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Page 7 09-07-2011
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Page 8 09-07-2011
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Page 9 09-07-2011
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Page 10 09-07-2011
Annexure-I
M.P. BIOTECHNOLOGY COUNCIL, BHOPAL
SYLLABUS FOR IMBIBE AWARD 2011

SECTION I

1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry:
Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds.
Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and vitamins
Interactions: van-der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, etc.
pH, buffer, thermodynamics.
Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation.
Enzyme catalysis, enzyme kinetics, isozymes.
Conformation of proteins: Secondary structure, domains, motif and folds.
Nucleic acids (helix, A, B. C, Z, P, DNA), t-RNA, micro-RNA.

2. Cell Biology:
Membrane & its structural proteins: Various membrane models (Singer & Nicolson
fluid mosaic), membrane protein (integral proteins and peripheral proteins), diffusion,
osmosis, Mitchells chemi- osmotic hypothesis, ion channels, active transport, electrical
properties of membranes.
Organization and function of cell : Organelles & inclusions ( Cell wall, nucleus,
mitochondria Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, ,
chloroplast, vacuoles).
Chromosomes and Genes: Structure and banding of chromosomes. Chromatin,
Histones and non histone proteins. Gene structure, Expression and its regulation.
Operon, repetitive DNA, gene families, transposons.
Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis, meiosis, Cell cycle.

3. Fundamental Life Processes:
DNA replication, repair and recombination: Replication unit, enzymes involved, origin
and replication fork, extra chromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair,
homologous and site-specific recombination.
RNA synthesis and Processing: transcription factors, initiation complex, transcription
activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, elongation and termination, RNA
processing-editing, splicing and polyadenylation-structure and function of different
types of RNA.
Protein synthesis and Processing: Ribosome initiation complex, elongation factors,
termination, genetic code, amino acylation of tRNA, translation proof reading,
translational inhibitors, post-translational modifications of proteins.
Control of Gene Expression at transcription and translational level.

4 Cell signaling systems:
Receptors and Hormones: Extracellular membrane receptors (channel proteins, G
protein and tryrosine kinases) and intracellular transducing or signaling cascade
pathways (cAMP & inositol triphosphate pathways),
Recognition and entry of pathogens (bacteria, viruses) into animal and plant hosts.
Pathogen-induced disease in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in normal and
abnormal cells.
Bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.
Page 11 09-07-2011
Principles of cell communication, cell adhesion, adhesion molecules, gap junctions,
integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation.
Concept of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle, metastasis, apoptosis.

5 Animal Physiology:
Heart, Cardiac pace maker, Blood and Circulation: Formed elements of the blood
corpuscles, plasma and serum functions, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity,
homeostasis.
Respiration in different animal species : transport of gases, waste elimination,
regulation of respiration, oxygen dissociation curve.
Comparative physiology of excretion: Kidney structure and functions, waste
elimination, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte
balance, acid base balance. Role of micro albumin
Thermoregulation: Comfort zone, body temperature, physical, chemical, neural
regulation, acclimatization.
Endocrine glands: Mechanisms of hormone action, hormones of various endocrine
glands and diseases, development of fertilized ovum and sperms. In vitro fertilization.
Gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation

6 Plant Physiology:
Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes: electron transport: CO
2
fixation- C
3
, C
4,

CAM plants.
Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis;
photorespiration.
Nitrate and ammonium assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis.
Plant hormones; biosynthesis, storage, break down and transport, physiological effects
and mechanism of action.

7 Principles of Genetics:
Mendelian Principles of Inheritance, Laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Allelomorph and relationship in biological world (complete dominance, incomplete or
partial dominance. Over dominance, co-dominance)
Gene Mutations ( spontaneous, insertion & deletion mutations, transposons and
induced mutations)
Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests.
Gene Mapping: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, use of molecular markers, application of
somatic cell hybrids.
Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes.
Genetic transfer in microorganisms: transformation, conjugation, transduction.
Types, causes and detection of mutants: types of mutants, lethal, conditional, loss of
function, germinal versus somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis.
Chromosomal Aberrations: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation. Ploidy and
their genetic implications.
Homologous (Holliday Junction) and non-homologous recombination including
transposition.

8 Biodiversity and Conservation:
Concept of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical and
modern methods of taxonomy of plants, animals and microorganisms.
Unicellular, colonial and multi cellular forms: levels of organization of tissues, organs
and systems.
Page 12 09-07-2011
Outline classification: Animals, Plants and Microorganisms.
Conservation strategies: Rare and endangered species
Biodiversity Act and authority.

9 Principles of Ecology:
Physical and biotic environment
Habitat and niche concept.
Population growth curves, strategies leading to r and k selection, concept of
metapopulation.
Species interactions leading to interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory,
pollination, symbiosis.
Community structure and function; levels of species diversity, edges and ecotones.
Types, mechanisms and changes brought about by ecological succession.
Ecosystem structure and Function: Energy flow, mineral cycling, primary production
and decomposition. Structure and function of representative Indian forest, grassland,
fresh water, marine and estuarine ecosystem.
Major terrestial biomes, island biogeography, biogeographical zones of India.

10 Evolutionary Principles:
Lamarck; Darwin, Synthetic & Neutral Theories - concepts of variation, adaptation,
struggle, fitness and natural selection, Mendelism, spontaneity of mutations.
Origin of basic biological molecules: Concepts of Oparin, Haldane: Experiment of
Miller (1953); The first cell: evolution of prokaryotes and eukaryotic cell: Anaerobic
metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism.
Concepts of molecular divergence and molecular clocks; molecular tools in phylogeny,
classification and identification; protein and nucleotide sequence analysis.

Page 13 09-07-2011

SECTION -II
1. Environmental Biotechnology:
Environmental pollution: soil, air and water pollution; monitoring mechanisms and control
measures; ozone depletion.
Bioremediation and biodegradation; waste water treatment systems; anaerobic processes;
applications of plants (phytoremediation) and microorganism in removal of pollutants;
bioaugmentation; macrophytes in waste water treatment.
Alternate sources of energy, biomass, biocomposting, biofertilizers, vermiculture and
organic farming systems; bioethanol and biohydrogen; solid waste management.
2. Bioprocess Engineering:
Stoichiometry; material and energy balance; mass and energy transfer; microbial growth
kinetics and measurement of growth.
Bioreactors; batch and fed-batch bioreactors; continuous bioreactors; bioreactor operation,
plant/mammalian cell culture reactors.
Upstream processing: Oxygenation, mixing, sterilization, pH, temperature, inocula, media
formulation; strain improvement; operational control; process economy.
Downstream processing: Biomass removal and disruption; centrifugation; distillation;
adsorption; extraction; chromatographic separation techniques; membrane-based
purification; precipitation; electrophoresis; crystallization drying.
Example of Processes: Microbial process for citric acid, lysine, penicillin, Cephalosporin C,
alcohol and enzymes; recombinant proteins.

3. Tissue Culture:
Animal tissue culture: cell culture, media and reagents; cell, tissue and organ culture;
continuous culture; suspension cultures; somatic cell cloning and hybridization;
transfection and transformation of cells.
Application of animal cell culture in in vitro testing of drugs; testing of environmental
pollution; production of human and animal vaccines.
Plant tissue culture: concept of totipotency; organogenesis application in artificial seed
production; micropropagation; somaclonal variation; germplasm conservation and
cryopreservation.

4. Genomics and Genetic Engineering:
Tools and techniques: Restriction enzymes; DNA manipulative enzymes- nucleases,
ligases, polymerases, topoisomerase; cohesive and blunt end ligation; plasmids and vectors;
phagemids; expression vectors; cosmids; extraction of mRNA and total RNA; cDNA
synthesis; hybridization techniques.
PCR and its application: Types of PCR, real-time PCR; cloning of PCR products; PCR in
molecular diagnostics; PCR based mutation detection.
Automated DNA and RNA sequencing; synthesis of oligonucleotides; si RNA and si RNA
technology; micro RNA; principle and applications of gene silencing; gene knockouts and
gene therapy; ESTs and SNPs.

5. Protein Engineering:
Classification of proteins; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; protein
folding, thermodynamics, kinetics, stability.
Protein Function: Regulation, interaction domains, effector ligands; cooperativity;
conformational change; allostery; protein switches; protein synthesis; activation
mechanism; two-component signaling systems in bacteria; protein splicing; glycoslation.
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Protein-Protein interactions: Topoisomerase-based cloning; yeast two-hybrid system: use of
phage display to detect protein-ligand interactions.
Protein Design: Bioengineering of proteins, alteration of primary structure of proteins; site-
directed mutagenesis; examples of engineered proteins.

6. Immunotechnology:
Fundamental concepts related to immune system; phagocytosis; complement and
inflammatory responses; haematopoesis; Antigens-immunogens, haptens, histo
compatibility complex, HLA typing.
Hybridoma techniques and monoclonal antibody production; applications of
monoclonals in biomedical research, clinical diagnosis and treatment.
New Generation vaccines; Types of vaccines; tumor immunology; active and passive
immunization. Live, killed, attenuated, sub-unit vaccines; rDNA protein-based
vaccines; plant-based vaccines; peptide vaccines; congregate vaccines.
Clinical Immunology: T-cell cloning, application in vaccine development;
hypersensitivity-type I to V; autoimmunity, types of autoimmune diseases;
Transplantation-immunological basis of graft rejection; Tumor immunology; acquired
immunodeficiency.

7. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) and Biosafety Issues:
Types of intellectual property (IP); patents; trademarks; Copyright & related rights;
industrial design; traditional knowledge; geographical indication; protection of GMDs.
History of GATT and TRIPS agreement; Madrid agreement; Hague agreement; WIPO
treaties; Budapest treaty; Indian Patent Act 1970 and amendments.
Patents and concept of prior art; Types of patent applications; specifications;
provisional and complete; patent searches (USP TO, esp@cenet EPO), PATENT scope
(WIPO), IPO etc.
Patent Filing: National and PCT filing procedure; status of filed application;
precautions-disclosure/non-disclosure; financial component and assistance for patent
filing; patent licensing and agreement; patent infringement including litigation steps.
Biosafety Issues: Biological safety cabinets; primary containment; biosafety levels;
recommended biosafety levels for infectious agents and infected animals; biosafety
guidelines, Govt. of India (DBT, ICMR); GMOs, LMOs, Institutional Biosafety
Committee, RCGM, GEAC etc. GMOs and food and agricultural safety;
environmental release of GMOs; risk analysis and assessment; national regulations;
International Agreements including Cartegana protocol.

8. Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics: Introduction, scope and limitations. Bioinformatics domains, basics of
informatics and computer science (terminology), Biological databases: Sequence
(nucleic acid and protein sequence), metabolic pathway (KEGG), molecule structure
(PDB, CATH, SCOP), microarray (GEO and SMD), protein expression (2D PAGE)
and signature (PROSITE, PRINTS, Pfam, BLOCK and PRODOM) databases.
Sequence analysis: Sequence comparison, pairwise sequence alignment (global and
local). Alignment methods: Dot Matrix, Dynamic programming and heuristic methods
(BLAST and FASTA). Multiple sequence alignment: methods, scope and tools.
Concept of scoring matrix (PAM and BLOSUM) and Gap penalty. Statistical
significance of alignment.
Phylogenetic Analysis: Introduction and importance. Concept of dendogram and types
of tree. Methods of phylogenetic analysis: distance matrix (neighbourhood joining and
UPGMA) and character state (parsimony and maximum likelihood) methods.
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Sequence motif, pattern and profile: Introduction to regular expression and importance.
Pattern detection methods: PSIBLAST, PHIBLAST, PSSM, Morkov model. Types of
presentation of regular expression. Application in gene identification and prediction,
protein function and domain identification.
Structural Bioinformatics: X-ray crystallography and NMR methods of structure
prediction. Coordinate system in structure presentation. Structure visualization tools
(RasWin, SPDBV). Structure prediction: Protein (secondary and tertiary) and RNA
(tertiary). Molecular modeling and dynamics: Force field, energy optimization and
docking. Application in study of biomolecular interactions and drug designing and
discovery.

9. Microscopic & Molecular Techniques in Biology.
Microscopic techniques: Principles of Microscopy. Types of microscopy: Light, Phase
contrast, fluorescent microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy,
confocal microscopy, cytophotometry and flow cytometry. Different tissue fixing and
staining techniques.
Immunotechniques: Antibody generation, antibody detection by ELISA, RIA,
Immunoprecipitation, Flow cytometry, Immunoelectrophoresis, FISH, GISH.
Hybridoma technology: Monoclonal antibody
Molecular Techniques: Isolation of DNA, RNA and Protein and their purification
methods.
Gel Electrophoresis: Principle and applications.
DNA sequencing: Dideoxy method of sequencing, shot gun techniques and next
generation sequencing. Molecular techniques: RFLP, RAPD, AFLP and ARDRA.
DNA amplification: Cloning approach and PCR techniques

10. Statistical & Spectroscopic Techniques in Biology
Radio-Isotopic Techniques: Different types of radioisotopes used in biology.
Measurement and incorporation of isotopes in biological systems. Safety measurements
of handling of isotopes.
Statistical techniques: Data tabulation and graphical presentation (Bar chart,
histograms, Pi chart, scatterplot, line plot). Measure of Central tendency mean,
median and mode. Deviation and errors. Hypothesis testing: t-test, F-test, Chi-square
test. Correlation and regression. Analysis of variance one way and two way.
Multivariate analysis: cluster analysis, PCA, factor analysis, correspondence analysis.
Probability distribution: binomial, Poisson and normal. Probability theory and
principles. Theorems of probability.
Spectroscopic techniques: Properties of light, Principle of Lambert-Beers
law, atomic absorption spectra. Principle, instrumentation and
application of UV-Visible, IR, NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy. LASER, X-ray
diffraction and STM in structure determination.
Physiological Methods: ECG, brain activity recording, pharmacological
testing, MRI and CAT.