths, but neither government can afford the political repercussions of such a confession".

Currentstatus
Tamil Nadu is the custodian of the dam and its surrounding areas. In 2006, the Supreme Court of India has allowed for the storage level to be raised to 142 feet (43 m). However, the Kerala Government promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has not been objected by the Supreme Court. Tamil Nadu challenged it on various grounds. The Supreme Court issued notice to Kerala to respond; however, did not stay the operation of the Act even as an interim measure. The Court then advised the States to settle the matter amicably, and adjourned hearing in order to enable them to do so. The Supreme Court of India termed it as not unconstitutional. Meanwhile, the Supreme Court constituted a Constitution bench to hear the case considering its wide ramifications. The case involves pre-constitutional agreement between two entities which does not exist now. Kerala's Stance: Kerala did not object giving water to Tamil Nadu. Their main cause of objection is the dams safety as it is as old as 110 years. Increasing the level would add more pressure to be handled by already leaking dam. No masonry dam may survive for 999 years so a new dam may replace the existing one in near future. Tamil Nadu's Stance: The State want that the 2006 order of Supreme court be implemented so as to increase the water level to 142 feet (43 m). In September 2009, the Ministry of Environment and Forests of Government of India granted environmental clearance to Kerala for conducting survey for new dam downstream. Tamil Nadu approached Supreme court for a stay order against the clearance; however, the plea was rejected. Consequently, the survey was started in October, 2009. The survey team looked at three spots and the final report is expected to be ready by March 2010 for submission to the government.

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The arguments of Kerala and Tamil Nadu are continuing in the Constitution bench of Supreme Court. Adv. Harish Salve appeared for Kerala and Adv. Parasaran appeared for Tamil Nadu in Supreme Court. Kerala argued that if Mullaperiyar is an interstate river, the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction to intervene in the issue and that it must be dealt with by an independent tribunal. It also argued that if Mullaperiyar is an intrastate river, then the Dam Safety Authority of Kerala is constitutional, and that the Supreme Court has no jurisdiction to intervene in a preconstitutional agreement. Thus, the water provision is now done under the 1970 review agreement between the States. According to this agreement, only the dam area is leased to Tamil Nadu, and water is not leased. As Kerala does not gain anything from the project inside its territary, it is free to revisit/cancel the 1970 agreement. Kerala also argues that if the water level is increased to 142 feets, wide forest areas that are inhabited by conserved flora and fauna will be inundated. Moreover, as Tamil Nadu controls only the dam, Kerala has no legal restrictions for diverting water to Idukki reservoir through another route, thereby preventing water logging inside Mullaperiyar reservoir. When the Supreme Court sought to know whether a contract could be unilaterally terminated, Mr. Salve said the Legislature had the competence to put an end to the contract, which was not in Keralas interest. By legislation, a contract could be varied, altered or annulled. Tamil Nadu argued that the Supreme Court need to look only in to the issue of nonimplementation of Supreme Court Order to increase water level of dam by Kerala. Tamil Nadu also asserted that Mullaperiyar is not an interstate river, and thus, there is no need for forming a tribunal. The Tamil Nadu counsel argued that Kerala has an ulterior motive to make a new dam and keep it under its control. Tamil Nadu fears that the water supply will be restricted if Kerala builds a new dam and controls it. However, political controversies arose in Tamil Nadu, as Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK) party and BJP accused the Tamil Nadu counsel[23] is against the interests of Tamil Nadu and demanded the state government to remove him. Vaiko, General Secretary, MDMK, has called for a road blockade on May 28 to stop transport of foodgrains, vegetables and milk to Kerala to protest its proposal to construct a new dam in place of the Mullaperiyar dam. Meanwhile, Kerala proposed that a mechanism may be thought about to supply water to Tamil Nadu similar to the one employed for its supply of drinking water to Coimbatore under the Siruvani water supply scheme. On 18 February 2010, the Supreme Court decided to constitute a five-member empowered committee to study all the issues of Mullaiperiyar Dam and seek a report from it within six months. The Bench in its draft order said Tamil Nadu and Kerala would have the option to nominate a member each, who could be either a retired judge or a technical expert. The fivemember committee will be headed by former Chief Justice of India A. S. Anand to go into all issues relating to the dam's safety and the storage level. However, the ruling party of Tamil Nadu, DMK, passed a resolution that it not only oppose the apex court's decision to form the five-member committee, but also said that the state government will not nominate any member to it. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi said that immediately after the Supreme Court announced its decision to set up a committee, he had written to Congress president asking the

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Centre to mediate between Kerala and Tamil Nadu on Mullaperiyar issue. However, Leader of Opposition J. Jayalalithaa objected to the TN Government move. She said that this would give advantage to Kerala in the issue. Meanwhile, Kerala Water Resources Minister N. K. Premachandran told the state Assembly that the State should have the right of construction, ownership, operation and maintenance of the new dam, while giving water to Tamil Nadu on the basis of a clear cut agreement. He also informed the media that Former Supreme Court Judge Mr. K. T. Thomas will represent Kerala on the expert panel constituted by Supreme Court. On 8 March 2010, in a fresh twist to the Mullaperiyar Dam row, Tamil Nadu told the Supreme Court that it was not interested in adjudicating the dispute with Kerala before the special empowered committee appointed by the apex court for settling the inter-State issue. However, Supreme Court refused to accept Tamil Nadu's request to scrap the decision to form the empowered committee. SC also criticized the Union Government on its reluctance in funding the empowered committee.

Notes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Which now does not exist as a river as it is part of the backwater/reservoir. The main river is called the Periyar River. Which were under British rule as part of Madras Province. R. Krishnakumar, Frontline, Volume 23 - Issue 05, Mar. 11 - 24, 2006. "A film based on Mullaperiyar dam issue". Indian Express. Feb 28, 2010. "Verdict on Mullaperiyar". The Hindu (Chennai, India). in 1959 CESS, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram A study on the impact of raising of water level in the Mullaperiyar reservoir of the Periyar Tiger Reserve was carried out by scientists from the Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), the Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (TBGRI), Centre for Water Resource Development and Management (CWRDM) and the Slim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) 10. "Apex court wants reports on Mullaperiyar dam safety referred to expert body". The Hindu (Chennai, India). February

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Mullaiperiyar Dam controversy: issues and concerns Interestingly, mullaiperiyar dam controversy is not about sharing water as in the cause of cauvery. Kerala, and way, cannot use the dam water as most of it is going to the sea and kerala is least bothered about use of water that flows through the dam. It is also not a case of rehabilitation, at le3ast as on date, as in case of Narmada. Vast areas that would be submerged if reservoir level were increased are the Periyar Tiger Reserve and it is a different matter of concern altogether of protecting forest species. It is not even the question of increasing height of the dam because the original storage level was 152ft, which was reduced to 136ft in the backdrop of mild tremor to the magnitude of 2 on Richter scale in the region in 1979. Still, the tempers are running high on both states, if not to the level of confrontations and clashes, because, it is a matter of providing livelihood to several lakhs of people and of increasing agricultural productivity in the rain shadow districts of TamilNadu that would benefit out of water flow, which otherwise goes water, by increasing the reservoir level. On the other hand, it is a matter of environmental concern for kerala that would like to avoid bursting or breaking of the 110 years old, 175ft high, 5704ft long lime and brick dam in question, kerala, being a land-locked state, appears to be over cautious. The state being land hungry and environmental imbalance snowballing into imbalance in and destabilization of irrigation and, in turn, agrarian economy also cannot be ruled out. Kerala appears to be more concerned about the consequences inland than about the Mullaiperiyar dam as such. TamilNadu went to the Supreme Court and succeeded in convincing the court to pass an order, in February 2006,in its favour to increase the height of the reservoir level of the dam to142ft from the present 136ft. kerala countered it by moving swiftly to the extent of holding a special two-day assembly session in march to discuss the issue and unanimously passed a legislation, kerala irrigation and water conservation ( Amendment) act, 2006 in order to steal away the basis of the Supreme Court order. The amended act has empowered the kerala dam safety authority to fix maximum reservoir level for scheduled dams and to instruct custodians of the dam accordingly. In this case, mullaiperiyar is a scheduled dam and custodian is the Tamilnadu state government. When the kerala government approached the court for revision of its order, the Supreme Court rejected it and has advised talks between the two governments. Talks that have been on for last few months appear not to have yielded desired results and it is only a matter of time for the Tamilnadu state government to approach the court to enforce the verdict. The kerala government is coming up with the issue of safety of the 110-year-old dam and the consequent issues that are expected to affect more the 35 lakh people living in downstream in the districts of idukki, kottayam, erunakulam, pathananmathitta and alappuzha. Tamilnadu, on the other hand, is raising the issues of 70

irrigation and drinking water in the rain shadow districts of theni, dindigul, madurai virudhunagar, sivaganga and ramanathapuram which would otherwise have no access to any water facilities. Tamilnadu claimed to have lost 45000 crores in the last 25 years because more than 8000 hectares of land went dry way of reduction in the original reservoir level of 152ft. As the kerala government said that the dam is so weak that it cannot withstand storage level of more than 136ft, an expert committee was formed to study the technical feasibility and ways to strengthen the ailing dam. After some modification, renovation and repair works were carried out; the expert committee inspected the dam and has certified that the dam can withstand a reservoir level of 142ft initially. But the kerala government is not ready to buy the argument and insists that the reservoir level should not be increased at any cost. The center of earth science studies in kerala says that the dam cannot withstand an earthquake of the magnitude of 6 or more on the Richter scale if the epicenter is near the dam. The institute also assessed that tremor of such a magnitude is not too far as the region has been experiencing several tremors on lesser degrees for quite sometime now, i.e., in the last two decades. The chances of occurrence of such tremors are also high due to the presence of lineaments and fault zones in the region. The mullaiperiyar controversy has opened up newer issues for discussion. Strangely, the dam is located in the lands of kerala while the maintenance of dam and the operation of sluice gate are undertaken by the government. The land was taken on lease by Tamilnadu for 999 years in 1886 through an agreement between the then maharaja of state of travancore and the madras presidency. The project was conceived in 1895. Again, a new agreement was signed around 1970 when the old one was about to expire. The lease amount was increased from Rs.5/toRs.3per acre and the tamilnadu government was allowed to produce electricity at a price. The whole problem started only in 1979 when the region faced mild tremors. Now, there are also debates on annexing dam areas bordering the state to tamilnadu. The state reorganization commission had also suggested including devikulam and peermedu areas (dam areas) in the state. Tamilnadu is concerned because the new amended law empowers kerala dam safety authority even to decommission dams, if found unsafe. Such an eventuality will affected more than 80000 acres of land that is under irrigation and will be a body below to the state of tamilnadu. It has also opened debates on water policies of both governments, diverting west-flowing rivers (from kerala to Arabian Sea) towards east (tamilnadu) so as to avoid wastage of water of water, the rational of allowing privatization and commercialization of water in this water starved era, policies that makes people to pay 71

for every drop of water they use while encouraging multinationals to go scot-free in exploiting all our water resources (like coca-cola company at tirunelveli and Bechtel at tiruppur in tamilnadu), scientific approach to water conservation and watershed management, ect. Electricity generation and distribution policies are also being debated anew. Tamilnadu is heading for a water crisis. Irrigation systems are being handed over to various multinational agencies including World Bank and companies from European countries. The people are being forced to pay for it. Tamilnadu water supply and drainage board (TWAD), a government agency, has been turned into a nodal agency for broking deals with multinational and for spearheading privatization and commercialization of water. The government is shirking off its responsibility on water issues and TWAD being restructured to become a self-sustainable, profit-based organization is only n indication. In this backdrop, the issue involved is the livelihood of millions of people on both sides. Court verdicts and emergency legislations may not sole the real crisis. Water going waste is of no concern for kerala and the same being used by tamilnadu also should not be a problem for them. Increasing agricultural productivity and saving livelihood of lakhs of people in tamilnadu, particularly in those dry and rain shadow districts in the region, is very important. Likewise, the safety and security of lakhs of people of kerala are also equally important. Conflicting views on the stress and strength analysis and technical feasibility of increasing reservoir level of the dam should be thrashed out first. Instead of depending on courts and legislations, negotiations and talks should be the main modus operandi to settle the dispute. Taking over of irrigation subject by the central government may not be a real solution in a multi-national. Multi-ethnic society. Rather, the central government should play the role of an efficient and effective facilitator to find an amicable solution to the dispute. There is a need for evolving an effective inter-state water dispute redressal mechanism. Any attempt, on both sides, to incite passions of regional chauvinism should be condemned in unequivocal terms. But, unfortunately political parties in both states are including mainly incite passions rather than finding amicable and workable solution to the dispute. The ruling party in kerala is behaving more as a regionalist party than a communist party. DMK and other parties in Tamilnadu are also eyeing for an opportunity to flare up feeling of regional chauvinism in order to revive their own declining influences among masses. Arriving at a mutually acceptable, mutually beneficial solution should be the point of departure for any framework for solution. Alternatives should also be given serious thought. Constructing a new dam can also be considered if it is established that Mullaiperiyar dam cannot withstand the pressure of increasing the reservoir level. Adopting an integrated approach of river diversions, utilization of all possible water ways, innovative water management policies, putting kanmoys (tanks and lakes) and rivers (Vaigai) to a coordinated use, etc., can also be considered. There is also an opinion expressed by Kambam Basin Farmers' Association 72

that water can be effectively put to use through an integrated use of Vaigai river system and its kanmoys (tanks) where water can be stored after it is released from Mullaiperiyar dam and constructing a small dam near Varusanadu, if necessary, to feed Vaigai river. This proposal, if actually feasible, is potent enough to make other proposals of increasing reservoir level of Mullaiperiyar dam and constructing a new dam redundant Mullaiperiyar dam dispute: farmers to meet Prime Minister MADURAI, JAN. 12. A team of 28 farmers meet the Prime Minister, Monmohan Sing, later this month to impress upon him the need to raise the level of mullaiperiyar dam from 136 to 145feet. M.Buthisigamani, president, periyar-vaigai farmers Association, between peranai and kallandiri (the double-crop area), said the team would seek the Prime Ministers intervention to solve the 25-year-old dispute between tamilnadu and kerala over raising the dam level. The Prime Minister should convene a meeting of the two state governments and the central water commission (CWC) and the tow committees and should order that the level be increased to 145ft as a temporary measure to mitigate the drinking water and irrigation problems in south tamilnadu. The dam helped to irrigate 2.17 lahks acres and served as a drinking water source for a population of 65 lakhs in Theni, Dindigul, Madurai, Ramanathapuram and Sivaganga districts when the level was maintained at 152ft till 1979. However, surplus water from the periyar dam failed to fill up the then newlyconstructed idukki dam for three consecutive years, and politicians in kerala planned to restrict the level of the periyar dam136ft.they claimed that the Weak condition of the dam posed a threat to the lives and property in three districts of kerala. Mr.Buthisigamani said water from the periyar dam (with a capacity of 15.565 tmc at 152ft) would flow into the idukki dam (with a capacity of 72 tmc) through mountainous regions and would not pose any threat to lives. Unlike kerala, which was rich in water resources and draining 2000 tmc ftof rainwater into the sea, Tamilnadu was dependent on the neighbouring states for water. The team is leaving here for New Delhi on January 22. Mulaiperiyar Dam issue In India, sharing of river waters between the riparian states has always been a ticklish issue. We have seen many disputes in respect of rivers like sutlej, narmada, godavari, 73

Krishna, cauvery, parambikkulam & sholayar. All these rivers are interstate rivers flowing through more than one state and naturally each state tries its best to secure a larger share of that invaluable resource, water. But the dispute between tamilnadu and kerala over mullaiperiyar dam, which hit the headlines,when the roads connecting both the state were blockaded recently by slogan shouting agitators from tamilnadu, belonging to the ruling party, DMK, is of a different nature. With vaiko of MDMK on a padayatra from madurai to gudalur, calling for raising the water level in the dam. With PMKs Dr.Ramdas and Dks Veeramani too launching similar dharnas and with the AIADMks Dr. Jayalithaa too launching her own tirade, emotions ran high and naturally Dr. kalaignar, though always very diplomatic in his dealings with the neighbouring state, could not but join the fray. In the midst of the emotional outbursts of the leaders and their parties trying to extract the maximum possible political mileage for themselves, the core issues got clouded. Let us examine the issues involved and try to find out what exacrly is the problem in mullaiperiyar. The river periyar is not an inter-state river. This west-flowing river originates in kerala and flows throughout in that state before winding its way into the coastal plain and branching off thereafter, only to meander into the backwaters near kochi and then to merge into the Arabian sea. About 120 years ago, the British who ruled in the madras presidency enters into an agreement with the maharajah of travancore, to permit them to construct a dam across the Periyar River in that state and then to divert the water impounded to the east, to irrigation the parched dry lands of the then madurai & ramnad districts. There was also a sociological aspect. In the absences of any scope for any productive economic activity, large section of the people (mainly kallars) there, tended to take to the path of crime and violence. The British had even declared them a criminal tribe at that time. They had chosen to follow a carrot and stick policy and thought that once the periyar water was made available, the ruthless criminal will turn into a hardworking and honest farmer, earning by the sweat of his brow. The agreement was signed for a period of 999 years! (The usual long term agreements we have heard of run for 99 years). The quantity of water to be transferred to the East, across the Western Ghats, was not specified. The role of the legendary Bhageeratha who changed the course of Ganga and brought it into his country was played here by Col Pennyquick, the then British Chief Engineer who completed the Dam in the year 1895. The rubble-lime-surkhi dam has done an excellent job, impounding large quantities of water, year after year and helping to convert 2 lakhs of acres of waste lands into fertile farmland. Agricultural prosperity induced the people to reform themselves and become law-abiding citizens.(After all, they have something to lose now). 74

Though the original design life of such a dam would be about 50 years, the excellent quality of construction enabled it to exist without any problem for a much longer period. However, in the 1970's complaints started coming in and 1979 turned out to be a problem year. Extraordinarily large quantities of water began seeping through the Dam creating apprehensions in Kerala. They started expressing grave doubts about the strength and stability of the dam. After all, it was an 85 year old structure, built with no cement or steel and using only rubble, lime and surkhi and it was being subjected to heavy stresses and strains. There were genuine fears that due to the tremendous pressure exerted by the large quantity and height of the water it impounded, some weak spots in the Dam structure might even give way, leading to a great catastrophe. The thickly populated Periyar valley was at grave risk, it was stated. Soon politicians in both the States entered the scene. Emotions ran high. The Government of India & the Central Water and Power Commission (CW&PC) intervened. After lengthy parleys, Tamilnadu agreed to strengthen the Dam as required by the Central experts. It was decided that maximum water level in the Dam would be maintained at 136 ft. until the strengthening jobs were completed satisfactorily (the full reservoir level was 152 ft.), in order to reduce the strain on the old structure and keep it within safe limits. After, the strengthening works were carried out, Government of Tamil Nadu called for raising the water level in the Mullaperiyar reservoir to 152 feet. Kerala objected, pointing to the continuing seepage of water. Tamil Nadu argued that the seepage was within normal limits and did not cause any concern. Discussions failed and Tamilnadu went to the Supreme Court and secured favourable orders from the highest Court for stepping up the storage level. Kerala retaliated with a new legislation forming a Dam Safety Authority which would examine the safety aspects of all the dams in the state (including the Mullaperiyar Dam) and determine the maximum permissible storage levels for each of them. Tamil Nadu approached the Supreme Court again, challenging the validity of this enactment. The Supreme Court suggested settling the issue by talks between the Chief Ministers under the good offices of the Prime Minister. The two Chief Ministers promptly met in the presence of the Union Irrigation Minister, explained their respective positions and instructed their own Irrigation Ministers to continue the next round. They met once and yet there was no progress. Meanwhile, there was a spate of intemperate statements and rejoinders from both the sides. The rest is very recent history. What Tamilnadu wants is water from Periyar. And even today, nobody in Kerala objects to the releasing of Periyar waters to Tamilnadu. Nobody in Kerala has so far called for even restricting the quantity of water released. Nobody there objects to Tamil Nadu drawing away the entire water from the reservoir as and when they like, in quantities convenient to them, so long as the level is not more than 136 ft. And Tamil Nadu has very successfully managed this operation during the last 27 years, ensuring 75

that the level in the reservoir is never more than 136 ft. But when the chain of reservoirs and irrigation tanks in Tamil Nadu, from Suriliyar near Cumbum down to Rameswaram at the fag end ,are full, with heavy rains on the eastern side of the hills too, Tamil Nadu cannot naturally receive more water(lest the level should cross 136 ft) and then if more freshes arrive, some water will have to be released down the Dam's spillway. This will flow into the downstream course of Periyar, reaching the Idukki reservoir about 75 kms away. Tamil Nadu has done this operation so efficiently that only on a very few days has water overflowed down the Mullaiperiyar Dam's spillway all these years. If storage facilities in Tamil Nadu can be augmented, even this can be avoided. In short, what Tamil Nadu wants is water and Kerala does not refuse it. Tamil Nadu has demonstrated it ability to take all the water keeping the level within 136 ft.. What additional advantage does it get by increasing the storage level? Only some operational* flexibility. So is the raising of the Periyar reservoir level beyond 136 ft, a big life and death issue as far as Tamil Nadu is concerned? Let us pause for a moment and think of what is happening in the Cauvery basin. Annai Cauvery, as the Tamils emotionally refer to the River Goddess, has been Tamil Nadu's lifeline; it's most important river. From time immemorial, Cauvery waters irrigated 12 lakh acres of paddy in Tamilnadu's granary of Thanjavur alone. And lots of paddy, sugarcane, banana, betelvine and a host of other crops flourished along the river's course in the other districts as well. But now -there is problem there, every year. Karnataka has constructed dams across Cauvery upstream and only the water which overflows reaches the Tamilnadu border. And every year it is a struggle to get some Cauvery water released even to save the standing crops. The successive Chief Ministers of Tamilnadu have been forced to go up to the Prime minister to get their rightful share of Cauvery waters, year after year! While Karnataka refuses to give Tamilnadu its legitimate share of water from Cauvery, Kerala readily agrees to release the entire water impounded in Mullaiperiyar, which is not even an interstate river! An unequal; 999 year agreement signed during the colonial times has been honoured even after Independence. And water delivered without protest-not for irrigation alone; for power generation as well. They are only worried about the safety of the Dam and the lives of 30 lakhs of people. Perhaps their fears are unfounded. But they don't believe so. Will it not be in the interest of Tamilnadu to do whatever is required to allow these people to sleep without fearing for their lives? But repairs have already been carried out, and to the satisfaction of CW&PC experts. Why they are shouting even now? They say that the dam, built with rubble in lime, is 115 years old already. Will patchworks help? Everywhere such old structures have been decommissioned long ago...So the debate goes on. Will our politicians transform themselves into statesmen and solve this problem 76

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