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1 Physics 316 Cornell University Solution for homework 1 Spring 2005 Steve Drasco

B.

I.

EXERCISE 1

Express Plancks radiation formula for the emitted power per area RT ()d = 2h 3 d h c2 e kT 1 (1.1)

Approximate the emission of a 100W light bulb as that of a black body at 4000K. How many photons are emitted per second? You may use 0 x3 /(ex 1)dx = 4 /15 and 0 x2 /(ex 1)dx = 2(3) = 2.4. We now derive the rate at which photons are emitted by a 100W light bulb under the assumption that the bulbs lament is a black body with temperature T = 4000 K. The power per unit radiating area for photons with frequencies ranging from to + d is given by RT () d. Since each of these photons has energy h, the number ux [number / (area time)] of photons leaving the laments surface with frequencies ranging from to + d is given by RT () d/(h). The total number ux of photons radiated per unit area is then given by N = 2 c2 4 c2

in terms of the wavelength = c/. The result should have the form RT ()d = F ()d , (1.2) On the handout, we were given that

d 2 e kT 1
0

for which you have to determine F (). Consider radiation in an arbitrary frequency-interval I dened by 1 2 . The corresponding wavelengthinterval is given by 2 1 , where we have dened 1 = c/1 and 2 = c/2 . Let the PI be the power per unit area radiated in this interval. We have learned that this quantity can be expressed as
2 2

kT h

3 0

dx x2 (ex 1)

(2.1)

dx x2 (ex 1)
0

2.4.

(2.2)

PI =
1

d RT () =
1

h 2h d 2 3 e kT 1 c

(1.3)

By using this in our result we nd N 1.9 1026 Hz m2 . (2.3)

We are asked to express this quantity as an integral over wavelength


1

PI =
2

d FT (),

(1.4)

The rate at which the lament emits photons is then given by N A, where A is the surface area of the lament. We can compute A using the given total power output P = 100 W, the temperature T , and Stefans law P/A = T 4 , where is Stefans constant. Therefore, the rate at which the lament emits photons is N A = N P 1.3 1021 Hz. T 4
C.

for some function FT (), which we must determine. We do so by changing the integration variable in the frequency integral from to = c/. The dierentials for these two variables are related by 2 c d d = 2 d = d. d = d c Performing this operation gives
c/2

(2.4)

(1.5)

PI =
c/1 1

d d
2 1

c RT ( = c/) 2 c
3

What fraction of the energy emitted by this bulb is in the visible region? You may need to use numerical integration, for example with Mathematica using: Integrate[x^/(Exp[x]-1),{x,a,b}] 3 As mentioned in the last part, the laments total power per unit area Ptotal = P/A, is given by Stefans law
1

= =
2

c 2h 2 c2

e kT 1
hc

hc

Ptotal =
0

d RT () = T 4 .

(2.5)

d 2hc2 5 e kT 1

(1.6)

The power per unit area produced by visible radiation is given by


2

Pvisible =
1
hc

d RT (),

(2.6)

This means that the function FT () must be FT () = 2hc2 5 e kT 1


1

(1.7)

where 1 430 THz and 2 750 THz are the approximate boundaries of human vision (taken from lecture notes). The fraction f = Pvisible /Ptotal , of visible radiation is given by f = = 2h c2 T 4 2h c2 T 4
2 1

Another equation which equivalently states our result is RT () d = FT () d.


II. EXERCISE 2 A.

d 3 e kT 1
4 x2 x1

kT h

dx x3 (ex 1)

(2.7)

where x1 = h1 /(kT ) 5.2 and x2 = h2 /(kT ) 9.0. A numerical estimate of the denite integral gives
9.0

A 1kW radio transmitter operates at a frequency of 900kHz. How many photons per second does it emit. Use Plancks formula for the energy per photon, E = h. An ideal radio transmitter radiates at a rate of 1 kW. Since the transmitter is tuned to a xed frequency ( = 900 kHz) each photon which it emits has an energy of h = (6.626 1034 Js)(9 105 Hz) = 5.963 1028 J. The rate at which this transmitter emits photons is then given by (103 W)/(5.963 1028 J) = 1.677 1030 Hz.

f (0.15)
5.2

dx x3 (ex 1)

0.20.

(2.8)

So according to the black body model, only about 20% of the light bulbs power is used to produce visible light. A quick internet search nds claims that standard light bulbs typically only use about 10% of their power to produce visible light, so our model is not unreasonable.

3
III. EXERCISE 3 A.

4 This value is similar to the one for our monochromatic model (3.2). The rate per unit area (of constant radial distance R from the sun) at which photons hit the Earth is then = 2.1 1045 Hz = 7.5 1021 s1 m2 , 4R2 (3.6)

Light from the sun arrives at the earth, an average of 0.15Tm away, at the rate of 1.4 10 3 W/m2 . Assume that sunlight is monochromatic with a frequency of 500THz. How many photons fall per second on each square meter of the earths surface directly facing the sun? We are given that, at the Earth, the suns radiative ux is = 1.4 kW/m2 . Here area refers to the area of a surface of constant radial distance R = 1.5 1011 m from the source of the radiation (the sun). In previous problems quantities denoted by P had the same units as , however the area referred to in those quantities is the surface area of the radiating object. Since the suns radiation is assumed to be at a xed frequency ( = 500 THz) each photon which it emits has an energy of h = (6.6 1034 Js)(5 1014 Hz) = 3.3 1019 J. The rate at which the suns photons pass through a 1 2 m surface at constant radial distance R is then given by (1.4 103 W)/(3.3 1019 J) = 4.2 1021 Hz.
B.

and the number density of these photons at the earth would then be n= = 2.5 1013 m3 . c (3.7)

This value is similar to the one for our monochromatic model (3.3).
IV. EXERCISE 4 A.

What is the power output of the sun, and how many photons per second does it emit? To nd the rate at which the sun emits photons, we will consider a sphere of radius R and area A = 4R2 = 2.8 1023 m2 , (3.1)

A silver ball is suspended by a string in a vacuum chamber and ultraviolet light of wavelength 200nm is directed at it. What electrical potential will the ball acquire as a result? The work function of silver is 4.7eV. Each of the photons incident onto the ball has energy h = hc (4.136 1015 eV s)(2.998 108 m s1 ) = = 6.2 eV. 2.00 107 m (4.1)

which completely encloses the sun. Since this surface will catch all photons emitted by the sun, the rate at which photons pass through it will be equal to the rate at which the sun emits photons. To nd this rate, we need only scale the last result by the ratio of the areas in the two problems (4.2 1021 Hz) A 1 m2
C.

= 1.2 1045 Hz.

(3.2)

The balls work function is given to be 4.7 eV. After an electron in the ball absorbs a photon and overcomes the energy barrier represented by the work function, it will have 1.5 eV of energy available. If there is no other barrier for the electron to overcome, this will be its kinetic energy. We now assume that initially the ball has no net charge, and that its electric potential is equal to that of the walls of the vacuum chamber (assumed to be articially xed) which we will dene to be the zero of the potential. As electrons are ejected from the ball, the ball will develop a net positive charge, and as a result the electric potential of the ball will change to some V = 0. In order for an ejected electron to reach the walls of the chamber at a potential of zero, its potential energy must change by U = e(0 V ), (4.2)

How many photons per cubic meter are there near the earth? Since photons travel at the speed of light, their energy density U is related to their ux by U = /c. According to our model, each photon carries an energy h = 3.3 1019 J, so the number density n of these photons is given by n= U = = 4.2 1013 m3 . h ch
D.

where e is the (negative) charge of the electron. This will be possible as long as eV 1.5 eV, or rather as long as V 1.5 V. (4.3)

(3.3)

When the ow of electrons from the ball stops, the electric potential of the ball must be 1.5 V. That is, it has increased from its initial value by 1.5 V.
B.

If you now do not assume that the radiation is monochrmatic but that the sun radiates as a black body with kT /h being 500THz, how much do the results dier? Again you may want to use 0 x3 /(ex 1)dx = 4 /15 and 0 x2 /(ex 1)dx = 2(3) = 2.4. To repeat these problems using the black body model, we will use the formula for the rate per unit radiating area at which a black body emits photons (see Exercise 2) N 4 c2 kT h
3

(2.4) = 1.0 1029 s1 m2 .

(3.4)

The silver ball is put onto a potential of -5V against ground. The electrons would therefore gain energy by leaving the silver ball and moving toward the ground. Nevertheless, no electrons are detected that move from the ball to ground. Why is that? This problem diers from the last one in two ways. First, there are no photons incident onto the ball. Second, the electric potential of the ball is initially 5 V (the walls are still at zero). This means that the electrons on the ball will actually be attracted to the walls. If they could actually reach the walls, their potential energy would change by U = e[0 (5 V)] = 5 eV. (4.4)

The rate at which the sun emits photons is then given by N A where A is the suns surface area. We can compute A using the given total power output P , the temperature T , and Stefans law P/A = T 4 . Here the total power output is found from the radiative ux at a radial distance R from the sun P = (4R 2 ) = 4.0 1026 W, and the temperature is found from the given relation kT /h = 500 THz (the result is T 2.4 10 3 K). So the rate at which the sun emits photons is given by N P 2.1 1045 Hz. T 4 (3.5)

This would give the electron a kinetic energy of 5 eV, which would be sucient for overcoming an energy barrier of 4.7 eV. However, this energy is only available to the electron after it has reached the wall. It is not available to an electron which is bound to the ball. Those electrons still need to be provided with at least 4.7 eV in order to escape, and there is no mechanism in the described setup for delivering this energy to them. This is why no electrons are owing from the ball to the walls.

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