Introduction To Communication

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS
1. Introduction to communication
i) ii) Analog communication Digital communication
1.1 Analog communication: Communication is a process of establishing connection or link between two points for information exchange. OR Communication is simply the process of conveying message at a distance or communication is the basic process of exchanging information. The electronic equipment which are used for communication purpose, are called communication equipments. The typical examples of communication systems are line telephony and line telegraphy, radio telephony, radio broadcasting, radar communication, radio telemetry, radio aids to navigation etc. radio communication was greatly developed during world war II. It became more widely used through the invention of transistor, integrated circuit and other semi conductor devices in the subsequent years. Also in the recent years, communication has become more widespread with the use of satellites and fiber optics.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Page 1 CHAITANYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY- RAJAHMUNDRY
In the most fundamental sense, communication involves the transmission of information from one point to another through a succession of process as listed ahead: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) The generation of a thought pattern or image in the mind of an originator. The description of that image, with a certain measure of precision, by a set of aural and visual symbols. The encoding of these symbols in a form that is suitable for transmission over a physical medium of interest. The transmission of the encoded symbols to the desired destination. The decoding and reproduction of the original symbols. The recreation of the original thought pattern or image.
Depending up on the message signal, communication may also classified as: Analog communication is that type of communication in which the message information signals to be transmitted is analog in nature. This means that n analog communication the modulating signal is an analog signal. This analog message signal may be obtained from sources such as speech, video shooting etc. In analog communication, the analog message signal modulates some high carrier frequency inside the transmitter to produce modulated signal. This modulated signal is then transmitted with the help of a transmitting antenna to travel through the transmission channel. At the receiver, this modulated signal is received and processed to recover the original message signal.
Fig: analog model 1.2 Problems of analog:

One program me per channel / transponder
Comparatively noisy Ghosts in terrestrial transmission Lower quality with respect to VCD, DVD digital media Fixed reception 1.3 Digital communication: In digital communication, the message signal to be transmitted is digital in nature. This means that digital communication involves the transmission of information in digital form. The overall purpose of the digital system is to transmit the message or sequences symbols coming out of a source to a destination point at as high a rate and accuracy as possible. The source and destination point are physically separated in space and a communication channel connects source to destination point. The
communication channel accepts electrical signals and the output of the channel is usually a smeared or distorted version of the input due to the non- ideal nature of the communication channel. In addition to this, the information bearing signal is also corrupted by unpredictable electrical signals from both man made and natural causes. Thus the smearing and the noise introduce errors in the information being transmitted and limit the rate at which information can be communicated from the source to the destination. 1.4 Why digital?
More programmers per channel / transponder i.e., spectrum efficient
Noise free reception Ghost elimination CD quality sound and better than DVD quality picture Reduced transmission power Flexibility in service planning quality / band width trade off New services like pay TV, VOD, teletext, data, surround sound, multimedia etc. Interactive services like E-commerce, E-banking, tele-quiz, tele-games etc. Automated operation in broadcast plan Non availability of analog systems in near future Future of TV transmission DTH, DTT and digital cable
Fig: digital model 1.5 Limitations of digital communications: Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate is more. Therefore more transmission band width is required. Digital communication needs synchronization in case of synchronous modulation. 2.Modes of communication Generally we have three modes of communication. They are . i) ii) iii) terrestrial cable satellite
All the three modes above mentioned can be either in analog or digital domain.
We use the terrestrial mode of transmission at doodharshan maintenance centre. The terrestrial transmission is an indirect transmission of the signal of two channels of doodharshan that are up linked to the satellite from Delhi broadcasting center of doodharshan and is down linked to the maintenance centre i.e., high power transmission centre here at local stations through a parabolic antenna( as receiving antenna). This received signal is strengthened using exciter and power amplifiers. The strengthened signal is transmitted through a turnstile antenna (transmitting antenna) to local area up to 65Km and above with out using any repeaters on the midway.
Fig: general terrestrial transmission

The doodharshan maintenance centre is a high power transmission station that receives signals of DD1 and DD2 channel frequencies down linked from satellite. This is nothing but a digital video broadcasting (DVB) usually means the transmission of digitized audio, video, and auxiliary data signals. The most suitable distribution system for the transmission of DVB is satellite, cable, and terrestrial mode. The relative standards DVB-S, DVB-C, DVB-T. The processing at different stages of communication depends on the channel used. Like DVB-S normally uses MPEG-2 compression with QPSK modulation. DVB-C uses MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 and QAM modulation. DVB-T uses MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 and COFDM modulation. DVB has standardization the norms how to use the different compression and coding as per the user requirements. This transmission is classified in to four sections as: i)
ii)
receiving section exciter section power amplifier section transmitting section
iii) iv)
The above mentioned are discussed in detail below:
3. RECEIVING SECTION 3.1 INTRODUCTION: The receiving section mainly consists of receiving antenna which is a parabolic antenna used to down link the signal of predefined frequencies. These signals of DD1 and DD2 channel frequencies are unlinked to the satellite at main broadcasting centre of doodharshan. A satellite channel provides broad area coverage in continental as well as intercontinental sense. Moreover, access to remote areas not covered by conventional cable or fiber communication is also a distinct feature of satellites. In almost all satellite communication systems, the satellites are placed in geostationary orbit. For the orbit to be geostationary, it has to satisfy two requirements. First, the orbit to be geosynchronous, which requires the satellite to be at an altitude of 22,300 miles, a geosynchronous satellite orbits the earth in exactly 24 hours. Second, the satellite is placed in orbit directly above the equator on an eastward heading. Viewed from earth, a satellite in geostationary orbit appears to be stationary in the sky. Communication satellites in geostationary orbit offer the following unique system capabilities: a) broad area coverage b) reliable transmission link
c) wide transmission band width In terms of services, a satellites can provide fixed point- to point links extending over long distances and into remote areas, communication to mobile platform (aircrafts, ships etc), or broad casting capabilities. In a typical satellite communication system, a message signal is transmitted from the main broadcasting station via an up link to a satellite (frequencies between 5.7 to 6.2G hertz are used here), amplified in a transponder on board the satellite. It is retransmitted from satellite via a down link to another earth station (high power station). In effect, the satellite acts as a powerful repeater in the sky. Down frequencies used here are in the range of 3.7 to 4.2 GHz. These most common frequency bands for satellite communication are 6 GHz for the uplink and 4 GHz for down link. In fact, the use of this frequency band offers the following advantages: a) relatively inexpensive micro wave equipment b) low attenuation due to rain fall c) Insignificant sky background noise. In the 6/4 GHz band, a typical satellite is assigned a 500 MHz band width that is divided among 12 transponders on board the satellite. Each transponder, using approximately 36 MHz of the satellite band width, corresponds to a specific radio channel. A single transponder can carry at least one colour television signal, 1200 voice circuits, or digital data at a rate of 50 Mbps. As a matter of fact, communication channels may be classified in different ways
i) ii) iii)
A channel may be linear or non-linear A channel may be time in variant or time variant A channel may be bandwidth limited or power limited.
3.2 Purpose of satellite communication : To cover wide area in one go.

To provide signal distribution over doordarshan network and cable To have interlink between different TV centers for contribution of
programmers like news and current affairs. To cover uncovered areas. 3.3 Satellite transmission frequency band : Frequency band C- Band X- Band Ku-Band up link 6 GHz 8 GHz 14 GHz down link 4 GHz 7 GHz 11 GHz
Ka-Band
30 GHz
20 GHz
The uplink frequency is always higher than down link frequency. 3.4 Satellite transmission: C-Band Frequency band 4000 to 8000 MHz Large sized dish required for reception Useful to system providers / cable operators Mainly used for contribution and distribution 3.5 Satellite transmission: Ku-Band Frequency band 12.5 to 18 GHz Smaller dish (60 90 Cms) needed for reception Most useful for DTH application Suitable for fly away terminals Coverage limited as compared to C-band due to narrow beam Reception susceptible to failure during heavy rains One of the properties (increase in antenna gain) of higher frequency (Ku-band) in satellite communication is that for a given power, it enables use of a smaller size antenna compared to lower frequency (C-band). Due to this, Ku-band is preferred in DTH service, which needs smaller size antenna in individual homes to facilitate ease of mounting etc.
Uplinked frequency from the satellite (geo satellite) is down linked using a parabolic antenna which is used as a receiving antenna here (also called as dish antenna). The parabolic antenna is micro wav antenna. The transmitting and receiving antennas for use in the micro wave spectrum (1000-100,000 MHz) tend to be directive i.e. high gain and narrow beam- width in both horizontal and vertical planes. As the frequency increases, the wave length decreases and thus it becomes easier to construct an antenna system that are large in terms of wave lengths, and which therefore can be made to have greater directivity. The most important practical antenna in micro wave frequency range parabolic reflector or paraboloid or micro wave dish. A parabola may be defined as the locus of a point which moves in such way that its distance from the fixed point( called focus) plus its distance from a straight line (called directrix) is constant. A parabola with focus F and vertex O is a two dimensional plane curve. The equation of parabola curve in terms of its coordinate is given by y^2 = 4fx The open mouth (D) of the parabola is known as the aperture. The ratio of focal length to aperture size (i.e. f/D) known as f over D ratio is an important characteristics of parabolic reflector and its value usually varies between 0.25 to 0.50. This implies that the entire wave thus, reaching at the aperture plane is in phase. This shows that a wave front- a surface of constant phase-is created in the aperture
plane. Therefore, the rays are parallel to the parabolic axis, because rays are perpendicular to a wave front. Since all the rays are in the phase, so a very strong and concentrated beam radiation is there along the parabolic axis. Alternatively, all the emanating from the source at focus and reflected by parabola are traveling the same distance in same time in reaching the directrix and hence they are in phase. The principle of equality of path length is maintained between all rays of two wave fronts. Putting in another way where there is path length difference between the two rays cancellation action will take place. Hence the geometrical properties of parabola provide excellent microwave reflectors that lead to the production of concentrated beam of radiation. In fact, parabola converts spherical wave front coming from the focus into a plane wave front at the mouth of the parabola. The part of radiation from the focus which is not striking the parabolic curve as spherical wave appears as minor lobes. Obviously there is waste of power. This is minimized by partially shielding the source. Further if a beam of parallel rays is incident on the parabolic surface, they will be focused at a point i.e. Focus. This is in effect due to the principle of reciprocity theorem already discussed which says that properties of antenna are independent whether it is for transmission or reception. This parabolic reflector is directional for reception case also as only rays coming perpendicular to directrix will be focused at the focus and not others due to path length difference. Parallel rays are known as collimated.
A parabola is two dimensional plane curves. A practical reflector is a three dimensional curved surface. Therefore a practical reflector is formed by rotating a parabola about its axis. The surface so generated is known as paraboloid which often known as microwave dish or parabolic reflector. Now a low noise block converter usually known as LNBC is used at the focus point of paraboloid to receive the down linked frequency. The signal from LNBC is received by the sophisticated receiving units that are separately used for different frequencies they received. These receiving units direct the signal to the exciter and power amplifier unit.
4.Exciter unit
The exciter unit is mainly composed of different plug in units. These are assembled in such a way that an exciter can perform in a better way. These units have different functions as we consider each. The plugs in units are 1. aural modulator 2. IM corrector unit
3. analog to digital and digital to analog converter unit
4. digital video compensator (DVC) 5. visual modulator unit 6. IF corrector unit 7. VHF mixer
8. Synthesizer unit 9. 2-way divider & combiner 10.5-way divider & combiner
Fig: exciter unit general block diagram The entire above mentioned are discussed in detail as follows.
4.1 AURAL MODULATOR

The figure shows the block diagram of aural modulator unit. 4.1.1 GENERAL: The aural modulator unit generates a frequency modulated aural IF signal by modulating a voltage controlled oscillator with an audio input. Two set of audio inputs are provided: one for 600 ohm balanced line, the other for 75 ohm unbalanced line used for sound multiplex broadcasting. For 600 ohm balanced line, pre-emphasis of either 50 microseconds or 75 microseconds can be selected. To fix the average frequency of the modulator oscillator at the reference input, the automatic phase control (APC) circuit is provided. The unit fault status is displayed with a light emitting diode when a unit output fault or an APC fault has occurred. Auxiliary circuits are provided for monitoring the output signal, for measuring the peak value of the output signal, and for measuring the frequency deviation. The unit output is applied to a VHF or UHF mixer unit. Four regulated DC voltages are developed externally by the power supply for use in the aural modulator: +12V, -12V supply busses.
4.1.2
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS: : +10dBm : -10 to +10dBm at 600 ohm input
IF output level Audio input level
:1 Vp-p at 75-ohm input Distortion Pre-emphasis Deviation

4.1.3
: less than 0.5% : 50 microseconds or 75 microseconds : +/- 50 kHz or 25 kHz FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION:
The aural modulator has audio input circuitry for balanced to unbalanced transformation, pre-emphasis and amplification. The frequency modulation and the voltage controlled IF oscillator circuitry are located in the middle left of the unit inside a shielded case. The aural IF module produces signals of IF frequency locked with the reference signal through a PLL circuit from synthesizer, which is located in the lower of unit inside shielded cases. The frequency modulation is carried out by applying the audio signal to varicap diodes. The center frequency of the oscillator is fixed by the automatic phase control (APC) circuit. The frequency modulated output is split into two paths: one for the APC circuit and the other for the unit output which is further split for monitoring, detecting peak value and measuring deviation. An integrated circuit used for the APC accepts the reference frequency and oscillator frequency signals, and its outputs the phase detection control signal which is fed back to the voltage controlled IF oscillator.
Input and output functions Naming AUDIO INPUT 600-OHM AUDIO2 INPUT 75 OHM OUTPUT Function audio input (600-ohm, balance) composite audio input (75 ohm, unbalance) IF output
4.2 IM CORRECTOR UNIT

4.2.1 GENERAL: The IM corrector unit is used for dual sound having 2 carriers, in which some correction of IM due to the non linearity of the power amplifier stage can be carried out 4.2.2CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: This unit consists a low level and a high level correction circuit each having correction circuits for amplitude and phase. In the low level circuit, correction can be performed by combining a non linear signal generated by a class B amplifier
with the linear signal, as the result the phase combining of the linear signal with the non linear signal produces amplitude correction. Difference phase combining in the rated phase difference produces phase correction. High level correction of amplitude is performed by the use of a saturated class A amplifier. High level correction of phase is performed by the use of a class C amplifier 4.2.2FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The aural IF signal is applied and then sent out to the correction circuit. The correction circuit section can be by-passed by the IF corrector ON/OFF switch, when it is by-passed a red LED will light up. An automatic gain control circuit is provided to simplify adjustment. The AGC circuit is switched ON with switch at the time of adjustment to avoid any variation in the output level of the correction circuit while the correction response is being adjusted. 4.2.4 PERFORMANCE: Input level Output level Degree of correction : +10dBm : +10dBm : no less than 10dB
4.3 ANALOG TO DIGITAL & DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION

4.3.1 GENERAL: The AD-DA unit has functions that convert the video input signal supplied to the exciter into a PCM signal, and sends the PCM signal to a unit for digital correction unit, and which converts the video PCM signal after the digital correction into analog video signal, and supplies the analog video signal to a visual modulator unit. 4.3.2 DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUITS OF AD-DA CONVERTORS: a) SELECTING INPUT VIDEO SIGNAL: The series transmitter has a function to automatically compensate for distortion in the power amplifier circuit. The over all transmitter distortion is corrected as follows. An undistorted, internally generated test signal is applied to the transmitter. The output is demodulated by precision demodulator and fed back in to the F/B line video signal input. The distortion detection circuit determines the difference between the undistorted test signal and demodulated signal. It the applies the necessary amount
of correction in the digital correction circuit. This correction is retained at the time of normal broadcasting. The first stage of the AD-DA converter card consists of a two way switch. This selects either from the main line video signal input or from the feed back line. Main line is selected for normal transmission and F/B when setting up the test loop. The two way switch is composed of IC2 and IC8. The outputs of both IC2 and IC8 are connected to each other. The output impedance of each IC is high when not enabled by grounding pin 8 of either IC. The following conditions apply to the control of pin 8 of IC2 and IC8: 1) when the input video signal from the main line is selected: IC2, pin 8: open control, IC8, pin 8: ground control 2) when the input video signal from the F/B line is selected; IC2, pin8: ground control, IC8, pin 8: open control. b) MAIN VIDEO LINE IN AD-DA UNIT: Functions of the ICs in the level diagram of main video line:
1) IC2, IC8: video signal switching and 75 ohm drive. 2) LPF-W : deletes frequency component of 2 fsc or higher fsc.
Characteristic impedance: 75 ohm

3) IC4
:used for feed back clamp foe fixing the pedestal potential of video
signal and serves as an amplifier for 12 dB voltage amplification.

4) IC 10
: switches the video signal output and the sync signal out
alternately to allow for reconstruction of the composite video signal. When pin 4 is set to logic 1 and pin 5 is reset to logic 0, the video signal at pin 14 is switched to the output. When pin 4 is reset to logic 0 and pin 5 is set to logic 1, the reconstructed sync signal at pin 1 switched to the output. Reconstructed of the sync pulses can be turned OFF BY operation of switch which controls the IC via pin 8.
5) IC 6
: this is an IC for buffering the video signal drive signal supplied to
the A/D conversion device. c) The video signal level from the D/A converter to the video signal output: The functions of each IC are described as below:
1) IC 19: IC 19 is an IC for D/A conversion that converts 12 bit digital video
signal into an analog video signal.

2) IC 20: IC 20 servers for voltage amplification and 75 ohm drive of LPF. 3) IC 21: IC21 is a 75 ohm drive buffer amplifier for the video signal output.
The output level is 1Vp-p when terminated by 75 ohm.

4) IC 22: IC22 is a 75 ohm drive buffer amplifier for the monitoring signal
output. The output level is 1Vp-p when terminated by 75 ohm. d) PEDESTAL CLAMP OF FEED BACK SYSTEM:
To make the sync reconstruction and A/D conversion effective, the pedestal potential of the video signal must be fixed at a constant level so that the pedestal does not vary with change of the APL of the video signal. This is realized by the clamp circuit is shown. The functions of each IC are described as: 1) IC 4: This IC performs clamp operation. At any time, therefore, the pedestal potential of video signal sent out from pin 6 is fixed. Briefly describing its operation, the pedestal potential at the output pin6 of IC4 is maintained at a constant level because, when the pedestal rises as a variation of the APL of the video signal supplied to positive input pin3, the dc potential supplied to negative input pin2 of IC4 also rises by virtue of the control voltage generator loop. 2) IC12: This IC is a balanced amplifier to isolate the operation of the loop circuit from the video signal in the main line. 3) LPF(L1,L2,C5,C6,C7): The low pass filter composed of the above mentioned devices removes with a frequency of 2 MHz or more above the video signal, and passes the luminance component only.
4) IC 15: the video signal supplied to the positive input pin of this IC is DC
shifted by the clamp potential adjustment supplied to the negative pin, and then sent out as output.
5) IC 14: this IC switches between the use of clamp potential for normal video
signal and that for scrambled video signal If pin 9 = 0 and pin 8 = 1: clamp potential for normal video signal. If pin 9 = 1 and pin 8 = 0: clamp potential for scrambled video signal.
6) IC 14: this IC samples the pedestal potential. During the gating period of IC
14, controlled by driving pin 16 to zero for approximately 1 micro sec, the input and output of this IC have conduction, and the pedestal potential is charged to C9. The rest of the horizontal period pin 16 is held high and the conduction between the input and output is kept OFF. IC 13 has high input impedance by the use of a FET input, therefore the pedestal potential charged to C9 is substantially retained for the horizontal period. In this IC the clamp control potential is converted into the feed back control DC potential.
7) LPF: The above device comprises voltage integrator and these are used to
change the stepped control voltage to a gradually changing control voltage.

8) IC 16: this IC amplifies the clamp control voltage. At DC frequencies it
becomes pen loop, and the amplification rises 60 dB or more. In addition the amplification at 10 kHz or higher falls to 1 or below by means of a LPF at the preceding stage and C12 at this stage. Furthermore, the polarity inversion at this stage forms the negative feed back loop. e) Sync Separation circuit: This unit has four sync separation circuits.
These are: 1) a sync separation circuit for the main-line video signal input. 2) Sync separation circuit for the F/B line video signal input 3) A sync separation circuit for the scrambled sync input and, 4) A sync separation circuit for the video signal output. The circuit construction of 1 and 2 are same. The part numbers of the main IC comprising the respective sync separation circuits are 1) sync separation circuit for main line video signal input IC24 to IC 28, IC 71, IC 78, IC 124 2) sync separation circuit for feed back line video signal input IC29 to IC31, IC71, IC72, IC128 3) sync separation circuit for scrambled sync input IC35 to IC37, IC125 4) sync separation circuit for video signal output IC23, IC127 f) SYNC SEPARTION CIRCUIT FOR MAIN LINE VIDEO INPUT AND FOR F/B LINE VIDEO SIGNAL: The sync separation circuits for main line video signal input and for F/B line video signal input have the same circuit configuration. The following describes both circuits by using part numbers for the sync separation circuit for the main line video signal input.
In the sync separation circuit for main line video signal input only, a switching circuit is used for switching between the video signal in the main line and the sync signal scramble. If IC 24, pin 8 is held low and pin 9 is held high, the main line video signal is selected. If IC 24, pin 8 is held high and pin 9 is held low, the sync signal for scramble is selected. This sync separation circuit is composed of a primary sync separation circuit and a secondary sync separation circuit. The functions of respective blocks on the above block diagram are:
1) LPF (L9, L10, C201, C202, C203): the low pass filter composed of the
mentioned devices removes component of 2 MHz or more from video signals, and passes luminance component only.
2) Video signal amplifier IC27: this IC amplifies the video signal level
approximately three times. The output of IC27, may be distorted. However this has no effect on sync separation. The sync component of the signal is not distorted even APL varies 10 to 90%
3) BEF (band elimination filter): this filter further removes noise components
in the high frequency component around 5 MHz from the signals supplied to the primary sync separation circuit.
4) Sync Tip Clamp TR7: by the use of the positive output pulses (IC28, pin 1
output) of the primary sync separation circuit obtained by the sync slice
circuit of the operational amplifier at the next stage, TR7 clamps the sync tip period and pulls the sync tip potential to ground potential.
5) Operational amplifier IC28: this transistor array IC is incorporated as an
operational amplifier circuit. IC 17 amplifies the component of the video signal that centers about the sync pulse half amplitude level. This filtered composite video signal is applied to pin 12. The half amplitude potential is set at pin 6 by VR8 and the output appears at pin 5.
6) Sync output detector IC71: this part of the circuit detects significant
discontinuities in the potential due to such reasons as non synchronized switching of input video signal. The circuit consists of a trigged by the output of the primary sync separator circuit. For each trigger pulse of 2.5H duration is produced. In practice, however, the pulse width supplied to pin 1 is 1H, therefore the output level at pin 4 is always held low. The transistor at pin 9 of IC 28, which is connected to the output of IC 71 pin 4, is held in a cut off condition and this maintains the ICs output in the high impedance (OFF) state. If the primary sync separation is discontinued by abrupt change of the sync potential, the output of IC71 pin 4 is driven high after 2.5H. IC 28 is driven ON and the charge supplied to C204 via R215 is rapidly discharged rendering the primary sync separator circuit re-operable at the new conditions.
7) Pedestal sample pulse generator IC78: this circuit is a monostable
multivibrator that is triggered by the leading edge of the sync output of the
primary sync separation circuit. The output is a pedestal gating pulse of approximately 1 micro sec width.
8) Sync tip sample pulse generator IC78-2: this circuit is a monostable
multivibrator that is triggered by the trailing edge of the sync output of the primary sync separation circuit. The output is a pedestal gating pulse of approximately 1 micro sec width.
9) Secondary sync separation circuit IC24, IC25, IC26: this sync separation
circuit determines the pedestal potential and sync tip potential by using the pulses obtained in the above items 7 and 8, and derives the potential of the mid point of these two potentials. Slicing the input signal by the use of this intermediate potential is equivalent to slicing the half amplitude duration of the sync level of the input signal. This assist in the sync separation when the circuit is affected by level variation and noise. The circuit can then obtain stable sync. g) Sync separation circuit for scramble sync input:
Fig: sync separation circuit for scramble sync input
The sync separation circuit for scrambled sync input assumes the sync is a separate input signal, and therefore does not endeavor to follow-up to rapid variation of APL, etc. h) Sync separation circuit for video signal output: The D/A converted analog video signal output has a fixed pedestal potential, which does not change with variation of the APL. As a result, the sync separator for the video signal output can slice the sync level at a fixed potential. i) V-sync detection circuit:
Fig: V-sync detection circuit At the stages subsequent of the above mentioned four sync separation circuits, V-sync detection circuits are provided respectively. The result of the V-sync detection is used to determine presence or absence of signal.
4.4DIGITAL VIDEO COMPENSATOR (DVC)
4.4.1 GENERAL: The digital video compensator (DVC) unit compensates, by the use of digital signal processing technology, distortion of the input video signals and difference types of distortion (linear and non linear distortions) produced in a transmitter and receiver. This unit, composed of a nonlinear-distortion compensating circuit, lineardistortion compensating circuit, control circuit, etc., receives the demodulated output signals of the transmitter and automatically compensates for the distortions in the output signals. The non linear distortion compensating circuit (for differential gain (DG), differential phase (DP) and luminance linearity) compensates, as an auxiliary circuit to the IF corrector, the non linear distortions caused by the power amplifier of the transmitter. Furthermore, this circuit is an APL follow up that can compensate for variations in the characteristics of the power amplifier by APL. The linear distortion compensating circuit (pre-compensation circuit for compensating for the frequency and group delay characteristics of the receiver) performs high-accuracy compensation by using a 128-tap digital filter (for input signals, with the filter coefficient of 12 bits). The non linear and linear distortion compensating circuits respectively can be by passed.
The control circuit is provided with a DSP (digital signal processor) that analyzes the demodulated output of the transmitter and automatically computes the compensation values. This compensator unit has following functions: Automatic compensation of nonlinear distortions Automatic compensation of the group delay characteristics Automatic compensation of the frequency characteristics White clip Pre compensation of the group delay characteristic of the receiver Synchronous expansion Manual adjustment of the distortion compensation Automatic fault detection by the means of a self check 4.4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE CIRCUITS: This compensator unit comprises a control section (test signal generator circuit, feedback signal processing circuit, compensation coefficient computing circuit), a non linear distortion compensating section and a linear distortion compensating section. a) Control Section Test Signal Generator Circuit: This compensator unit has a built in test signal generator for automatic compensation.
The test signals used for the compensation are provided in the following four types: For nonlinear distortion compensation 10 step modulated wave (APL 10%) 10 step modulated wave (APL 50%) 10 step modulated wave (APL 90%) For linear distortion compensation Sin x/x wave b) Control Section-Feedback Signal Processing Circuit, Compensation Coefficient Computing Circuit: This control section is composed of a feed back signal processing circuit and a compensation coefficient computing circuit. The feedback signal processing circuit separates Y and C signals and demodulates the C signals. The output of this circuit is sent to the compensation coefficient computing circuit. The compensation coefficient computing circuit is composed of such components as a ROM which has stored the reference value of the automatic compensation, an RAM which stores the compensation value as a result of the compensation compensation. This circuit analyzes the feedback signals and computes the level of compensation. and DSP which performs operations for the automatic
Then the circuit sends the obtained coefficient to the respective compensating circuits as an output signal. The output signal is added, as a value of compensation, to the signals to be compensated. The signal after compensation is returned, as the feedback signal, to the control section. Furthermore, the compensation coefficient computing circuit analyzes the feed back signals again, verifies validity of the compensation coefficient, and adjusts the compensation coefficient to a better value. By repeating this processing, the circuit obtains the best compensation value. For automatic compensation it is necessary to demodulated the output of the transmitter, and to deliver the demodulated output signals, as feed back signals, to this compensator unit. c)Non Linear Distortion Compensating Section Video Corrector: To assist the IF corrector, this section compensates for nonlinear distortions (distortion of luminance linearity, DG and DP) which are usually produced in the transmitter and power amplifier. Compensation is achieved by the addition of the necessary level of correction to the signals to be compensated. The maximum value of the compensation is 10% for the nonlinear distortion compensation and 100% and -50% for sync pulse expansion. In addition, this circuit can detect the APL of the signals, and change the compensation signals at 128 steps while tracking the APL.
d) Linear Distortion Compensation Section Colour Equalizer: This section performs compensation on the frequency characteristics and the group delay characteristics of the transmitter and pre compensation of the distortion to the group delay characteristics of the receiver. The compensation is performed with a digital filter of 128 taps. The equalizer circuit (TX equalizer) for compensating the frequency and group delay characteristics of the transmitter and the pre compensation circuit (Rx equalizer) can be independently turned ON/OFF. In the receiver pre-compensation (Rx Equalizer) the characteristics of each TV system have been stored, so that the appropriate receiver pre compensation can be obtained by switch setting only.
4.5
4.5.1 GENERAL :
VISUAL MODULATOR
The visual modulator unit is intended to convert a baseband video signal into a modulated IF signal with the ring modulator in which the IF carrier is also phase modulated by a processed video signal to pre-correct the incidental carrier phase modulation(ICPM). The video signal for the IF phase modulation is arbitrarily sliced into three regions of sync, black and white in which each signal amplitude is individually expanded or compressed, then summed into the processed video signal by which the carrier for the ring modulator is phase modulated.
The ring modulator is followed by pin diode switching circuitry via the harmonic filter, and then the signal passes through vestigial sideband filter (VSBF) which uses a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter to achieve the nyquist shaping. Furthermore, the unit provides auxiliary circuits: sync separation circuitry, and level adjusting circuitry for picture, pedestal, and carrier signal and modulation depth. Four regulated DC voltage are developed externally with the power supply unit for use within the visual modulator: +/- 12V The modulated IF output signal is passed through the IF corrector unit.
4.5.2
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS : : + 10dBm : + 10dBm
IF input level IF output level
4.5.3
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :
The visual modulator performs three functions: to modulate the IF carriers with the ring modulator, to remove one sideband with the VSBF and to pre-correct the ICPM with the IF phase modulator
4.5.4
RING MODULATOR:
The sync negative video signal is applied, and then the signal is split into two paths: one for IF signals modulation, the other for IF phase modulation. Non inverting amplifier accepts the video via attenuator pad and delay line which compensates for the delay time difference between two paths. The video input to IC is branched to adjust its levels. IC output passes through differential amplifier TR1 at which the video signal is pedestal clamped by field effect transistor. Both sources of differential amplifier, followed by emitter followers TR2 and TR3, are connected via resistor to the ring modulator consisting of balanced transformers T1 and T2 and the bridge configuration of diodes D1 to D4 around which current flows readily in one direction. IF carrier is applied to one of the bridge arms via T1 and the modulated output can be taken out from another arm which T2 is connected. To provide the correct modulation depth, some offset current must be added to the video signal. The DC level potentiometer VR2 adjusts the current offset when the pedestal clamp id OFF. The CW level potentiometer VR4 allows adjustment of the output level equal to pedestal level in the absence of a video input. This ensures the holding of receiver AGC levels during short video interruptions. Variable capacitor VC1 is used to balance the ring modulator. It is important to minimize the value of the balanced residual carrier, as this causes differential phase error associated with ICPM. 4.5.5 VESTIGIAL SIDE BAND FILTER (VSBF):
The ring modulator output passes through the pin diode switch consisting of D1 to D6 via OUTPUT level attenuator and harmonic filter. When the VSBF ON/OFF switch is turned OFF manually with switch S, two sets of diodes D1 to D4 are forward biased and the other two sets of D5 and D6 are reverse biased. This permits the modulator output to pass through the unit output jack directly. This permits transmitter adjustment where external demodulators allow for the VSB characteristics to be switched off. This provides a better transmitter adjustment due to removal of tracking errors of VSB filters. Conversely when the VSB ON/OFF switch is turned ON, the modulator output passes through the VSBF. As a result of the VSBF, followed by the precise frequency response shaping circuitry, the unit output can meet the required sideband response.
4.6 IF CORRECTOR UNIT

4.6.1 GENERAL: This IF corrector unit generally used for correction of non linear distortion generated in the power amplifier stage, enables correction of DG and DP characteristics of visual signal. This unit also contains a means to combine two modulated IF carriers of the visual and aural, allowing multiplex operation of the transmitter.
4.62 DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT: This IF corrector unit is provided with black and white region correction circuits each of which is composed of an amplitude and a phase correction circuit. The black region correction circuit synthesizes linear signals from nonlinear signals of black color level only. These are taken out through a transistorized class-C amplifier. The white region correction circuit generates non linear distortion of the white region by adjusting the bias of a transistorized class-B amplifier and synthesizes linear signals from such distortion. The amplifier correction circuit performs synthesizes of linear and non linear signals in the same phase, and the phase correction circuit performs synthesis of linear and non linear signals with a specific phase difference.
4.62.1 DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTION:
The visual or aural IF signal is fed into the correction circuit. The correction circuit can be bypassed by using the IF corrector ON/OFF switch. When the correction circuit is bypassed, a red LED lights.
4.62.2 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS :
Input level Output level Black region DG correction
: + 10dBm : + 10dBm : +20% to +40%
White region DG correction : +/- 10%
4.7 VHF MIXER

4.7.1 GENERAL: In this unit, the IF signal applied at the input is converted to an RF signal by a DBM and the RF signal is passed through filters (BPF and BEF) to separate out only the specified band and amplified to obtain an RF signal of +20dBm. By applying AGC to the IF signal, the output power of the transmitter is maintained at a constant level. The BPF and BEF are all installed for adjustment from the front side.
4.72 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:
IF input LO input Output power Band width
: + 10dBm : + 10dBm : +20 dBm : 8 MHz
4.8SYNTHESIZER UNIT
4.8.1 GENERAL: The synthesizer unit generates signals at three frequency, visual IF (VIF) and local frequency. 4.82Specifications and performance: 1) V IF characteristics Output frequency Output level 2) reference signal input frequency input level output level 3) frequency stability The frequency stability depends on the reference signal to be used as follows: Using the internal oscillator Using an external oscillator 4) Power source +/- 1 x 10^-7 / year same as stability of the external oscillator. + 12 VDC 10MHz 10dBm TTL level 38.9 or 45.75 MHz + 7 dBm
2 WAY POWER DIVIDER

4.9.1 GENERAL: This 2-way power divider is used for dividing the signal to two transistor power amplifier blocks and two transistor power amplifiers in parallel.
Fig: over view of 2-way power divider 4.92FEATURES: This 2- way power divider has the following features. 1) wide frequency range 2) low insertion loss 3) low input return loss( VSWR) 4.93 SPECIFICATIONS: The specification of this 2-way power divider is
1) Frequency range 2) VSWR 3) Return loss
: 170-230MHz : </= 1.2 : >/= 20dB
4) Insertion loss 5) Max. input power ranging 6) Input/output impedance 7) Input/output terminal 8) Ambient temperature
: </= 0.6dB : 100mW : 50 ohm : BNC-j : -10 ~ +45* C
The outside view of this 2-way power divider is show
4.10 5-WAY POWER DIVIDER

4.10.1 GENERAL: This 5-way power divider is used for dividing the signal to five transistor power amplifiers in parallel.
Fig: 5-way power divider
4.10.2FEATURES: This 5-way power divider has the following features. 1) wide frequency range 2) low insertion loss 3) low input return loss 4.10.3SPECIFICATIONS: The specification of this 5-way power divider is 1) Frequency range 2) VSWR 3) Return loss
: 170-230MHz : </= 1.2 : >/= 20dB : </= 1.0dB : 2W : 50 ohm : BNC-j : -10 ~ +45* C
The outside view of this 5-way power divider is shown.
4.11 2-WAY POWER COMBINER

4.11.1 GENERAL: This 2-way power combiner is used for combining two transistor power amplifier blocks and two transistor power amplifiers in parallel to obtain the required power.
4.11.2FEATURES: This 2- way power combiner has the following features. 1) Wide frequency range 2) Low insertion loss 3) Low input return loss (VSWR)
4.11.3 SPECIFICATIONS The specification of this 2-way power combiner is

1) Frequency range 2) VSWR 3) Return loss 4) Insertion loss 5) Max. input power ranging 6) Input/output impedance 7) Input/output terminal 8) Ambient temperature
: 170-230MHz : </= 1.2 : >/= 20dB : </= 0.2dB : 1000W : 50 ohm : BNC-j : -10 ~ +45* C
The outside view of this 2-way power combiner is shown.
4.12 5-WAY POWER COMBINER:

4.12.1 GENERAL: This 5-way power combiner is used for combining five transistor power amplifiers in parallel to obtained required power.
4.12.2FEATURES: This 5-way power combiner has the following features. 1) Wide frequency range 2) Low insertion loss 3) Low input return loss 4.12.3SPECIFICATIONS: The specification of this 5-way power combiner is 1) Frequency range 2) VSWR 3) Return loss : 170-230MHz : </= 1.2 : >/= 20dB
: </= 0.2dB : 1000W : 50 ohm : BNC-j : -10 ~ +45* C
5. POWER AMPLIFIER STAGE

This power amplifier is of peak 1200W output, which is used for visual power amplification. This may be used as an aural power amplifier of 900W output as well. The power amplifier mainly consists of six units. Driver PA1 circuit Driver PA2 circuit Wilkinson 3 way divider Final PA circuit 6 way combiner and directional coupler Alarm circuit
5.1 Driver PA1 circuit:
The driver PA1 comprises of two stage power amplifier circuits containing, a PIN attenuator, a phase shifter, RF limiter, hybrid IC MC5388, FET 2SK1543. A signal from J1 (BNC-J) on the front panel passes through the input and the PIN attenuator, where the gain of the unit is adjusted. The phase shifter adjusts the
phases between two units when this unit runs in parallel with one another. The phase shifter can adjust the phase in a range within approximately +/- 40 C. The RF limiter protects the unit from overdrive input signals and has been adjusted so as to operate 1dB above the input rating. The MC 5388 at the first stage, which is a class A hybrid IC, a gain of approximately 18dB. The next stage amplifier circuit having an FET 2SK1543, which is a single class AB, has a gain of approximately 18 dB. The output from the FET passes through an isolator and then to the driver PA2.
5.2 Driver PA2 circuit:
The driver PA 2 comprises one stage of power amplifier having a FET 2SK1543. The driver PA2 is a class AB operation with a gain approximately 16dB. The output from the driver PA2 circuit passes through an isolator and is distributed by a Wilkinson 3-way divider and then to final PA stage.
5.3 Final PA circuit:
The final PA circuit is the final stage amplifier circuit with six FETs, which uses a pair of characteristic matched FET in parallel, and it comprises two stage of 2way distribution circuits of distributed type and one stage of power amplifier using FETs as well as a circulator combiner. The signal from the driver PA is divided into six sub signals and distributed by the distributor to each final stage amplifier circuit. The final stage amplifier circuit of optimum class AB push pull design using FETs, recurs a gain of approximately 16dB, maximum output of 250W or
more, and a drain efficiency of 70% or higher at the maximum output. The FETS are used in this unit are developed MOS FETs of a push pull construction which are of a high output, a high gain, and a high reliability for use in particular VHF band TV transmitter. Six outputs of the signals amplified at the final stage amplifier circuit fed to a 6way combiner through a circulator.
5.4 6-way combiner and directional coupler:
Each output of the six final PAs 1 to 6 is combined with the 6 way combiner. The combined visual signal forms the final output of the PA and is applied to terminal J2 on the rear panel at a level of 60.8dBm. To monitor the output, two directional couplers are provided. One of the outputs among them is applied to the terminal J4 on the front panel. Directional couplers are reciprocal 4-port constructions. Two ports are isolated from each other. Example: a signal fed in port1 is split up to ports 2 and 3; port 4 is isolated. Two outputs of directional couplers are applied to the Alarm circuit board.
5.5 Alarm circuit:
1) Sampled outputs of the directional coupler, representing forward output power and reflected power, are applied to peak power detection circuits, consisting of IC. The signals, following detection, active relays RL1 and RL2 when the levels reach a pre set value. These relays light the fault
indication LED and a closed contact is sent out to connector on the rear panel. 2) Thermistor detects the heat sink temperature of power amplifier. The temperature is converted to a voltage with IC and then it is sent through connector. When the temperature reaches 85*C, temperature fault signal is generated to active relay. 3) If a reflection fault or a temperature fault occurs, activating relay, the power sources on the drive board are turned off. 4) The power source of +40 to 50VDC is applied via terminal. The power source is branched to each board via current sensors which are there to detect operational currents.
6. ANTENNA SECTION
6.1 ANTENNA BASICS: What is an antenna? An Antenna is a transducer which transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. Or An antenna is a metallic object which used to convert high frequency current into electro-magnetic waves and vice versa. What is radiation? Antennas radiate electromagnetic waves radiation will result from the flow of high-frequency current in a suitable circuit. This is predicted
mathematically by the Maxwell equations, which show that current flowing in a wire is accompanied by a magnetic field around it. If the magnetic field is changing, as it does with alternating current, an electric field will also be present. A proportion of the electric and magnetic field is capable of leaving the current-carrying wire. How much of it leaves the conductor depends on the relation of its length to the wavelength of the current. Radiation pattern: The radiation pattern of an antenna is a graphical representation of the radiation of the antenna a function of direction. When the radiation is expressed as field strength E Volt per meter, the radiation pattern is a field strength pattern. If the radiation pattern is expressed is term of power per unit solid angle, the resultant pattern as power pattern. proportional to the square of the field strength pattern. Formula for calculation of field strength: Field Strength= 2.85 P ht.hr/d2 Mili volt/meter P=Transmitted Power in KW Ht=height of transmitted antenna in meters Hr=height of the receiving antenna D=the distance from transmitting antenna in Meters/I- wave length of signal Field Strength in DBV/m = 20 log (F.S in milli volt per meter) Isotropic antenna:
A power pattern is a
An Isotropic antenna is a standard reference antenna radiating equally in all direction so that its radiation pattern is spherical. exist. Power density: Power density of an antenna is defined as radiated power per unit area. Directive gain: Directive gain is defined in a particular direction, as the ratio of the power density radiated in that direction by the antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an isotropic antenna. if power densities are measured at the same distance & both antenna radiate the same power. Directive gain is a ratio of power density and is therefore a power ratio. Directivity: Directivity is defined as a maximum directive gain i.e. the gain in the direction of one of the major lobes of radiation pattern compare to isotropic radiation. Power gain: It is the ratio of the power that must be radiated by an isotropic antenna to develop certain field strength at a certain distance and divided by practical power. The practical power is that power which must be fed to the directive antenna to develop the same field strength at the same distance in its direction of maximum radiation.
This is very useful
property and very easy to visualize but practically such antenna does not
Ap = nD AP=Power Gain D = Directivity (maximum directivity) N = Antenna efficiency =1 for loss less antenna Polarization: Polarization refers to the physical orientation of the radiated waves in space. Waves are said to be polarized (actually linearly polarized) if they all have the same alignment in space. In fact, it is a characteristic of most antennas that the radiation they emit is linearly polarized. For example, a vertical antenna will radiate waves whose electric vectors will be vertical and will remain so in free space. Thus vertical antennas radiate vertically polarized waves, and similarly horizontal antennas produce waves whose polarization is horizontal. Circular polarization: When an antenna produces vertically and horizontally polarized fields with equal amplitude and with a phase difference of exactly 90 degrees, the resulting signal is circularly polarized. Band width:
It refers to the frequency range over which operation of antenna is satisfactory and is generally taken between the half-power points. The radiation pattern bandwidth is equal to the difference between the frequencies at which the received power falls to one-half of maximum, in the direction of maximum radiation.
Beam width: The beam width of an antenna is the angular separation between the two halfpower points on the power density radiation pattern. It is also, of course, the angular separation between the two 3-dB down points on the field strength radiation pattern of an antenna and is illustrated in Figure. Null filling: There are three methods of introducing null fill in a panel array: Mechanically tilting some panels downward. Using a non-linear phase taper between bays. Using an unequal power split between bays. Since some energy is taken from the main beam to fill the null, the maximum gain of the antenna system will be reduced, typically 0.5 to 1.5 dB, when null fills is introduced. Standing wave ratio:
The ratio of maximum current to minimum current along a transmission line is called the standing-wave ratio, as is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage, which is equal to the current ratio. The SWR is a measure of the mismatch between the load and the line, and is the first and most important quantity calculated for a particular load. The SWR is equal to unity when the load is perfectly matched. When the line is terminated in a purely resistive load, the SWR is defined as SWR = Zo/Rl Where Rl is the load resistance. The higher the SWR, the greater the mismatch between the line and load, power loss increase with SWR and so a low value of standing Wave-ratio is always sought. Practical implications of SWR: SWR has a number of implications that are directly applicable to broadcast use. SWR is an indicator of reflected waves bouncing back and forth within the transmission line, and as such, an increase in SWR corresponds to an increase in power in the line beyond the actual transmitted power. This increased power will increase RF losses, as increased voltage increases dielectric losses, and increased current increases resistive losses. Matched impedances give ideal power transfer. Mismatched impedances give high SWR and reduced power transfer. Higher power in the transmission line also leaks back into the line, which causes it to heat up.
The higher voltages associated with a sufficiently high SWR could damage the transmitter which have a lower tolerance for high voltages may automatically reduce output power to prevent damage. The high voltages may also cause transmission line dielectric to break down and/or burn. VSWR measurements may be taken to ensure that a waveguide is contiguous and has no leaks or sharp bends. If such bends or holes are present in the waveguide surface, they may diminish the performance of transmitter and receiver equipment strings. Arcing may occur if there is a hole, if transmitting at high power, usually 200 watts or more. . A very long run of coaxial cable especially at a frequency where the cable itself is lossy can appear to a radio as a matched load. The power coming back is in these cases, partially or almost completely lost in the cable run. How can we measure SWR? We measure SWR in the form of VSWR. The VSWR may be measured by Site Master available at all HPTs. The VSWR of antenna may be measured at 7-port patch panels. VSWR measurement should be done for individual feeder cable and combined feeder cables. The measurement should be done invariably once in quarter, if reflected power shown on through line power meter is more than 1% of total output power of transmitter than it is a serious concern.
VSWR measurement should be taken and reason of high reflected power
should be find out. Yagi uda antenna: A Yagi-Uda antenna is an array consisting of a driven element and one or more parasitic elements. They are arranged collinearly and close together, as shown in Figure. Since it is relatively unidirectional, as the radiation pattern shows and has a moderate gain in the vicinity of 7dB, the Yagi-Uda antenna is used as an HF transmitting antenna. It is also employed at higher frequencies, particularly as a VHF television receiving antenna. The Yagi-Uda antenna does not have high gain, but it is very compact, relatively broadband because of the folded dipole used and has quite a good unidirectional radiation pattern. It has one reflector and several directors which are either of equal length or decreasing slightly away from the driven element.
6.2Details of antennas used in TV Transmission/Reception:

Single dipole antenna system: Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization dependent on tower structure Quasi Omni HRP possible Extremely cost effective Dipoles may be stacked for higher gain / high transmission power applications. Panel antenna system Minimum influence from tower Full band operation Flexible pattern shaping High power application
We generally use turnstile antenna here for the purpose of high power transmission. Turnstile antenna: Turnstile antenna is generally used for television transmission. The turnstile antenna is the earliest and most popular resonant antenna for VHF broadcasting. It is made up of four batwing shaped elements mounted on a vertical pole in a manner resembling a turnstile. Four batwings are in effect, two dipoles fed in quadrature phase. The azimuth field pattern is a function of diameter of support mast. The pattern is usually with in 10-15% of true circle. It is made up of several layers, usually six for channel six for channels 2-6 and 12 for 7-13. It is not suitable for side mounting, except for stand by applications in which coverage degradation can be tolerated. Features: Omnidirectional horizontal polarization Horizontal polarization High power applications Suitable for mounting into self supporting random.
7. CONCLUSION:
The terrestrial transmission system at DOORDHARSHAN high power transmission station through turnstile antenna makes possible to have the channels for gratis by using a simple yagi- uda antenna as a reception antenna at our home or any where with in a limit of 65KMs with out using any repeaters. This system is very reliable with minimum probability of error. The signal from the broadcasting center of doordharshan Delhi is received and amplified using exciter and power amplifier up to 10 Kilo Watts and transmitted via an antenna.

Introduction To Communication

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TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

Fig: analog model 1.2 Problems of analog:

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

Fig: general terrestrial transmission

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

receiving section exciter section power amplifier section transmitting section

The above mentioned are discussed in detail below:

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

3.2 Purpose of satellite communication : To cover wide area in one go.

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

4.1 AURAL MODULATOR

PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS: : +10dBm : -10 to +10dBm at 600 ohm input

IF output level Audio input level

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

:1 Vp-p at 75-ohm input Distortion Pre-emphasis Deviation

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

4.2 IM CORRECTOR UNIT

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

4.3 ANALOG TO DIGITAL & DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

Characteristic impedance: 75 ohm

signal and serves as an amplifier for 12 dB voltage amplification.

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

: this is an IC for buffering the video signal drive signal supplied to

signal into an analog video signal.

The output level is 1Vp-p when terminated by 75 ohm.

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

change the stepped control voltage to a gradually changing control voltage.

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

Fig: sync separation circuit for scramble sync input

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

4.4DIGITAL VIDEO COMPENSATOR (DVC)

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS : : + 10dBm : + 10dBm

IF input level IF output level

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS

4.6 IF CORRECTOR UNIT

TERRSTRIAL TRANSMISSION OF TELEVISION SIGNALS