Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Essam Omar Aasem Department of Buildings and Energy Technologies Kuwait Institute for Scientic Research
Keywords
1 = Dual skin facades 2 = Spectrally selective glazing 3 = Energy savings 4 = Integrated simulation approach understand, it restricted the designers exibility to opt for large glazing areas without adversely affecting the quality of indoor thermal conditions. However, the technological advancements made in the manufacture of high performance glazing may allow the use of larger glazing areas but with an adverse effect on the availability of natural day lighting within the building space. It is mainly for this reason that the concept of dual skin facades is gaining popularity; to impose solar control, maximize the utilization of day lighting, utilization of more neutral glazing congurations with the advantage of increased comfort and productivity of occupants. According to [5], such facades can also include photovoltaic cells (PV) to enhance the energy efciency of such buildings. In principal, the concept sounds ideal for hot climates and therefore warrants an investigation to assess its suitability under such conditions. For this purpose, a typical governmental ofce building was considered for the analysis and was subjected to the climate conditions in Kuwait. A comprehensive building energy simulation program, ESP-r [6], was used to develop the computer model for the building and then to carry out an annual energy analysis. For the ofce building considered in the analysis, IGU with clear glass was used for the inner skin while for the outer skin; clear laminated glass with a spectrally selective lm was used. The spectral property of the laminated exterior shell used in the analysis was extracted from the WINDOW 4.1 [7] program.
Abstract
The concept of dual skin facade was investigated to verify its suitability for Kuwait with respect to its impact on the thermal performance of typical ofce buildings. A common building trend in Kuwait is to use large glazing areas in the exterior envelop of multi-story ofce buildings. This trend coupled with a hot long summer and stringent code of practice limits for energy conservation may result in inadequate performance by the HVAC system of such buildings. The technique of dual skin facades may therefore be considered for new designs or for retrotting existing buildings to overcome some of the problems associated with space cooling of ofce buildings. In this study theoretical analysis were applied to study the thermal performance of a typical ofce building. Computer building models were developed for North-South and EastWest orientations. The building was tted with clear IGU with a certain glazing area. An exterior laminated glass tted with a spectrally selective lm was added to the model to represent the outer skin. A number of computer models were developed to represent cases with different IGU areas in the presence of the outer skin. Hourly simulations were then conducted to determine the annual energy consumption and peak-cooling load for the building. A comparison was then made between the cases considered to assess the thermal effectiveness of the outer glass skin. In addition, simulations were also carried out to determine the acceptable IGU glazing area limit that result in cooling loads within the limit set by the code of practice. It was found that in the presence of the exterior laminated skin, the maximum glazing area for clear IGU was 60% for both north-south and east-west orientations. For the latter, this is an increase of more than 100% in the IGU glazing area over the base case without the outer skin. In addition, annual energy consumption for the cases with the outer skin and larger IGU areas was found to be the same as that for the base cases with smaller IGU areas and without the outer skin.
design of ofce buildings have changed dramatically over the past three decades. Nowadays, one of the most common and desirable features of such buildings is large glazing areas. Such trends coupled with stringent energy conservation measures and inappropriate glazing selections, may lead to the designing of buildings in which a comfortable inside condition cannot be maintained. Since the heat gain from external glazing areas contributes directly to a buildings cooling and heating loads, the energy codes [1, 2 and 3] were aimed at controlling a buildings maximum power demand for the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system by controlling the heat gain from the different building components. The present code of practice for energy conservation implemented by the Ministry of Electricity and Water [4] of the State of Kuwait sets out limits for the capacities of air-conditioning (A/C) systems depending on the types of building under consideration. For instance, the limit given for ofce buildings in terms of wattage per square meter of conditioned oor area is 70 W/m2 for air-cooled air-conditioning units. This limit, however, increases the probability of having insufcient cooling capacity for buildings with large glazing areas, especially if the glazing type has poor thermal performance. The code further sets general and basic limits on the glazing areas without giving much consideration to the type of building being considered. Although this code was simple to implement and
Shape Floor area Living space area Exterior wall area (includes glazing area) Roof area window area Wall U-value Roof U-value Glass Type Lighting levels People Fresh air rate Equipment Air conditioning system
1074 m2 635 m2 (25% of total wall area) 0.47 W/(m2.K) 0.32 W/(m2.k) Double glazed clear glass Fluorescent lights, 20 W/m2 130 per oor per building maximum (equivalent to 9.3 m2/person) 20 CFM/person 21.5 W/m2 Two air-cooled chillers
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Table 2 Properties of Glazing Types Considered in the Analysis (glass thickness assumed is 6mm)
Glazing Type
Light to Overall Solar Gain U-value Ratio W/m2C 1.55 1.13 5.86 3.16
Clear Laminated Clear double with 12mm air gap Glazing Type
Property Transmittance
Incidence Angles 0 0.32 0.449 0.49 0.569 0.676 0.19 0.136 40 0.309 0.44 0.499 0.535 0.65 0.208 0.144 55 0.296 0.426 0.493 0.472 0.589 0.225 0.144 70 0.261 0.381 0.461 0.324 0.433 0.244 0.126 80 0.174 0.271 0.378 0.139 0.222 0.239 0.084
Clear Laminated SHGC Absorptivity Transmittance Clear double glazed SHGC Absorptivity (1) Absorptivity (2)
Fig. 1 Climate severity in terms of degree days for Kuwaits coastal zone [10].
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Glazing details
ASHRAE recommends extracting the optical properties of the glazing used from the National Fenestration Research Councils (NFRCs) spectral data disk [8]. This was done using the WINDOW computer program by arbitrarily choosing standard double clear glass and a lm with spectrally selective properties for the clear laminated glass. The resulting optical properties and thermal characteristics of the glazing are listed in Tables 2 and 3. In Table 2, the data in the fourth column was obtained by calculating the ratio of visible transmittance (Tv) to the solarheat-gain coefcient (SHGC). This ratio was included because of its physical importance since it implies that the higher the ratio the better the general performance of the glass in terms of daylight utilization and solar heat gain minimization. Glass manufacturers nowadays are aiming for ratios of higher than 2. It is important to note that the other data like building location, hourly climate data, construction materials, and casual gains, were the same for all cases apart from the IGU glazing area and the faade conguration (i.e. single or dual skin). The relevance of Table 3 lies in its importance in allowing a detailed transient energy simulation to be conducted. For the double clear glass, coefcients for the solar transmittance, SHGC and absorptance for the outer external-facing glass (surface 1) and inner room-facing glass (surface 2) were obtained from the WINDOW computer program for the incidence angles listed in the table. The ESP-r program treats windows as transparent, multilayered surfaces and, therefore, accounts for all parameters that may inuence the
amount of heat gained through them. Such parameters include heat absorbed in the glass, heat reected, radiation penetration, conduction, long-wave radiation exchange with other surfaces and heat convection to the zone. In addition, since the suns position in the sky is a function of the day under consideration, then the angle of incidence of solar radiation relative to a surface will change accordingly. For this reason, the optical properties in Table 3 were given as a function of the angle of incidence of solar radiation. Unlike the conventional way of calculating heat gain from glazing by way of using the heat transfer coefcient and SHGC at normal incidence, utilizing the detailed data in Table 3 ensured an accurate representation of the heat transferred through the glazing. ESP-r requires the optical properties of glazing to be available for ve different incidence angles, as shown.
values of 75 and 55 W/person were specied. It was assumed that the weekend (Thursday and Friday) was a non-occupancy period. With respect to the weekday control strategy, cooling temperature was set at 24C and heating temperature was set at 22C with 50% relative humidity. While for the weekend, cooling temperature was set at 26C and heating temperature was set at 20C with 50% relative humidity. Figure 1 shows the severity of the climate in Kuwait in terms of degree days. The results were based on a heating base-temperature of 18C and a cooling base-temperature of 21C. The dry-bulb temperature was extracted from a typical meteorological year (TMY) of climate data in a coastal region. The data consisted of the dry-bulb temperature, diffuse radiation, direct normal radiation, wind speed, wind direction and relative humidity. The ESP-r uses this set of hourly data, and for sub-hourly simulation, it interpolates the data assuming linear correlations. The TMY was established from hourly weather les [10], which were collected continuously using the current setup for the Kuwait Institute for Scientic Researchs (KISRs) weather station. The geographical location of the weather station was assumed to be similar to that of the ofce building. The longitude and latitude for this location were 48E and 29.3N respectively. The gure clearly shows that the cooling season is predominant in eight months of the year and has the highest annual peak. For this reason the peak electric
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load for cooling was chosen to be the parameter to base the glazing area limits on. In addition, during the cooling season, the sky is clear most of the time, which implies that the effect of solar radiation on the buildings cooling load could be signicant.
Description Case 1: Base case for building with no outer skin, East and West glazing orientation Case 2: Base case for building with no outer skin, North and South glazing orientation Case 3: Building with no outer skin, East and West glazing orientation Case 4: Building with no outer skin, North and South glazing orientation Case 5: Building with laminated outer skin, East and West glazing orientation Case 6: Building with laminated outer skin, North and South glazing orientation Case 7: Building with laminated outer skin, East and West glazing orientation Case 8: Building with laminated outer skin, North and South glazing orientation Case 9: Building with laminated outer skin, East and West glazing orientation
Table 4 Description of the Cases Considered in the Analysis. Fig 2 Percentage increase/ decrease over the base cases for absorbed solar radiation.
Fig 3 Percentage increase/ decrease over the base cases for annual electrical energy consumption.
Fig 4 Percentage increase/ decrease over the base cases for A/C peak cooling electrical demand.
the effect of the outer skin shield on the amount of solar radiation entering the building space at the cooling peak hour. A comparison between the base cases and cases 3 and 4 indicate that the increase in the IGU area resulted in an increase in the absorbed solar radiation of 162% and 163% for the east-west and north-south orientations respectively. Whereas the cases with the laminated shield (i.e. cases 5 to 9) the reduction in the absorbed solar radiation over the respective base cases ranged
from 38% to 53%. It should be noted here that the benet of the outer skin can also be gained for opaque walls as lower solar radiation levels will be absorbed by the walls which results in lower heat gain through the wall construction. Figure 3 shows the percentage change in the annual electrical energy over the base cases. It can be seen that for the east-west case with 60% ratio of IGU (case 7) the increase in the annual energy consumption is almost
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negligible at 0.14%. While in the case with only 50% area ratio of IGU (case 9) a reduction of about 3% was observed. Cases 5 and 6 with 84% area ratio of IGU resulted in an increase in annual energy consumption of 3.6% and 2.1% for the east-west and north-south orientations respectively. With regards to the code of practice for energy conservation, Figure 4 is the most important as it clearly indicates whether the resulting air-conditioning electrical load for cooling is within the limit stipulated in the code for ofce buildings. It can be clearly seen that cases 7, 8 and 9 meet the code limit requirement with additional saving resulting from case 9 (east-west orientation with 50% area ratio of IGU).
Conclusions
The addition of the clear laminated outer skin resulted in signicant reductions in the amount of solar radiation entering the building. This reduction has an impact on both the peak cooling load requirements and annual energy consumption. Such application warrants the use of larger areas of standard clear IGU which has a desirable benet of providing a comfortable working environment within the ofce building in terms of both thermal and visual comfort at the
same time providing high neutrality to the exterior appearance of the building. It was found that in the presence of the outer skin, the maximum glazing area for clear IGU was 60% for both north-south and east-west orientations. For the east-west orientation this is an increase of more than 100% in the IGU area ratio compared to the base case with no outer skin. With this IGU ratio, the resulting peak electric cooling for the A/C is within the code limit of 70 W/m2. In addition, the annual energy consumption for the cases with 60% area ratio of IGU and the outer skin was found to be almost the same as that for the base cases (i.e. with smaller glazing areas and without the outer skin). In the analysis presented in this paper, the effect of day lighting on energy consumption was not considered. Moreover, the air ow induced within the gap between the building envelope and the outer glass skin was not utilized for ventilation within the building space. During the heating season, this hotter air can be used in heat recovery units to warm up cooler fresh air thereby reducing the heating load on the HVAC. These two issues can be considered in future work together with a detailed cost benet analysis to arrive at a conguration that is suitable for the local conditions.
References
[1] ASHRAE/IES. Energy code for commercial and high-rise residential buildings. ASHRAE/IES 90.1.1989, Energy efciency design of new buildings except low-rise residential buildings, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 1989. [2] International energy conservation code (ICC). International Code Council Inc, Virginia, USA, 2000. [3] Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE). Energy demand and targets for heated and ventilated buildings. Building energy conservation code. Editor K J Butcher. London, UK, 1999. [4] MEW. Code of practice for energy conservation in Kuwaiti buildings. Ministry of Electricity and Water, Report No. MEW R-6, State of Kuwait, 1983. [5] Selkowitz, S.E, 2001. Integrating Advanced Facades into High-performance Buildings. Glass Processing Days Conference Proceedings, pp 52-59, Tampere, Finland. [6] Clarke, J A Energy Simulation in Building Design. Bristol: Adam Hilger Ltd, 1985. [7] LBL. Window 4.1: A PC program for analyzing window thermal performance of fenestration products. Windows and Daylighting Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, LBL-35298, Berkeley, California, USA. 1994. [8] NFRC. Procedure for determining fenestration product thermal properties. National Fenestration Research Council, Standard 10091, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, 1991. [9] ASHRAE. Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc., SI Edition, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 1997. [10] Shaban, N. Development of Typical Meteorological Year for Kuwait. Kuwait Institute for Scientic Research, report KISR 5857, Kuwait, 2000.
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