IRREGULAR VERBS Verb base (infinitive/V1) arise be bear beat become begin bend bet bind bite bleed

blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst buy catch choose come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fly forbid forget forgive freeze Past Tense (V2) arose was, were bore beat became began bent bet bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burnt burst bought caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew forbade forgot forgave froze Past/Passive participle(V3) arisen been born beaten become begun bent bet/betted bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built burnt burst bought caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen Translation a aparea a fi a purta a bate a deveni a incepe a indoi a paria a lega, a lipi, a (se) obliga a musca a sangera a sufla a sparge a naste, a creste, a se inmulti a aduce a transmite a construi a arde a izbucni a cumpara a prinde a alege a veni a costa a (se) tara a taia a face comert, a se ocupa de a sapa a face a desena, a trage a visa a bea a conduce(un vehicul) a manca a cadea a hrani a simti a lupta a gasi a fugi, a scapa de a zbura a interzice a uita a ierta a ingheta

get give go grind grow hang have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead lean leap leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet mow pay put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shrink shut

got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant/leaned lept/leaped left lent let lay lit/lighted lost made meant met mowed paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shrank shut

got/gotten given gone ground grouwn hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant/leaned lept/leaped left lent let lain lit/lighted lost made meant met mown/mowed paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn/sewed shaken shone shot shown shrunk shut

a primi, a obtine a da a merge a macina, a zdrobi a creste a spanzura a avea a auzi a ascunde a lovi a tine a rani a tine, a pastra a ingenunchia a sti a aseza, a intinde, a oua a conduce a (se) sprijini a sari a pleca, lasa, parasi a da cu imprumut a lasa,a permite a sta intins, a zacea, a se afla a aprinde a pierde a face, a produce a insemna a (se)intalni a tunde iarba a plati a pune a citi a calari a suna a rasari, a izvori, a se ridica a alerga a zice a vedea a cauta a vinde a trimite a pune, a aseza a coase a tremura a straluci a trage a arata a (se) micsora/strange a inchide

sing sink sit sleep slide smell speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink stride strike swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw tread understand wake wear weave weep win wind write

sang sank sat slept slid smelt/smelled spoke sped/speeded spelt spent spilt spun spat split spoilt/spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank/stunk strode struck swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod understood woke/waked wore wove wept won wound wrote

sung sunk sat slept slid smelt/smelled spoken speds/peeded spelt spent spilt spun spat split spoilt/spoiled spread sprang stood stolen stuck stung stunk stridden struck sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown trodden understood woken/waked worn woven wept won wound written

a canta a (se) scufunda a sta jos a dormi a aluneca a mirosi a vorbi a grabi/goni, a depasi viteza a ortografia a cheltui, a petrece timpul a varsa/rasturna a invarti/rasuci, a toarce a scuipa, a rosti, a tipa a despica, a dezbina a rasfata, a (se) rasfata a (se) raspandi/intinde a izvori/tasni a sta in picioare a fura a lipi a intepa a puti a incaleca, a pasi a lovi/izbi a jura a matura a inota a (se) legana a lua a preda/invata pe altii a rupe a spune, a povesti a gandi, a crede a arunca a calca/zdrobi,a bate un drum a intelege a (se) trezi a purta a tese a plange a castiga a rasuci, a intoarce ceasul a scrie

PRESENT SIMPLE + AFIRMATIVE I work You write We travel They learn He drives She washes It rains NEGATIVE I dont work You dont write We dont travel They dont learn He doesnt drive She doesnt wash It doesnt rain ? INTERROGATIVE Do I work? Do you write? Do we travel? Do they learn? Does he drive? Does she wash? Does it rain?

Usage: 1. permanent states e.g. I dont like milk/ She knows what I mean State verbs: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, like, love, matter, mean, own, possess, prefer, understand, recognize, seem, suppose, suspect, want, wish Verbs like: be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh have a different active meaning e.g. I think youre right vs. Im thinking of moving to L.A 2. habits (routines) e.g. She usually visits her aunt on Saturday. 3. general truths (facts that are always true) e.g. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 4. momentary actions Instructions e.g. First, you whip the cream. Stage directions e.g. She wears a black dress and stands by the fireplace Making declarations e.g. I now pronounce you man and wife/ I hope youll come to my party! Commentaries e.g. He gets the ball, shoots and he scores. Exclamations e.g. Here comes the teacher! 5. headlines e.g. PM resigns. 6. summaries of events e.g. The heroine soon realizes that fate is not on her side. 7. historic present in narratives and funny stories e.g. Theres this man who meets a mate of his 8. official timetables and schedules/itineraries e.g. The PM visits our city next week. He arrives at 8 a.m. 9. in time clauses e.g. Ill call you as soon as I get back. (before, until, when, after) 10. in 1st Conditional e.g. Well go on a picnic if its sunny.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS + AFIRMATIVE I am working You are writing We are travelling They are learning He is driving She is washing It is raining
Usage: 1. actions in progress at the moment of speaking e.g. Is she talking to the headmaster? (now) 2. actions generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment e.g. Im learning to drive. 3. temporary actions e.g. Im staying with a friend this week/ Are you enjoying your stay here?/ We are confronting with serious problems these days 4. complaints about bad habits e.g. Youre always yelling at me! (forever, continually) 5. change and development e.g. She is becoming more and more beautiful. Its getting darker and darker. More and more people are giving up smoking. 6. arrangements about the future e.g. We are going to the theatre next Thursday.

NEGATIVE I am not working You arent writing We arent travelling They arent learning He isnt driving She isnt washing It isnt raining

? INTERROGATIVE Am I working? Are you writing? Are we travelling? Are they learning? Is he driving? is she washing? Is it raining?

Spelling: 1. We add ing to most verbs, without changing the base form: wait/waiting Wait for me. I am waiting for you. 2. If a verb ends in e, omit the e and add ing: use/using Use a broom. I am using a broom. 3. A single vowel followed by a single consonant doubles the final consonant: sit/sitting Sit down. I am sitting down. 4. We double the last consonant of two-syllable verbs when the second syllable is stressed: be`gin/be`ginning. Compare the unstressed final syllable: `differ/`differing Begin work. Im beginning work. 5. ic changes to ick: picnic/picnicking; -ie changes to y: lie/lying

Lie down. + AFIRMATIVE I have known You have finished We have won They have written He has cleaned She has cooked It has snowed

Im lying down. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE NEGATIVE I havent known You havent finished We havent won They havent written He hasnt cleaned She hasnt cooked It hasnt snowed ? INTERROGATIVE Have I known? Have you finished? Have we won? Have they written? Has he cleaned? Has she cooked? Has it snowed?

Usage: 1. indefinite past actions (were not saying exactly when) e.g. Ive bought a new house. vs. I bought the house last year (definite past action) I bought the house after all (implied definite - the house we talked about) 2. recent past actions e.g. She has just gone out. (a short time ago) American English uses Past Simple here) 3. indefinite past actions which have consequences in the present e.g. Ive sprained my ankle (I cannot play football today) 4. states which started in the past and still continue e.g. How long have you two known each other? Ive lived here all my life (permanent) vs. Ive been living here for 5 years (temporary) 5. experiences in our life e.g. Ive never liked fish. Shes visited France twice this year. Ive read a hundred pages so far. Ive yet to see a better footballer than Hagi. Adverbs & Phrases mainly used with Present Perfect - never, ever, already, recently, lately, just, for, since, always, it is/this is the first (second) timenever, before, never...before, today, this week, so far, yet (?/-), still

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + AFIRMATIVE I have been doing You have been working We have been singing They have written He has been cleaning She has been cooking It has been snowing NEGATIVE I havent been doing You havent been working We havent been singing They havent written He hasnt been cleaning She hasnt been cooking It hasnt been snowing ? INTERROGATIVE Have I been doing? Have you been working? Have we been singing? Have they written? Has he been cleaning? Has she been cooking? Has it been snowing?

Usage: 1. incomplete actions e.g. Ive been ironing since morning and I havent finished yet. 2. situations lasting up to the present moment e.g. Ive been waiting for you for an hour. Where have you been? 3. focus on the duration of an activity e.g. Shes been lying in bed all day. What have you been doing? (emphasis on the action) vs. What have you done? (focus on the result of the action) 4. recently completed activity which has obvious results in the present e.g. Have you been crying? (Your eyes are red) Someone has been sleeping in my bed! 5. temporarily repeated action e.g. My teacher has been talking to my mother lately.

PAST SIMPLE + AFIRMATIVE I You ate He spoke She asked It worked We tried They invited NEGATIVE I didnt buy You didnt eat He didnt speak She didnt ask It didnt work We didnt try They didnt invite ? INTERROGATIVE Did I buy? Did you eat? Did he speak? Did she ask? Did it work? Did we try? Did they invite?

Usage 1. short quickly finished actions and happenings eg. Peter broke a window last night. 2. longer situations eg. I spent all my childhood in Scotland. 3. repeated events eg. Regularly every summer, Janet fell in love. 4. in story-telling and when we are telling people about past events. eg. One day the Princess decided that she didnt like staying at home all day, so she told her father that she wanted to get a job... 5. with references to finished periods and moments of time. eg. I saw John yesterday morning. He told me... The past form and pronunciation of regular verbs 1. Regular verbs always end with a d in the past simple, but we do not always pronounce the d ending in the same way. We usually add ed to the base form of the verb: I play - I played, I open - I opened. We do not pronounce ed as an extra syllable. We pronounce it as /d/ I played /pleid/ NOT /plei-id/; I opened /upn/ NOT /upnid/. 2. Verbs which end in the following sounds are pronounced /t/ in the past: /k/ packed; /s/ passed; /t/ watched; // washed; /f/ laughed; /p/ tipped. 3. A few verbs are pronounced and spelt /d/ or /t/: burned/burnt; dreamed/dreamt 4. Verbs ending in the sounds /t/ and /d/ have their past ending pronounced in /id/: added, decided, counted, excited, needed, posted, shouted, started, tasted, wanted. Irregular past forms 1. Some irregular verbs have the same form in all parts: hit-hit-hit; cut-cut-cut. 2. Some change one part only: keep-kept-kept; make-made- made; sell-sold-sold. 3. Some change two parts: break-broke-broken; know-knew-known; ride-rode-ridden.

PAST CONTINUOUS + AFIRMATIVE I was doing He was cleaning She was cooking It was snowing You were driving We were flying They were running Usage 1. temporary actions in progress in the past eg. I was living abroad in 1987. 2. actions which were in progress when something else happened eg. Just as/When I was leaving, the phone rang. 3.actions in progress at the same time eg. While I was reading, Joan was playing the piano. 4.repeated actions (with always) eg. When I worked here, I was always making mistakes. 5.polite enquiries eg. I was wondering if you could give me a lift. NEGATIVE I wasnt doing He wasnt cleaning She wasnt cooking It wasnt snowing You werent driving We werent flying They werent running ? INTERROGATIVE Was I doing? Was he cleaning? Was she cooking? Was it snowing? Were you driving? Were we flying? Were they running?