Handout 7

ME250 Statics Handout 7 Dr.
Kang
D:\Courses\ME250\handout7.docx 1
CHAPTER 7 INTERNAL FORCES

Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members

The design of any structural or mechanical member requires an investigation of the loading
acting within the member in order to be sure the material can resist this loading. These
internal loadings can be determined by using the method of sections. If the internal loadings
acting on the cross section at C are to be determined, then an imaginary section is passed
through the beam, cutting it into two segments. By doing this, we reveal the internal
loadings at the section and they become external on the free-body diagram of each segment.
Since each segment must maintain its equilibrium, we can apply
= 0
x
F ,
= 0
y
F , and
= 0 M to determine these internal forces.

In mechanics, the force component N, acting normal to the cut section is called the normal
force or axial force, the force component V, acting tangent to the cut section is called the
shear force, and the moment M is called the bending moment. In coplanar cases, we have
only three internal loadings, but for 3-D cases, we have six loadings as shown in the figure
below.

cut
C
x
y
x
y
Centroid
V
Shear force
ME250 Statics Handout 7 Dr. Kang

For most applications, these loadings will act at the geometric center or centroid of the
sections cross sectional area. So, we will always assume this is the case when we solve
problems. Since we are using the method of section to analyze multi-force members, we
must always draw the free-body diagram of each individual member, otherwise we will end
up with more unknowns than the number of equilibrium equations. See the following
example for explanation.

Example 7.1

The axial forces act on the shaft as shown. Determine the internal normal
force at points A and B.

Solution

From the FBD (a), we find 0 = R .

From the FBD (b), 10 =
A
N lb.

From the FBD (c), 0 =
B
N lb.

9 unknowns !
x
y
10 lb
10 lb
R
(a)
N
B

R= 0
B
(c)
N
A

A
R= 0
(b)
10 lb
Example 7.2

Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point C.

Solution

= = + 0 ) 30 sin 25 )( 6 ( ) 50 )( 3 (

C C
M M ccw 225 =
C
M kNm
= + = 0 30 cos 25

C x
N F 7 . 21 =
C
N kN
= = 0 30 sin 25 50

C y
V F 5 . 62 =
C
V kN

Note:
You could work on segment AC to get the same result, but in this case, you need to determine the
reaction force and moment at point A first.

Example 7.3

Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point C.

Solution

= + = + 0 5 . 2 ) 1800 )( 6 ( T M ccw
A
4320 = T lb
0 = =
T A F
x x
, 4320 =
x
A lb 0 = =
F A F
y y
1800 =
y
A lb
N
C

V
C

M
C

50 kN
x
y
A
x

A
y

T
F=1800 lb
x
y
0 ) 1800 )( 3 ( ) 450 )( 5 . 1 ( = + = +
C C
M M ccw

72 . 4 =
C
M kip-ft

32 . 4 =
C
N kip

0 450 1800 = =
Vc F
y
, 35 . 1 =
C
V kip

Example 7.4

Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point D.

FBD 1 FBD 2

We can find from FBD 1 that:

2400 =
x
A N, 800 =
y
A N, 2600 =
BC
F N

We can find from FBD 2 that:

2400 =
D
N N, 50 =
D
V N, 1350 =
D
M Nm

M
C

N
C

V
C

1800 lb
4320 lb
A
450 lb
two-force member

A
x

A
y

1200 N 600 N
F
BC

C
B

A
x

A
y

M
D

V
D

N
D

600 N 150 N
x
y
x
y
Example 7.5

Determine the normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point A.

= = 0 2
A A B
N M M
0 45 cos 20 = =

A x
N F
0 45 sin 20 = + =

A y
V F

Solving to get 1 . 14 = =
A A
V N lb and 3 . 28 =
A
M lb-in.

Shear and Moment Equation and Diagrams I

Design of a beam requires a detailed knowledge of the variation of the internal shear force V
and bending moment M acting at every point along the axis of the beam. The variations of V
and M as functions of the position x along the beams axis can be obtained by using the
method of sections. However, it is necessary to section the beam at an arbitrary distance x
from one end rather than at a specific point. If the results are plotted, the graphical variations
of V and M as functions of x are termed the shear force diagram and bending moment
diagram, respectively. See the figure below for example.

Shear force diagram Bending moment diagram
V
A

N
A

M
A

20 lb
B
x
y
Note that the internal normal force will not be considered in our discussion for two reasons.
In most cases, the loads applied to a beam act perpendicular to the beams axis and hence
produce only an internal shear force and bending moment. For design purpose, the beams
resistance to shear, and particularly bending, is more important than its ability to resist a
normal force.

Sign Convention

We are going to establish a sign convention so as to
define a positive and negative shear force and
bending moment acting in the beam. For this we will
adopt the sign convention that is most used in
engineering applications. It is illustrated in the figure
right. Here the positive directions are denoted by an
internal shear force that causes clockwise rotation of the
beam member on which it acts, and by an internal
moment that causes compression on the upper part of
the beam member.

You MUST follow this sign convention!

Example 7.6

Draw the shear and bending moment diagram for the beam.

Step 1: Determine all support reactions

By inspection, we can readily find that: 0 =
x
A , 800 =
y
A lb and 800 =
y
B lb.

Step 2: Section the beam at each distance x, draw the FBD, and determine V and M.

For 5 0 s s x

= = 0 800 V F
y
800 = V lb
= = + 0 800x M M ccw x M 800 = lb-ft

800 lb 800 lb
5ft 5ft
12ft
A
x

A
y

B
y

x
800 lb
V
M
x
y
For 7 5 s < x

= = 0 800 800 V F
y
0 = V lb
= + = + 0 800 ) 5 )( 800 ( x x M M ccw 4000 = M lb-ft

For 12 7 s < x

= + = 0 800 V F
y
800 = V lb
= + = + 0 ) 12 )( 800 ( x M M ccw x M 800 9600 = lb-ft

Step 3: Using the results in step 2, draw the SD and BMD.

Example 7.7

Draw the shear and bending moment diagram for the beam.

Reactions forces are first found and shown in the figure.
x
800 lb
V
M
800 lb
5
12-x
800 lb
V
M
5
7 12 0
-800
800
4000
+

V [lb]
M [lb-ft]
x
x
133.75kN 206.25kN
For 8 0 < s x

x V 40 75 . 133 =
0 75 . 133
2
40 =
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +

x
x
x M M ccw

2
20 75 . 133 x x M = (Is this
Vdx ?)

For 11 8 < s x

20 = V kN
0 150 ) 11 ( 20 = = +

x M M ccw
370 20 = x M (Is this
Vdx ?)

Important Observations

- The shear force at each support is same as the reaction at the support; however, you must
follow the sign convention to determine its sign.
- The shear force changes at loading points. Note that the shear force continuously changes
under a distributed load
- The bending moment at the hinge support is zero as it should be
- C Vdx M + =
, C = integration constant

x
133.75
V
M
40x
11-x
V
150
20
M
3.344
8 11
0
6.69
133.8
223.6
+

V [kN]
M [kN-m]
x
x
+
-186.3
20
-150
Example 7.8

Determine the internal shear force, bending moment, and torque acting in the circular rod as a
function of angle u.

P V A
z
= = (i.e., The shear force is constant)

0 cos = =
u rP M M
x Ax

u cos rP M M
torsion x
= =

0 ) sin 1 ( = + =
u rP M M
y Ay

) sin 1 ( u = = rP M M
bending y

Shear and Moment Equation and Diagrams II

0 ) ( ) ( = A A + =
x x w V V V F
y

) (x w
x
V
=
A
A

) (x w
dx
dV
= (1)

0 ) ( = A A + A A + = +

x xk x w x V M M M M ccw
O

x k x w V
x
M
A =
A
A
) (
V
dx
dM
= (2)

x
y
z
A
z

M
y

M
x

u sin r r
u cos r
Now, from Eq. (1),

=
=
=
C
B
B C
C
B
C
B
dx x w V V
dx x w dV
dx x w dV
) (
) (
) (

=
C
B
B C
dx x w V V ) ( or F V V
B C
= for a concentrated load (3)

If we generalize the above equation, we get

V V V
B C
A + =
(4)

Now, from Eq. (2),

=
=
=
C
B
B C
C
B
C
B
Vdx M M
Vdx dM
Vdx dM

+ =
C
B
B C
Vdx M M (5)

Again, if we generalize the above equation, we get

M M M
B C
A + =
(6)

Example 7.9: Detailed example of SD & MD

Solution

50 =
y
A N and 100 =
y
F N

50 = =
y A
A V N
50 0 50 = + = A + = V V V
A B
N (You may skip this one because there will be no change in V)
100 N
200 N
50 N
500 Nm
A
B C D E F
2m 2m 1m 1m 2m
x
y
50 100 50 = = A + =
'
V V V
B B
N
50 0 50 = + = A + =
'
V V V
B C
N (You may skip this step because there will be no change in V)
150 200 50 = + = A + =
'
V V V
C C
N
150 0 150 = + = A + =
'
V V V
C E
N (You may skip this step because there will be no change in V)
100 50 150 = = A + =
'
V V V
E E
N
100 0 100 = + = A + =
'
V V V
E F
N (
F
V must be the same as
y
F )

0 =
A
M (Why?)
100 50 0
2
0
= = + = A + =

dx Vdx M M M
B
A
A B
N-m
0 ) 50 ( 100 100
4
2
= + = + = A + =

dx Vdx M M M
C
B
B C

150 150 0 0
5
4
= + = + = A + =

dx Vdx M M M
D
C
C D
N-m
350 500 150 = = A + =
'
M M M
D D
N-m
200 150 350 350
6
5
= + = + = A + =

'
'
dx Vdx M M M
E
D
D E
N-m
0 100 200 200
8
6
= + = + = A + =

dx Vdx M M M
F
E
E F
N-m (
F
M must be zero. Why?)

Note:
- At a concentrated load, the shear force curve changes abruptly by the magnitude of the load
in the direction of loading.
- When there is no load in a section of the beam, the shear force curve is a straight horizontal
line.
A
B
C
D
E
F
+

+
V [N]
x
50
-50
150
100
A
B C
D
E F
+

M [N-m]
x
100
-200
150
-350
slope=50
slope=150
Example 7.10

Solution

5 . 512 =
y
A N and 5 . 362 =
y
C N

5 . 512 = =
y A
A V N
5 . 62 ) 50 ( 5 . 512
9
0
= + = A + =

dx V V V
A B
N
5 . 137 200 5 . 62 = = A + =
'
V V V
B B
N
5 . 362 ) 50
9
50
( 5 . 137
9
0
= + = A + =

'
c c d V V V
B C
N (Check with 5 . 362 =
y
C N)

0 =
A
M
5 . 2587 ) 9 )( 5 . 62 5 . 512 (
2
1
curve under area 0 = + = + = A + = M M M
A B
N-m
Note that M changes parabolically since V is 1
st
order, i.e., x x Vdx M 5 . 512 25
2
+ = =
between
A and B.
0 ) 5 . 137 50
9
25
( 5 . 2587
9
0
2
= + = A + =

c c c d M M M
B C
(Must be zero since C is a roller
support)

See next page for the bending moment diagram.

x
y
A C
9m 9m
50 N/m
200 N
) 9 0 ( 50
9
50
< < + c c
c
0
B
A
B
C
B
0
+

V [N]
x
512.5
62.5
-137.5
-362.5
5 . 137 50
9
25
) (
2
= =

c c dx x w V

Example 7.11

Solution

67 . 1016 =
y
A lb, 33 . 583 =
y
C lb, and 9400 =
A
M lb-ft

67 . 1016 = =
y A
A V lb
67 . 316 700 = =
' A A
V V lb
67 . 316 0 = + =
' A B
V V
33 . 583 900 67 . 316 150
18
12
= = =

dx V V
B C
lb

A
B C
0
+
M [N-m]
x
2587.5
5 . 2587 5 . 137 25
27
25 2 3
+ = =
c c c Vdx M
+
x x Vdx M 5 . 512 25
2
+ = =

x
y
A
y

M
A

C
y

A'
A
C
0
V [lb]
x
1016.67
A B
316.67
-583.33
67 . 2116 150 + = x V
14.11 ft
9400 =
A
M lb-ft
64 . 1266 ) 8 )( 67 . 1016 ( 9400 = + = A + =
'
M M M
A A
lb-ft
0 ) 4 )( 67 . 314 ( 64 . 1266 = + = A + =
'
M M M
A B
(
B
M must be zero)
800 ) 67 . 2116 150 ( 0
18
12
= + + = A + =

x M M M
B C
lb-ft

A
C
0
V [lb]
x
-9400
A
334.3
-800
B
-1266.64
14600 67 . 2116 75
2
+ = x x M
16.2 ft

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ME250 Statics Handout 7 Dr.

= 0 M to determine these internal forces.

= = + 0 800x M M ccw x M 800 = lb-ft

= + = + 0 800 ) 5 )( 800 ( x x M M ccw 4000 = M lb-ft

= + = + 0 ) 12 )( 800 ( x M M ccw x M 800 9600 = lb-ft

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