Chapter 7 Skeletal System

Review Questions

1. The five functions of skeletal system 1. SUPPORT : Provide internal framework that supports the body. 2. PROTECTION : Protects internal organs and helps fight disease by producing white blood cells. 3. MOVEMENT : Makes movement possible 4. STORAGE : Stores calcium 5. HEMATOPOIESIS : the process of blood cell formation

2. The structures of the osteon also know as the haversian system is constructed of cylindrical units forming the hard shell of the compact bone. Each circular and tube like osteon is composed of calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers resembling the rings of an onion. Each ring is called lamella and surrounds the central canal. 3. The structure of cartilage also called chrondrocytes lacunae are suspended in the cartilage matrix much like air bubbles in a block of firm gelatin, because there is no blood vessels in cartilage nutrients must diffuse through the matrix to reach the cells and cause it to rebuild itself slowly after an injury. 4. The process of endochondral ossification, including the function of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts is the process of constantly remodeling a growing bone as it changes from a small cartilage model to the characteristic shape and proportion of the adult . 5. The epiphyseal plate is important for growth continuation of bones. 6. The bones of the axial skeleton, and the appendicular skeleton the bone of the skull, spine,and chest and the hyoid bone in the neck are in the axial skeleton. The bone of the upper extrimities represent the appendicular skeleton( shoulder, pectorial girdles, arms, wrists, and hands)and lower extremities are( hip, pelvic girdles legs ankles and feet).

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The vertebral column is divided into five sections 1. Cervical 7 vertebrae 2. Thoracic 12 vertebrae 3. Lumbar 5 vertebrae 4. Sacrum 1 vertebrae 5. Coccyx 1 vertebrae

8. The first seven pairs of ribs referred to as the true ribs are attached to the sternum The eight, ninth, and tenth pairs of ribs are sometimes called the false ribs. The last two ribs the eleventh and twelfth is not attached to any costal cartilage but float free in front which fit there names the floating ribs. 9. The synarthroses do not allow any significant movement , it is a joint in which fibrous connective tissue grows between the articulating bones holding them close together such as the joint between the cranial bones. 10.T he amphiarthrotic joint allow slight movement, it is a joint that cartilage connects the articulating bones such as the symphysis pubis the joint between the two pubic bones. 11.diarthrotic joint are vastly distributed in our bodies they allow considerable amount of movement they are made alike in many ways and they all have a joint capsule, joint cavity and a layer of cartilage over the end of two joining bones for example , the shoulder and hip joints, of all the joint in our bodies these permit the widest range of movement. 12.A joint capsule is made of the bodies strongest and toughest material ,fibrous tissue, and is lined with a smooth, slippery synovial membrane. 13.Open, closed and comminuted fractures , open fractures are fractures in which bone pierces the skin and invites the possibility of infection or osteomyelitis. Closed fractures are do not pierce the skin and so do not pose an immediate danger of bone infection. In comminuted fracture are breaks that produce many fragments. 14.Three types of arthritis . a. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that involves chronic inflammation of connective tissue, it begins in synovial membrane and spreads to cartilage and other tissue often causing severe crippling.

b. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease it is the most common noninflammatory disorder of moveable joints, abnormal formation of new bone spur at joint surfaces and degeneration of articular cartilage are characteristic features of osteoarthritis. c. Gouty arthritis is a metabolic condition in which uric acid, a nitrogenous waste increases in the blood. Excess uric is deposited as sodium urate crystals in distal joints and tissue.