DIELECTRIC MATERIALS

Dielectric materials do not possess free electric

charges and hence do not conduct electricity.
-Polar dielectrics: Molecules posses dipole
moment
-Non-polar dielectrics: Molecules do not posses
dipole moment
Review of some basic formula
1. Electric dipole:
r q p

=
2. Dipole Moment:
3. Torque on the dipole
exerted by an E-field
E x p

= t
u t sin pE =
4. Potential energy of dipole
in an E-field
u cos . pE E p V = =

pE V = = , 0 u pE V = = , t u
DKR-JIITN-2010-MS
5. Polarization: Defined as dipole moment per unit volume.
p N P

=
If the number of dipoles per unit volume is N, and if each has
moment p then polarization is given as (assuming that all the
dipoles lie in the same direction)
DKR-JIITN-2010-MS
Example: Suppose there are 3.34x10
28
molecules per unit
volume of water each having dipole moment 6x10
-30
C-m.
Solution: If all dipoles are oriented parallel to each other
then Polarization
P = 3.34x10
28
x 6x10
-30
= 0.2004 C/m
2
6. ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY AND POLARIZATION
P E D

+ =
0
c
According to Gauss
law,
0
'
.
c
q q
A d E

=

0 0
'
c c
q q
EA =
A
q
A
q
E
'
0
= c
A
q
E
A
q '
0
+ = c
Where,
A
q
D =
and
A
q
P
'
=
= Electric flux density = Polarization
Gaussian
surface
0
E
0
E
Further,
E E D

c c = =
0 0
Therefore,
0
0
c
P
E E

=
Thus polarization results in a reduction of the field inside
the dielectric medium.
Further,
P E E D

+ = =
0
c c
P E E
r

+ =
0 0
c c c P E
r

= ) 1 (
0
c c
E
P
r

0
) 1 (
c
; c = =
Here ; is known as electric susceptibility and c
r
is known as
relative dielectric constant of the medium.
0
c
c
c =
r
P E E D

+ = =
0 0 0
c c
Where,
POLARIZABILITY
E p

o =
Polarization of a medium is produced by field therefore, it is
reasonable to assume that,
The polarization can now be written as,
E N P

o =
Thus,
P E D

+ =
0
c
But,
E D
r

c c
0
=
0
1
c
o
c
N
r
+ =
Here o is known as polarizability of the
molecule representing dipole moment per
unit applied electric field
E
N
D

) 1 (
0
0
c
o
c + =
E N E

o c + =
0
E
N
E
r

) 1 (
0
0 0
c
o
c c c + =
In all above expressions, N can be expressed in terms of
density p, molar mass M of the material and Avogadro's
number N
A
as
M
N
N
A
p
=
However, experiments show that though above equations
hold good in gases but not for liquids and solids i.e. in the
condensed physical systems.
Thus dielectric constant can be written as:
o
c
p
c ) ( 1
0
M
N
A
r
+ =
+ =
0
1
c
o
c
N
r
LOCAL FIELD
0
E

1
E

2
E

Central dipole
Lorentz
sphere
+
3 2 1 0
E E E E E
loc
+ + + =

E
0
= External field
E
1
= Field due to polarization charges
lying on the surface of the sample.
E
2
= Field due to polarization charges
lying on the surface of Lorentz sphere.
E
3
= Field due to other dipoles lying within
the Lorentz sphere.
Calculation of various fields:
0
1
c
P
E =
Depolarizing field E
1
:
This field depends on the geometrical shape of the external
surface. Above equation is for a simple case of an infinite slab.
Field for a standard geometry is given as
0
1
c
NP
E =
Here N is known as depolarizing factor. The values of N for
other regular shapes are given below:
Shape Axis N
Sphere any 1/3
Thin slab normal 1
Thin slab in plane 0
Cylinder Longitudinal 0
Cylinder Transverse
Calculation of E
2
:
Surface area dA of the sphere lying
between u and u+du is given as
u u t d r dA sin 2
2
=
Charge on the surface dA would be
) sin 2 ( cos
2
u u t u d r P dq =
Field due to this charge at the
centre of the sphere would be
2
0
4 r
dq
dE
tc
=
Field in the direction of applied field would be
2
0
2
4
cos
cos
r
dq
dE dE
tc
u
u = =
dE
u
Field due to charges on the entire cavity thus would be,

=
t
0
2 2
dE E

=
t
tc
u
0
2
0
4
cos
r
dq

=
t
tc
u u u t
0
2
0
2 2
4
cos sin 2
r
d r P
0
2
3c
P
E =
Calculation of E
3
:
5
2
0
) . ( 3
4
1
r
p r r r p
E

=
tc
The result depends on crystal structure of the solid under
consideration. However for highly symmetrical structure like
cubic it sum sup to zero. Thus
0
3
= E
(In other structure E
3
may not vanish and it should be included
in the equation).
The field due to other dipoles in the cavity may be calculated
by using the equation
Thus E
loc
would be
0 0
0
3c c
P P
E

+ =
0
3c
P
E E
loc

+ =
E
loc
= E
L
= Lorentz field. E is known as Maxwell field.
Now the polarization would be given as
L
E N P

o =
3 2 1 0
E E E E E
loc
+ + + =

0
0
3
2
c
P
E

=
E= Maxwell field.
)
3
(
0
c
o
P
E N

+ =
0
3c
o
o
P N
E N

+ =
E N
N
P

o
c
o
= )
3
1 (
0
0
3
1
c
o
o
N
E N
P

Again
Now
P E E D
r

+ = =
0 0
c c c
0
0 0
3
1
c
o
o
c c c
N
E N
E E
r

+ =


)
3
1 (
1
0
0
c
o
c
o
c
N
N
r

+ =
Simplifying
E N
N
P

o
c
o
= )
3
1 (
0
1 <
0
3 2
1
c
o
c
c N
r
r
=
+

CLAUSIUS MOSOTTI RELATION

0
3 2
1
c
o
c
c N
r
r
=
+

Reconsider CLAUSIUS MOSOTTI relation,

p c
o
p c
c M N M
r
r
)
3
( )
2
1
(
0
=
+

Since,
A
N
NM
=
p
Therefore ,
0
3
)
2
1
(
c
o
p c
c
A
r
r
N M
=
+

MOLAR POLARIZABILITY
Molar mass
Density
M
o =
EXAMPLE:
An elemental dielectric material has c
r
= 12 and it contains
5x10
28
atoms/m
3
. Calculate its electronic polarizability
assuming Lorentz field.
SOLUTION:
0
3 2
1
c
o
c
c N
r
r
=
+

Using CLAUSIUS MOSOTTI relation,

12
28
10 85 . 8 3
10 5
2 12
1 12

=
+
o
2 20
10 17 . 4 Fm

= o
SOURCES OF POLARIZABILITY
1. Electronic Polarizability
2. Ionic Polarizability
3. Dipolar or orientational
Polarizability
0 = E
0 = E
0 = E
1. ELECTRONIC POLARIZATION:
Volume of the atom is,
3
4
3
V R t =
If z be the atomic number then
charge/ volume of atom would be
3
3
4
ze
R
p
t
=
Where, R = Radius of spherically
symmetric atom
0 = E
In presence of field E

Force on the charges E Ze F

=
1
Coulomb force between separated charge would be
Ze F =
2

X Field produced by displaced charges on nucleus

2
4 d
Ze
t
=
X Charge enclosed in the sphere of radius d
p t
t
=
3
2
3
4
4
d
d
Ze
3
0
3
2
4
3
3
4
4 R
Ze
d
d
Ze
tc
t
t
=
3
0
2 2
4 R
d e Z
tc
=
This leads to the separation of
charges.
In the equilibrium position, the two forces , F
1
and F
2
are
equal, thus
3
0
2 2
4 R
d e Z
ZeE
tc
=
3
0
4 R
Zed
E
tc
=
Ze
E R
d
3
0
4tc
=
This is equilibrium separation between charges, which
is proportional to the field.
Now the induced electric dipole moment would be
)
4
(
3
0
Ze
E R
Ze Zed p
e
tc
= =
E R p
e
3
0
4tc =
E R p
e
3
0
4tc =
But according to the definition of polarizability,
E p
e e
o =
Comparing,
3
0
4 R
e
tc o =
(o
e
= electronic
polarizability)
Thus, Electronic Polarization can be given as
E N E P
e r e

o c c = = ) 1 (
0
Where N is number of atoms/ m
3
.
0
1
c
o
c
e
r
N
=
2. IONIC POLARIZATION:
E p
i i

o =
3. DIPOLAR POLARIZATION
with field Without field
Consider a molecule which carries a permanent dipole
moment p (like water molecule) is placed in an electric
field. The potential energy of the dipole would be:
u cos . pE E p U = =

According to Boltzmann distribution, no. of molecules

with energy U at equilibrium temperature T would be:
kT
U
e n n

=
0
kT
pE
e
n
n
u cos
0
=
Let n() be the number of dipoles per unit solid angle at ,
we have
kT
pE
e n n
u
u
cos
0
) ( =
The number of dipoles in a solid angle dO
O d e n
kT
pE u cos
0
u u t
u
d e n
kT
pE
sin 2
cos
0
=
Note: Here dO is
calculated as follows:
Dipole moment of dipoles making angle u with the field
(along x-axis) is
u cos p p
x
=
Therefore, the dipole moment along the field within angle dO
) cos ( sin 2
cos
0
u u u t
u
p d e n
kT
pE
=
Now, average dipole moment (Total dipole moment divided
by total no. of dipoles) can be written as

=
t u
t u
u u t
u u u t
0
cos
0
0
cos
0
sin 2
) cos ( sin 2
d e n
d p e n
p
kT
pE
kT
pE

=
t u
t u
u u
u u u
0
cos
0
cos
sin
cos sin
d e
d e
p
p
kT
pE
kT
pE
Let x
kT
pE
=
u cos
and a
kT
pE
=
Therefore,
x a = u cos
and,
dx d a = u u sin
Limits
a a
Substituting all above, the integral becomes,

=
a
a
x
a
a
x
dx e
xdx e
a p
p 1

=
t u
t u
u u t
u u u t
0
cos
0
0
cos
0
sin 2
) cos ( sin 2
d e n
d p e n
p
kT
pE
kT
pE
a e e
e e
e
e xe
a p
p
a a
a a
a
a
x
a
a
x x
1
] [
] [ 1

+
=

a e e
e e
p
p
a a
a a
1

+
=

Or,
a
a
p
p 1
) coth( =
(Langevin Function)
) (a pL p =
From the above equation,
) ( ) ( a L P a NpL P
s o
= =
P
s
= Saturation polarization
) (a L =
Thus polarization would be,
kT
pE
a =
) (a L
a
CASE 1: When a is very high (at
low temperature) i.e. a >> 1,
CASE 2: When a is very low (at
high temperature) i.e. a <<1
3
1
...
45 3
1
) coth(
3
a
a
a a
a
a + ~ + + + =
kT
pE
a =
) (a L P P
s o
=
Where,
L(a) = 1 P
o
= P
s
a
a
a a
a a L
1
3
1 1
) coth( ) ( + = =
3
) (
a
a L =
3
a
P P
s o
=
kT
E Np
P
o
3
2
=
3
a
p p =
E p
o
o =
kT
p
o
3
2
= o
T
o
1
o
Total polarization
3
) (
a
a L
p
p
= =
kT
E p
p
3
2
=
Thus orientation polarizability is inversely proportional to T.
o i e
P P P P + + = E N E N E N
o i e
o o o + + =
E N E N E P
o i e r
o o o c c + + = = ) ( ) 1 (
0
o i e r
N N o o o c c + + = ) ( ) 1 (
0
kT
Np
N
i e r
3
) ( ) 1 (
2
0
+ + = o o c c
In general, therefore, we may write total polarizability as
o i e
o o o o + + =
kT
p
i e
3
2
+ + = o o o
or
or
kT
p
ei
3
2
+ = o o
temperature
independent
Substituting o into Clausius-
Mosotti relation, we have
)
3
(
3
)
2
1
(
2
0
kT
p N M
ei
A
r
r
M
+ =
+

= o
c p c
c
o
k
p N
slope
A
0
2
9c
=
0
3c
o
ei A
N
Non-polar substances
Polar substances
Clausius-Mosotti relation may alternatively be written as
0
2
2
3 2
1
c
o N
n
n
=
+

Lorentz-Lorentz Relation
If the material consists of different types of molecules then
Clausius-Mosotti relation may be written as
i i
r
r
N o
c c
c

=
+

0
3
1
2
1
Where N
i
is the no. of molecules per unit volume and o
i
is
polarizability of i
th
kind of molecule.
Dielectric in Alternating Field
How dielectric constant depends on frequency?
1. ELECTRONIC POLARIZABILITY IN ALTERNATING FIELD
In presence of electric field E(t) = E
0
e
iet
, electron cloud would
execute simple harmonic oscillation which will be given as
t i
e eE fx
dt
dx
b
dt
x d
m
e
0
2
2
2 =
t i
e eE fx
dt
dx
b
dt
x d
m
e
0
2
2
2 = + +
Where,
mc
e
b
t
e u
6
2
2
0
2
0
= = damping factor.
and f = force constant
3
0
2
4 R
e
f
tc
=
(Remember we have
obtained earlier)
c = velocity of light
u
0
= permeability of free space, e
0
= natural frequency,
0
2
0
2
2
= + + +
m
e eE
x
m
f
dt
dx
m
b
dt
x d
t ie
Assume solution of this equation of the form x(t) = Ae
iet
.
Then, substituting x we have
0
2
0
2
= + + +
m
e eE
Ae
m
f
e Ai
m
b
e A
t i
t i t i t i
e
e e e
e e
m
b
i
m
eE
A
e
e
e e
2
) (
2
2
0
0
+

=
2
0e
e
Natural frequency
of vibration
t i
e eE fx
dt
dx
b
dt
x d
m
e
0
2
2
2 = + +
Substituting A, the solution can be written as,
m
b
i
e
m
eE
t x
e
t i
e
e e
e
2
) (
) (
2
2
0
0
+

=
Therefore, the induced dipole moment can be written as,
) (t ex p
e
=
and polarizability can be given as,
]
2
) [(
2
2
0 0
0
2
m
b
i e E
e
m
E e
E
p
e
t i
t i
e
e
e
e e
o
e
e
+
= =
m
b
i
m
e
e
e
e e
2
) (
2
2
0
2
+
=
m
b
i
e
m
E e
e
t i
e
e e
e
2
) (
2
2
0
0
2
+
=
] ) ( [
t i
Ae t x
e
=
]
2
) ][(
2
) [(
]
2
) [(
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
m
b
i
m
b
i
m
b
i
m
e
e e
e
e
e
e e
e
e e
e
e e
o
+

=
Thus electronic polarizability is an imaginary quantity. Now let
us find out real and imaginary parts separately.
' ' '
e e e
io o o =
or,
Thus equating the real and imaginary parts, we have
;
4
) (
) (
'
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
m
b m
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
o
+

=
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
4
) (
2
' '
m
b
b
m
e
e
e
e
e e
e
o
+
=
]
4
) [(
]
2
) [(
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
m
b
m
b
i
m
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e e
+

=
Now, the dielectric constant in the alternating field can
be written as
]
2
) [(
) 1 (
2
2
0
2
0
m
b
i m
Ne
e
r
e
e e
c c
+
=
e r
No c c = ) 1 (
0
]
2
) [(
1
2
2
0 0
2
m
b
i m
Ne
e
r
e
e e c
c
+
+ =
Thus c
r
is an imaginary quantity. The real and imaginary
parts may be separately written as
;
]
4
) [(
) (
1 '
2
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2
2
0
2
m
b
m
Ne
e
e
r
e
e e c
e e
c
+

+ =
]
4
) [(
2
"
2
2 2
2 2
2
0 0
2
2
m
b
m
b Ne
e
r
e
e e c
e
c
+
=
Variation of o
e
and o
e
with frequency of the applied field
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
4
) (
) (
'
m
b m
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
o
+

=
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
4
) (
2
' '
m
b
b
m
e
e
e
e
e e
e
o
+
=
e 0
e
'
e
o
' '
e
o
0 1. =

=
2
2
0e
2
0e
2
e
) (

m
e
'
2
0e
2
m
e
' =
e
o
0 "
e
=
0e
If 4. >
0e
If 3. <
0e
2. =
0 '
e
=
0
2
e
2b
e
" =
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
4
) (
) (
'
m
b m
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
o
+

=
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
4
) (
2
' '
m
b
b
m
e
e
e
e
e e
e
o
+
=
Both o
e
and o
e
are +ve.
o
e
is ve and o
e
is +ve.
e 0
e
'
e
o
' '
e
o
2
2
0
2
0
2
2
4
2
' '
m
b
b
m
e
e
e
e
e
e
o =
SELF STUDY
1. Find out max. and min. value of
e
.
2. Find out full width at half maximum for
e
.
2. IONIC POLARIZABILITY IN ALTERNATING FIELD
Equation of motion for the ion pairs can be written as:
dt
dx
fx qE
dt
x d
M | = 2
2
2
Consider a pair of oppositely charged ions say, Na
+
and Cl
-
.
In presence of an applied field E along x-axis, the Na
+
and
Cl
-
ions are displaced from each other by a distance x.
Re-organizing we have,
t i
e E
M
q
x
M
f
dt
dx
M dt
x d
e
|
0
2
2
2
= + +
Reduced mass
Loss coefficient
Applied field
)
1 1 1
(
+
+ =
M M M
Force constant
The form of the solution of this equation may be considered as
t i
e x x
e
0
=
Defining the resonant or natural vibrational frequency of ions
as e
0i
2
= 2f/M, above equation may be written as
t i
i
e E
M
q
dt
dx
M
x
dt
x d
e
|
e
0
2
0
2
2
= + +
3
0
2
4 R
e
f
tc
=
(Here R is nearest
neighbor distance
between +ve and ve
ions)
X, being solution, should satisfy the equation of motion
M
e qE
e x e i x
M
e x
t i
t i
i
t i t i
e
e e e
e e
|
e
0
0
2
0 0
2
0
= + +
M
qE
x i x
M
x
i
0
0
2
0 0
2
0
= + + e e
|
e
M
qE
M
i x
i
0 2
2
0 0
) ) [( = +
|
e e e
] ) [(
2
2
0
0
0
M
i M
qE
x
i
|
e e e +
=

Thus x(t) can be written as

] ) [(
) (
2
2
0
0
0
M
i M
e qE
e x t x
i
t i
t i
|
e e e
e
e
+
= =
Dipole moment can be written as
] ) [(
) (
2
2
0
0
2
M
i M
e E q
t qx p
i
t i
i
|
e e e
e
+
= =
and hence polarizability can be written as
] ) [(
2
2
0 0
0
2
M
i M e E
e E q
E
p
i
t i
t i
i
i
|
e e e
o
e
e
+
= =
] ) [(
2
2
0
0
0
M
i M
qE
x
i
|
e e e +
=
] ) [(
2
2
0
2
M
i M
q
i
|
e e e +
=
or,
] ) [(
" '
2
2
0
2
M
i M
q
i
i
i i i
|
e e e
o o o
+
= =
]] ) ][( ) [(
] ) [(
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
M
i
M
i
M
i
M
q
i i
i
|
e e e
|
e e e
|
e e e
+

=
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
) (
] ) [(
" '
M
M
i
M
q
i
i
i
i i
| e
e e
|
e e e
o o
+

=
] ) [(
) (
'
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
0
2
M
M
q
i
i
i
| e
e e
e e
o
+

=
] ) [(
"
2
2 2
2 2
2
0
2
2
M
M
q
i
i
| e
e e
| e
o
+
=
Ignoring the damping factor, equation for o
i
can be written as
) (
2
2
0
2
e e
o

=
i
i
M
q
The ionic polarization may be written as
) (t Nqx P
i
=
The dielectric constant can be written as
Variation of o
i
and o
i
will be same as that of o
e
and o
e
with
only difference that of the natural frequency of vibration.
E
P
r
0
1 ) (
c
e c + =
E
P
E
P
i e
r
0 0
1 ) (
c c
e c + + =
E
P P
i e
0
1
c
+
+ =
0 0
1
c
o
c
i e
N
E
P
+ + =
Above equation may alternatively be written as
2
0
2 2
0 0
2
0
1
1
1 ) (
i
i
e
r
M
Nq
E
P
e
e
e c
c
e c

+ + =
2
0
2
1
) ( ) 0 (
) ( ) (
i
r r
r r
e
e
c c
c e c

+ =
0 0
1 ) (
c
o
c
e c
i e
r
N
E
P
+ + =
Substituting o
I
,
Where,
E
P
e
r
0
1 ) (
c
c + =
0
1
c
o
e
N
+ =
m
Ne
e
2
0 0
2
1
e c
+ =
]
1 1
[ ) ( ) 0 (
2
0 0
2
+
+ =
M M
Nq
i
r r
e c
c c
This equation gives
static ionic dielectric
constant.
From equation (2.10), it is obvious that
]
1 1
[ ) ( ) 0 (
2
0 0
2
+
+ =
M M
Nq
i
r r
e c
c c (2.11)
Equation (2.11) gives static ionic dielectric constant.
Example: In a NaCl crystal, N = 2.25x10
28
/m
3
. Taking e
oi
=
3.2x10
13
radian/ sec, calculate ionic contribution to the total
dielectric constant of the solid.
Solution:
The ionic contribution to the dielectric constant is given as
)
1 1
(
1
) ( ) 0 (
2
0 0
2
+
+ =
M M
Ne
i
r r
e
c
c c
)
5 . 35
1
23
1
(
10 66 . 1 ) 10 2 . 3 (
1
10 85 . 8
) 10 6 . 1 ( 10 25 . 2
) ( ) 0 (
27 2 13 12
2 19 28
+ =

x x x x
x x x
r r
c c
7 . 2 ) ( ) 0 ( =
r r
c c
3. DIPOLAR POLARIZATION IN ALTERNATING FIELD
Let us first consider the dipolar polarization in static field:
1. When field E switched on at t = 0.
) 1 ( ) (
t
t
ds d
e p t p

=
Here, p
d
(t) is the instantaneous
dipole moment and p
ds
is the
saturation dipole moment.
dt
t dp
d
) (
t
t
t
ds
e p

=
Here t = relaxation time or
collision time.
Here, p
d
() = p
ds
t
) ( ) ( ) ( t p p
dt
t dp
d d d

=
t
) (t p p
d ds

=
dt
t dp
d
) (
t
t
t
ds
e p

=
) 1 ( ) (
t
t
ds d
e p t p

=
We know that
) (t p p e p
d ds
t
ds
=

t
dt
t dp
d
) (

2. When field E switched off at t = 0 when substance is

fully polarized
t
t
ds d
e p t p

= ) (
dt
t dp
d
) (

Here, p
d
() = 0
t
t
t
ds
e p

=
t
) (t p
d
=
t
) ( ) ( ) ( t p p
dt
t dp
d d d

=
Dipoles in the system tend to follow the field, flipping back
and forth as the field reverses its direction during each cycle.
Now, what happens in oscillating field?
The equation describing this motion of dipolar polarization will be
)] ( ) ( [
1 ) (
t p t p
dt
t dp
d ds
d
=
t
Where, p
d
(t) = actual dipolar
moment at the instant t, and
p
ds
(t) = saturation value of the moment which would be the
value of P
d
(t) if the field were to retain its instantaneous value
for a long time.
In the case of ac field
t i
e E t E
e
0
) ( =
) ( ) 0 ( ) ( t E t p
d ds
o =
Where, o
d
(0) is the static dipolar polarizability, and
t i
d
e E
e
o
0
) 0 ( =
p
ds
(t) is the value which p
d
(t) would reach if the field were
to remain equal to E(t) at all subsequent times.
Substituting p
ds
(t) in the equation
t
o
t
et i
d d d
e E t p
dt
t dp
0
) 0 ( ) ( ) (
= +
Solution of above equation may be of the form
t i
d d
e E t p
e
e o
0
) ( ) ( =
)] ( ) 0 ( [
1 ) (
0
t p e E
dt
t dp
d
t i
d
d
=
e
o
t
Where o
d
(e) is the ac polarizability.
)] ( ) ( [
1 ) (
t p t p
dt
t dp
d ds
d
=
t
t i
d ds
e E t P
e
o
0
) 0 ( ) ( =
t t
o
e
) ( ) 0 (
0
t p e E
d
t i
d
=
Substituting p
d
(t) in the equation,
t
o
e o e eo
) ( ) 0 (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
t E
t E t E i
d
d d
= +
) 0 ( ) 1 )( (
d d
i o et e o = +
) 1 (
) 0 (
) (
et
o
e o
i
d
d
+
=
Thus ac polarizability is a complex quantity, indicating that
the polarization is no longer in phase with the field. This
gives rise to energy absorption.
t
o
t
et i
d d d
e E t p
dt
t dp
0
) 0 ( ) ( ) (
= +
E
P
r
0
1 ) (
c
e c + =
Dielectric Constant
0
) (
) ( ) (
c
e o
c e c
d
r r
N
+ =
) 1 (
) 0 (
) (
0
et c
o
c
i
N
d
r
+
+ =
) 1 (
) ( ) 0 (
) ( ) (
et
c c
c e c
i
r r
r r
+

+ =
) 1 (
) 0 (
) (
2
2
et
c
e c
i
n
n
r
r
+

+ =
(3.8)
The dielectric constant being frequency dependent shows
that medium exhibits dispersion.
E
N
d e
0
) (
1
c
o o +
+ =
E
N
E
N
d e
0 0
1
c
o
c
o
+ + =
) 1 (
) 0 (
) (
et
o
e o
i
d
d
+
=
Dipolar polarizability
E
N
e
re r
0
1 ) (
c
o
c c + = =
d r r
c c c = ) ( ) 0 (
The dielectric constant being a complex quantity,
) 1 (
) 0 (
) ( " ) ( '
2
2
et
c
e c e c
i
n
n i
r
r r
+

+ =
2 2
2
2
1
) 1 ]( ) 0 ( [
t e
et c
+

+ =
i n
n
r
2 2
2
2
1
) 0 (
) ( '
t e
c
e c
+

+ =
n
n
r
r
et
t e
c
e c
2 2
2
1
) 0 (
) ( "
+

=
n
r
r
(3.9)
(3.10)
Debye
equations
) 1 (
) 0 (
) (
2
2
et
c
e c
i
n
n
r
r
+

+ =
Consider
0
) ( "
=
e
e c
d
d
r
0
1
) ) 0 ( (
2 2
2
=
+

t e
et
e
c
d
d
n
r
0
) 1 (
1
) ) 0 ( (
2 2 2
2 2
2
=
+

t e
t e
t c n
r
0 1
2 2
= t e
(1/t is also known as
collision frequency)
et
t e
c
e c
2 2
2
1
) 0 (
) ( "
+

=
n
r
r
Let us make
t
e
1
=
Now let us find out
at
0
) ( "
2
2
=
e
e c
d
d
r
t
e
1
=
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
) 1 (
4
) ) 0 ( (
) ( "
t e
et
t c
e
e c
+

= n
d
d
r
r
Thus
2 2
1
2
2
) ) 0 ( (
) ( "
t c
e
e c
t
e
n
d
d
r
r
=
=
Thus at e = 1/t, c
r
(e) is maximum as
shown in the figure.
2 2
1
2
2
) ) 0 ( (
) ( "
t c
e
e c
t
e
n
d
d
r
r
=
=
-ve
et
t e
c
e c
2 2
2
1
) 0 (
) ( "
+

=
n
r
r
2
) 0 (
) ( "
2
n
r
r

=
c
e c
Thus c
r
(e) achieves maxima equal to half of the static dipolar
dielectric constant (assuming negligible ionic contribution). It
decreases as the frequency departs from this value in either dir.
The maximum value of c
r
(e) is given as (substituting e=1/t in
equation (3.10)
t
t
t
t
c 1
1
1
) 0 (
2
2
2
+

=
n
r
TOTAL POLARIZABILITY
o i e
o o o o + + = = o ]
1 1
[
2
0 0
2
+
+ +
M M
e
i
e c
2
0e
2
m
e
kT
p
3
2
+
1. For static field
2. For oscillatory field
= o
) 1 (
) 0 (
et
o
i
d
+
+
] ) [(
2
2
0
2
M
i M
e
i
|
e e e +
+
m
b
i
m
e
e
e
e e
2
) (
2
2
0
2
+
DIELECTRIC LOSS
Inability of a dipole to remain in phase with the applied ac field
due the its interaction with other dipoles in the substance leads
to dielectric loss which appears in the form of heat.
) Re( cos
0 0
t i
e E E E
e
u = =
(2.1)
t
D
J
c
c
=
(2.2)
)] sin (cos Re[
0 0
t i t i E J
r
e e e c c + =
)] sin cos )( " ' Re[(
0 0
t t i i E J
r r
e e e e c c c =
Thus current density is
Let us consider a dielectric in parallel plate capacitor subjected
to an ac field given as
) ( Re
0
E
t
r
c c
c
c
= ) ( Re
0 0
t i
r
e E
t
e
c c
c
c
=
)] sin cos )( " ' Re[(
0 0
t t i i E J
r r
e e e e c c c =
) sin ' cos " (
0 0
t t E J
r r
e c e c ec =
Thus rate of energy loss in unit volume of the material will be

=
T
JEdt
T
W
0
1
tdt E t t E
T
W
T
r r
e e c e c ec cos ) sin ' cos " (
1
0
0
0 0

=
2
0 0
"
2
1
E W
r
e c c =
Thus energy loss is proportional to c
r
. The energy loss is also
expressed in terms of loss tangent (tano).
(2.3)
(2.4)
'
"
tan
r
r
c
c
o =
Where, o is the angle complimentary to the angle between
applied ac field and the resultant field.
(2.5)
Now, if there is no loss, then
from equation (2.3),
t E J
r
e c ec sin '
0 0
=
)
2
cos( '
0 0
t
e c ec + = t E J
r
Thus current would lead the field by 90
0
. In such a case o = 0.
However, if there are losses, c
r
are non-zero and there is a
current component in phase with the field. Thus resultant
current no longer leads the applied field by 90
0
rather by 90
0
-o
as shown in the figure above.
(2.6)
The energy loss is also expressed in terms of loss tangent (tano).
The current density in the circuit may be given as
t C E
R
t E
J J J
C R
e e
e
sin
cos
0
0
= + =
Comparing this equation with equation (2.3) we have
(2.7)
"
1
0 r
R
c ec
=
and
'
0 r
C c c =
Thus tangent loss can be given as
RC
r
r
e c
c
o
1
'
"
tan = =
(2.8)
(2.9)
Let dielectric be
equivalent to a parallel
combination of R and C
(with unit cross
sectional area and unit
separation between its
plates).
As the frequency increases, the displacement D changes from
being entirely in phase with applied E to having components
both in phase and out of phase as shown below: