Trm chuyn tip thng minh trong thng tin v tuyn

Nguyn Trung Hiu, Nguyn Vit m I. Gii thiu chung D cha chnh thc c chun ha nhng trong chun di ng th h 4G, tc truyn dn d liu ti giao din v tuyn c mong i l gp 10 ln so vi tc ca h thng 3G hin nay. p ng c yu cu v tc truyn dn cao th mt trong nhng gii php l dng cc chm tn hiu iu ch tc cao [6]. V d cc chm tn hiu iu ch 16-QAM c xut s dng trong cc tiu chun 3G c 3GPP v 3GPP2, trong chun di ng WiMAX, chm tn hiu iu ch 64-QAM cng c s dng vi mc ch cung cp dch v v tuyn bng rng. Tuy nhin, nu duy tr mc cng sut pht ngang bng vi cng sut s dng nhng chm tn hiu mt thp th khong cch cc tiu gia hai im tn hiu trn chm tn hiu s gim (Hnh 1). iu ng ngha vi vic t l li k hiu s tng ln hay ni khc i m bo cht lng dch v (BER), cc my pht phi tng cng sut. Vic tng cng sut trong mng thng tin di ng s kh khn i vi my u cui v tuyn v cc my u cui v tuyn nh: cell phone, PDA s dng pin lm ngun nui, cng sut pht tng s rt ngn thi gian s dng pin ca nhng thit b ny [1]. Mt khc, cc di tn s nh 850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz hoc thm ch di tn 2 GHz c cc mng di ng GSM, WCDMA, cdma2000 s dng. Do , chc chn rng di tn s phn b cho 4G s nm bn trn di 2 GHz ca h thng 3G hin nay [1]. Suy hao truyn dn trong iu kin che chn di tn ny l rt ln. y cng l mt l do dn n vic tng cng sut pht nu nh vng ph sng vn phi c duy tr.

d min -16 QAM

d min -QPSK

Hnh 1. S thay i khong cch cc tiu ca cc chm tn hiu iu ch mt cao gii quyt hai kh khn trn thng thng ngi ta dng gii php thu nh kch thc cell v tng mt cc trm thu pht gc nh Hnh 2(a). Tuy vy, nhc im ca gii php ny l [1]: - Phi cung cp thm cc ng truyn dn (thng l cc lung E1) t cc trm BTS mi n trung tm iu khin trm gc BSC. Nhng, trn thc t khng phi lc no cc lung truyn dn E1 cng sn c i vi tt c cc nh khai thc mng di ng. - Cn phi t chc li mng li nh: n nh li cc tn s v tuyn cho tng trm thu pht gc v dch chuyn cc im t trm thu pht gc.

- Cung cp thm cc tn s v tuyn v nhiu trm thu pht gc mi c a vo. iu ny c th cha kh khn i vi mt nh khai thc mng cha pht trin. Nhng, i vi nhng nh khai thc mng s dng gn ht cc tn s cp php th vic thm tn s v tuyn mi l rt kh khn. - Phi thu v xy dng cc trm thu pht mi cng gy nn nhng tn km nht nh trong vic trin khai h thng v trong mt khu vc vic chn c mt a im ti u t trm gc l rt kh khn. c bit l trong tnh trng c nhiu nh khai thc cng hot ng. Nhng nhc im trn dn n gi thnh ca gii php ny rt ln. i vi nhng nh khai thc mng pht trin n mc bo ha (s thu bao khng th tng vt) th nhng tn km trong vic trin khai h thng nh th s lm gim tnh cnh tranh, v cc ph trn mt n v bit thng tin tng cao. Gn y, ngi ta a ra mt gii php khc phc nhc im ca gii php trn m vn duy tr c cht lng dch v, cng nh thi gian s dng pin cho cc my u cui di ng [1]. l gii php s dng cc trm chuyn tip (Hnh 2(b)). i vi gii php s dng cc trm chuyn tip th khng cn thay i kch thc cell, khng cn quy hoch li mng cng nh cung cp thm cc ng truyn dn E1 nh ni trn. Hn th na, cc trm chuyn tip c th c thit k hot ng di tn khng cn cp php v cc trm chuyn tip khng cn thit phi t nhng v tr qu cao. Nhng u im ny lm cho chi ph ca gii php dng cc trm chuyn tip gim i ng k v thi gian trin khai cng c rt ngn.

Hnh 2. (a) Gii php thu nh cell v dng nhiu BTS; (b): Gii php dng trm chuyn tip Mc d cc trm chuyn tip c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng truyn dn vi ba cng nh cc h thng truyn dn s khc. Tuy nhin, cc trm chuyn tip ny ch c chc nng thu nhn tn hiu t pha pht sau hoc l khuch i tn hiu ri chuyn tip n pha thu hoc l gii m ri mi chuyn tip thng tin n ch. Nhng trm chuyn tip nh vy hon ton ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn trong tm nhn thng (LOS) tng c ly truyn dn ca cc tuyn truyn dn v tuyn s. Nhng, trong trng hp ca cc mng thng tin v tuyn di ng m truyn dn a ng (multipath) l ph bin th chc nng ca trm chuyn tip nh vy s khng li dng c c tnh qung b ca sng v tuyn cng nh li dng c tnh thay i ca knh fading. V th, khi nim trm chuyn tip thng minh c a ra p dng cho cc mng v tuyn di ng t bo.

II. Trm chuyn tip thng minh Trm chuyn tip thng minh khng ch l gii m v chuyn tip (hoc khuch i v chuyn tip) thng tin nhn c t pha pht nh cc trm chuyn tip thng thng, m n cn c chc nng x l tn hiu thu c trc khi chuyn n ch. Mc ch chnh ca vic x l tn hiu ti cc trm chuyn tip thng minh ny l li dng ti a c tnh qung b ca sng v tuyn v s thay i ca knh truyn dn fading.

Hnh 3. M hnh truyn dn dng trm chuyn tip thng minh Giao thc truyn dn thng tin trong mng thng tin di ng t bo c s dng trm chuyn tip thng minh c minh ha Hnh 3. Thng tin ca cc my u cui c pht qung b khng ch n trm chuyn tip m cn n vi trm thu pht gc. Khi nhn c tn hiu thu ny, trm thu pht gc s khng gii m tn hiu ngay m ch tn hiu n t trm chuyn tip. i vi trm chuyn tip, ngoi vic gii m thng tin ca cc my u cui, trm chuyn tip thng minh s thc hin x l tn hiu sao cho thng tin ca mi ngi dng n ch bng nhiu ng truyn dn khc nhau. Khi trm gc nhn c tn hiu t trm chuyn tip, lc ny trm gc s kt hp tn hiu thu trc tip t cc my u cui trc v tn hiu thu t trm chuyn tip thc hin gii m tn hiu gc. Giao thc truyn dn trn cho thy, thng tin ca mi ngi s dng s c gii m da trn ba ng truyn dn c lp vi nhau. Hay ni khc i, li phn tp khng gian tng t 1 (i vi cc trm chuyn tip thng thng) ln 3 (i vi trm chuyn tip thng minh). Nh chng minh, nu li phn tp khng gian tng ln th cht lng tn hiu s c ci thin [5]. III. X l tn hiu trong trm chuyn tip thng minh ca h thng s dng m turbo M turbo c la chn nghin cu trong cc h thng dng trm chuyn tip thng minh v gn y loi m ny c xut s dng trong hu ht cc chun di ng mi nh W-CDMA (HSPA), cdma2000 1x EV-DO (Rev A, B, C) hay Mobile WiMAX nhm nng cao cht lng truyn dn tn hiu trong mi trng v tuyn h. Hn th na, cu trc c bn ca m turbo gm hai b to m thnh phn, [4], do m turbo rt ph hp i vi giao thc truyn dn nh trnh by trn. X l tn hiu trong h thng c s dng trm chuyn tip thng minh kt hp vi m turbo c m t trn Hnh 4:

Hnh 4. Trm chuyn tip thng minh trong h thng s dng m Turbo Thng tin ca mi my u cui trc ht c a qua cc b m ha quy hi h thng (RSC) to ra cc bit h thng v bit chn l. Sau , nhng bit c m ha ny c nh x ln cc im tn hiu trn chm sao tn hiu (Hnh 1) trc khi chng c pht n trm thu pht gc v trm chuyn tip thng minh (Hnh 4). Ti trm chuyn tip thng minh, khi phc li thng tin ngi dng, cc b gii m Viterbi da trn cu trc li ca b to m quy hi c s dng. Sau thng tin ca cc ngi dng c ghp xen k vo nhau trc khi a n b ghp xen (interleaver) v b m ha quy hi h thng to ra lung bit chn l th 2 cho cc ngi dng. Cui cng thng tin ca cc ngi dng s c chuyn tip n trm gc. Vic ghp xen k cc bit thng tin ca ngi dng trm chuyn tip thng minh nhm mc ch to s lin kt gia thng tin ca cc ngi dng vi nhau tng li phn tp khng gian [2]. V d, gii m thng tin ca ngi dng th nht (MS1 Hnh 3), trm thu pht gc phi s dng tn hiu thu t chnh my u cui ny v tn hiu thu t trm chuyn tip. Tuy nhin, tn hiu thu t trm chuyn tip khng ch mang thng tin ca my u cui MS1 m cn mang thng tin ca my u cui MS2. Do , thng tin ca my u cui MS2 cng phi c trm gc s dng phc v vic gii m thng tin ca my u cui MS1. iu ny hon ton tng t cho vic gii m tn hiu ca my u cui MS2. Nh vy, thng qua vic x l tn hiu trm chuyn tip thng minh, tn hiu ca mi my u cui c gii m da trn ba ng truyn dn c lp nhau. Nu mt trong ba ng truyn dn b fading th cc ng cn li c th c mc tn hiu thu tt trm gc c th khi phc li thng tin gc. Do cht lng truyn dn ca h thng v tuyn dng trm chuyn tip thng minh c ci thin ng k. IV. Kt lun Hnh 5 cho thy, so vi cc h thng khng dng trm chuyn tip th trm chuyn tip thng minh c th tit kim c n 9 dB cng sut pht. Trong , 4 dB t c nh s dng tnh cht qung b ca sng v tuyn [1], 5 dB c c do s dng cc k thut x l tn hiu trm chuyn tip thng minh nh ghp xen k v pht lp [2][3]. Mc tit kim cng sut s gip cho vic trin khai cc dch v truyn dn khng dy bng rng trong tng li c thun tin v kh thi.

Tx power gain (dB)

Non-relay System

Conventional Relay-based System

Smart Relay-based System

Smart Relay-based System+ repetition code

System Evolution

Hnh 5. Hiu nng ca h thng v tuyn c s dng trm chuyn tip thng minh Ti liu tham kho [1] R. Pabst and et. al., Relay-based deployment concept for wireless and mobile broadband radio, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 80-89, 2004. [2] C. Hauls and J. Hagenauer, Iterative network and channel coding for two-way relay channel, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Communications, June 2006. [3] H. T. Nguyen, H. H. Nguyen, and T. Le-Ngoc, Joint Network-channel coding scheme for relay-based communications, CCECE 07, April 2007. [4] S. Lin and D. J. Costello, Error Control Coding, Prince Hall, 2nd Ed., 2004. [5] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamental of Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2005. [6] H. Holma and A. Toskala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.