Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.

[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Shadow Poetry is a poetry community that has been on line since 2000. It encourages poets to "walk out of the shadows with their poetry". It is a popular site with on line poets who, though they may not be contributing members, use the site as a resource. Often they return to their own communities with some new challenge they found at Shadow Poetry or with a new poem inspired by the site's resources. The following forms were found either exclusive to that site or appear to have been invented by Shadow members. Some of these forms are better thought out than others. 7/5 Trochee is an invented stanzaic form using catalectic trochaic meter. It was created by Andrea Dietrich for which she offers a couple of variations. 7/5 Trochee is: 1. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 2. metered, trochaic meter with catalectic end words (dropping the unstressed syllable at the end), L1 & L3 are trochaic tetrameter and L2 & L4 are trochaic trimeter. 3. rhymed, variable rhyme schemes available, abab cdcd etc. or axax bxbx etc. x being unrhymed or (a/a)x(b/b)x (c/c)x(d/d) etc with

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as (internal rhyme) in L1 and L3, x being unrhymed. Internal rhyme variable (a/a)b(c/c)b (the internal rhyme may be placed anywhere within the 1st half of the line.) xaxxxxa xxxxb xxcxxxc xxxxb Family Night by Judi Van Gorder Fight on pay per view tonight, guys group round TV. Wives in kitchen exchange wit while the kids run free. A L'Arora is a stanzaic form named for the dawn. It was created by Laura Lamarca. The L'Arora is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 4. stanzaic, written in any number of alternating sixains and couplets. 5. unmetered. 6. rhymed, rhyme scheme xxxxxa xa xxxxxb xb xxxxxc xc xxxxxd xd etc x being unrhymed. Dawn's Surprise by Judi Van Gorder They predicted a rainy weekend. You know, the kind with the excuse to hibernate by the fire with a good book and a pot of homemade soup on the stove. Instead the sun rose into different skies and fuchsia slowly turned to cloudless blue. So I rise with a new plan, a turn in the garden and prep for chicken barbeque. The Alouette (French for Skylark) is a stanzaic invented form with an unusual meter. The form is syllabic with a recommended prominent stress

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as in the 3rd syllable of each line. It was created by Jan Turner. The Alouette is: 7. stanzaic, any number of sixains. 8. syllabic , 5-5-7-5-5-7 syllables per line with the prominent stress in the 3rd syllable of each line. 9. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabccb ddeffe gghiih etc. The Blitz Poem is an invented verse form found on line at Shadow Poetry it was created by Robert Keim. As the name implies it is a rush of phrases and images with rapid repetition as if creating a sudden and intense attack on the senses. It is a kind of twisted Chain Verse The Blitz is: 10. stanzaic, written in 25 couplets, a total of 50 lines. 11. unmetered. Lines should be short, but at least 2 words, like rapid fire. 12. unrhymed.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 13. words are repeated from line to line in the following pattern: L1 A short phrase, can be clich. L2 The first word of L1 is repeated as the first word of L2. From here on, the last word of the even numbered line is repeated as the first word of each line in the next couplet through L48. L49 is the repetition of the last word of L48 L50 is the repetition of the last word of L47 14. unpunctuated. 15. titled, which includes the first words of L3 and L47 The Brevette, is a small verse form invented by Emily Romano, Shadow Poetry and is almost the same frame as the Trio without the rhyme. The Brevette is: 16. a tristich, a poem in 3 lines, 17. composed in 3 words, a subject (noun), verb, and object (noun) in that order. The words are not limited by syllable count, "but the poem should have balance". It was suggested that the verb be spaced to give it the appearance of on going action.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 18. unrhymed. poet pens prosody This is not going to be high poetry. Cascade is a verse form found at Shadow Poetry that attempts to capture "the smooth cascading rhythm of a waterfall". It is set up with repeated lines similar to a Pantun. It was created by Udit Bhatia. The Cascade is: 19. stanzaic, made up of 4 tercets or 5 quatrains or 6 cinquains or 7 sixains etc. 20. accentual, the rhythm of natural speech. 21. unrhymed. 22. composed with a refrain. The lines of the first stanza are sequentially repeated as the last line of the subsequent stanzas. ABC xxA xxB xxC or ABCD xxxA xxxB xxxC xxxD or ABCDE xxxxA xxxxB xxxxC

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as xxxxD xxxxE, x being unrhymed. Cinq Trois Deca La Rhyme an invented form found at Shadow Poetry, created by Laura Lamarca. The Cinq Trois Deca La Rhyme is: 23. a decastich, a poem in 10 lines. 24. syllabic, 15 syllables per line. 25. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabbcccabc. Clarity Pyramid was invented by Jerry P Quinn and is another form found at Shadow Poetry. This verse focuses on defining the first word of the poem. The Clarity Pyramid is: 26. a heptastich, made up a 2 tercets followed by a single line. 27. syllabic, L1 1 syllable, L2 2 syllables, L3 3 syllables, L4 5 syllables, L5 6 syllables, L6 7 syllables and the last L8 is 8 syllables. 28. L1 is capitalized and is the theme and title of the poem, L2 and L3 are synonyms for L1

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as L4, L5, L6 provide concrete images of L1 L7 is a phrase to define L1 (this line is written with quotation marks) TIME instant eternal a second hand moves without haste or concern moving true in circumference "which antiquates antiquities". - - - Judi Van Gorder "Time which antiquates antiquities, and hath an art to make dust of all things." by Sir Thomas Brown (1605-1682) Religio Medici The Constanza is a woven poem similar in effect to the Cleave or Trigee. It was invented by Connie Marcum Wong and can be found at Shadow Poetry.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Constanza is: 29. stanzaic, written in 3 or more tercets. 30. syllabic, 8 syllable lines. 31. rhymed, the a stanzaic linking rhyme carried by L1 of each tercet followed by rhymed couplets. abb acc add aee aff etc. 32. composed so that if L1 of each tercet was read in sequence it should create a stand alone poem. L2 and L3 of each tercet is an expansion on the first line woven in to give deeper understanding, thus creating 2 poems in one. The Decuain seems to be a 10 x 10 poem, found only at Shadow Poetry and created by Shelley A. Cephas. The Decuain is: 33. stanzaic, written in any number of 10 line stanzas. 34. metered, iambic pentameter or 10 syllables. 35. rhymed, ababbcbcaa, ababbcbcbb, or ababbcbccc.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Diatelle is similar to the etheree but longer and with rhyme. It can be found at Shadow Poetry and was created by Bradley Vrooman. The Diatelle is: 36. 15 line poem. 37. syllabic, 1-2-3-4-6-8-10-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1, 38. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbcbccaccbcbba. 39. often center aligned which creates a diamond shape. The Duo-rhyme turns on only 2 rhymes. It was found at Shadow Poetry and was created by Mary L. Ports. The Duo-rhyme is: 40. either a decastich or a dodecastich, at the choice of the poet. 41. metered, iambic tetrameter. 42. rhymed, aabbbbbbaa or aabbbbbbbbaa.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Epulaeryu verse is a homage to the main course of a meal. It was created and named by Joseph Spence Sr. after his experience in the Mediterranean and Far East, obviously enjoying the culinary arts there. It was found at Shadow Poetry. The Epulaeryu is: 43. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 44. syllabic, 7-5-7-5-5-3-1 syllable per line. 45. punctuated with an exclamation mark at the end of L7! 46. composed with one thought per line focused on the main course of a meal. The final line should express the poet's emotion regarding the meal. 47. rhymed at the poet's discretion. Comfort Food Nothing exotic tonight just down home cooking but it fills up the stomach

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as and tantalizes taste buds with goodness Mom's Pot Pie Yum! - - - Judi Van Gorder Essence is a rhyming hexasyllabic couplet with internal rhyme with a twist. Normally in English prosody "internal rhyme" refers to a word within the line rhyming with the end word of that line or the end word of the previous line. However in this verse form internal rhyme refers to words from somewhere within the line rhyming internally within the next line, it could be 1 or 2 rhymes. (This could be tricky in only 6 short syllables.) Found at ShadowPoetry.com and attributed to Emily Romano, published in P.O.E.T. magazine in 1981. The essence is: 48. stanzaic, written in any number of couplets. 49. syllabic, hexasyllabic lines.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 50. end rhymed as well as interlaced rhyme. xbxxca bxcxxa The b and c interlaced rhymes may be placed in any position within the lines, the c rhyme is optional. Two short lines with end rhyme sort within, tend to time. --------------------- ---jvg Harrisham Rhyme is a recent invented verse form named for its creator, Harrisham Minhas from Punjab, India. The Harrisham Rhyme is: 51. a hexastich, a poem in six lines. 52. written with meter or syllable count at the discretion of the poet. 53. rhymed, ababab.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 54. written with the last letter of the first word of each line as the first letter of the first word of the next line. The first word of the poem may begin with any letter. Poetry by Harrisham Minhas @ Shadow Poetry. The HexSonnetta is a verse form that is an invented variation of the sonnet. The form created by Andrea Dietrich has short lines and a prescribed pivot. "hex" meaning 6 is supported by the 2 septets and the 6 syllable lines. The HexSonnetta is: 55. a quatorzain made up of 2 sestets followed by a rhymed couplet. 56. metered, iambic trimeter. 57. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbaab cddccd ee. 58. turned, the pivot occurs between the septets and the exclamatory couplet sums up the 2 sestets and provides the solution to the problem set up in the 2 sestets. The Joseph's Star is an invented stanzaic form which follows a prescribed syllabic pattern. This is unlike many such patterns because it demands a

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as complete phrase or thought in each line. The Joseph's Star is: 59. stanzaic, written in any number octaves. 60. syllabic, 1-3-5-7-7-5-3-1 syllables per line. 61. unrhymed. 62. composed with each line a complete phrase or thought. La'libertas, an invented verse form found at Shadow Poetry. Com, alternates syllabic, rhymed quatrains with sixains written without rhyme or metric specification and ends with a couplet in any language other than English framed at the poet's discretion. The La of La'libertas is from the creator's name, Laura Lamarca and libertas is Latin for liberty. La'libertas is: 63. a 22 line poem made up of alternating quatrains and sixains and ending in a couplet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 64. composed with stanzas 1 and 3 syllabic, each line is 8

syllables. Stanzas 2, and 4 are unmetered and the closing couplet is framed at the discretion of the poet.
65. partially rhymed, stanza 1 and 3 are rhymed, stanza 1 - abba and stanza 3 baab. Stanza 2 and 4 are unrhymed and the final couplet is rhymed at the discretion of the poet. 66. ended with a couplet in any language except English framed at the discretion of the poet. La'Tuin is an invented stanzaic form that reminds me of the Old French family of forms, the Ballade and its variations. The challenge of the form is the limited 3 rhyme sounds throughout the poem no matter how many stanzas are written. The form was found at Shadow Poetry.com. La of the name is from the name of the creator, Laura Lamara and Tuin is a giant turtle (a symbol of Mother Earth) from a Diskworld series. The La'Tuin is: 67. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains, with a minimum of 4.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 68. syllabic, alternating 9 and 8 syllable lines, beginning the poem with a 9 syllable line. 69. rhymed, turned on only 3 rhymes, rhyme scheme abca abca etc. repeated in each stanza. The Lannet is an invented verse form that appears to me to be a duplicate of the Unrhymed Sonnet form. The only discernable nuance is the syllabic lines rather than the 5 stressed accentual meter which can or cannot amount to the same thing. It was found at Shadow Poetry. The creator Laura Lamarca suggests internal rhyme is allowed and the stanza breaks are at the poet's discretion. This invented form seems redundant since the Unrhymed Sonnet can be found as far back as the 17th century. The Lannet is: 70. a quatorzain. The 14 lines may be unbroken or broken into stanzas at the poet's discretion. 71. composed with unrhymed end words but internal rhyme is allowed. 72. syllabic, 10 syllables per line. (Iambic pentameter lines are 10 syllables also but this form is not measured by an iambic pattern.)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 73. composed without prescribed pivot. The Lento found at Shadow Poetry is an invented verse form that has head and tail rhyme, uses rhyme at both ends of the line. It was created by Lencio Dominic Rodrigues. The Lento is: 74. an octave made up of 2 quatrains. 75. unmetered. 76. rhymed. The first word of the line in each quatrain is mono-rhymed, rhyme scheme aaaa bbbb. The rhyme scheme of the end words is xcxc xdxd , x being unrhymed, although alternating rhyme could be used, cdcd efef. The Licentia Rhyme Form is an invented stanzaic form created by Laura Lamarca and found at Shadow Poetry. This verse is a long form with a unique pattern of repetition. (licentia is Latin for "to be permitted") The Licentia Rhyme Form is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 77. stanzaic, written with 3 to 5 - 12 line stanzas made up of 6 rhymed couplets each. 78. syllabic, lines are 11 syllables each. 79. rhymed, rhyme scheme AABBCCDDEEAA, BBffgghhiiAA, CCjjkkllmmAA etc. 80. composed with repetition, L1 & L2 are repeated as L11 & L12 of each stanza including the first stanza. L3 & L4 are repeated as L1 & L2 of the 2nd stanza, L5 & L6 are repeated as L1 & L2 of the 3rd stanza, if more added, L7 & L8 are L1 & L2 of the 4th stanza and L9 & L10 are L1 & L2 of the 5th stanza.... Line Messaging is an invented poetic device or technique in which the last line of each stanza or strophe when read independantly and consecutively, form a message, kind of a "last line" Acrostic. This is technique is the idea of Angel Favazza. Loop Poetry is an invented variation of the 17th century, French Chain Verse. This stanzaic form is attributed to Hellon at Shadow Poetry.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Loop Poetry is: 81. stanzaic, written with a minimum of 2 stanzas with the number of lines per stanza at the poet's discretion. 82. unmetered. 83. rhymed xaxa xbxb etc. x being unrhymed. When written in couplets the rhyme scheme is bizarre xx aa xxxx bb cc xxxx xx dd. x being unrhymed. 84. chained, the last word of each stanza is the first word of the next stanza. Memento is a themed syllabic verse form. Created by Emily Romano and found at Shadow Poetry the poem should celebrate a particular holiday or anniversary. The Memento is: 85. a hexastich, a poem in 6 lines made up of 2 tercets. 86. syllabic 8-6-2 8-6-2 syllables per line. 87. rhymed, rhyme scheme abc abc.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 88. themed, honoring or celebrating a holiday or anniversary. Mirrored Refrain is an invented stanzaic form which has 2 refrains which are flipped at the end of each stanza. This form was created by Stephanie Repayek. The Mirrored Refrain is: 89. stanzaic, written in 3 or more quatrains. 90. unmetered. Line length and pattern at the discretion of the poet. 91. rhymed, rhyme scheme xaBA xbAB xaBA etc. (note the form is turned on only 3 rhymes.) x being unrhymed. 92. composed with 2 refrains. L3 and L4 of the 1st quatrain become the refrain for subsequent stanzas. The refrains alternate position with each stanza. Mirror Sestet is an invented stanzaic form which uses the 17th century French Chained Verse within each stanza but doesn't link the stanzas. It was created by Shelley A Cephas.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Mirror Sestet is: 93. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains, each made up of 3 couplets. (For the purists, technically the term sestet should only be used when a 6 line stanza is written in conjunction with other patterned stanzas as in the sonnet. When all of the stanzas are 6 lines, sixain or sexain is more accurate.) 94. unmetered. Line length and pattern are at the discretion of the poet. 95. rhymed, head and tail rhyme (1st word of the line rhymes with the last word in the line.) in L1,L3 and L5 of each stanza. (a variation would be to be unrhymed.) 96. chained, Chain Verse L1,L2 are linked by the last word of the first line is the first word of the next line. L3,L4, and L5,L6 are also linked in the same manner. Monchielle is an invented syllabic verse form that makes use of a refrain in the 1st line of each stanza, created by Jim T. Henriksen. The Monchielle is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 97. stanzaic written in 3 or more cinquains. 98. syllabic, hexasyllabic or 6 syllable lines. 99. rhymed, rhyme scheme Axbxb Axcxc Axdxd Axexe, x being unrhymed. 100. composed with a refrain, L1 is repeated as the first line of each cinquain. The Musette is an invented verse form that presents the challenge of writing in very short lines. This form was introduced by Emily Romano and found only at Shadow Poetry. The Musette is: 101. stanzaic, written in any number of tercets. 102. syllabic, 2-4-2 2-4-2 2-4-2 syllables per line. 103. rhymed axa bxb cxc etc. x being unrhymed. Nove Otto is an invented verse form with a little different rhyme scheme, created by Scott J. Alcorn.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Nove Otto is: 104. a poem in 9 lines. 105. syllablic, 8 syllables per line. 106. rhymed aacbbcddc. Octameter not only means 8 metric feet in a line, it also is the name of an invented verse form that isn't metric at all. This was created by Shelley A Cephas. The Octameter verse form is: 107. stanzaic, 16 line frame made up of 2 octaves. 108. syllabic, lines of 5 syllables each. 109. rhymed, rhyme scheme xxabxbxb cxacxcbb x being unrhymed. (sometimes you just have to wonder) Octelle is an invented form that specifically asks that the poem include personification and symbolism. It was created by Emily Romano.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Octelle is: 110. an octastich (poem in 8 lines) 111. syllabic, 8-8-7-7-7-7-8-8 syllables per line. 112. rhymed, rhyme scheme A1A2bbccA1A2. 113. L1 is repeated as L7 and L2 is repeated as L8. Oddquain is a pentastich with odd numbered syllabled lines that add up to 17 syllables. The Oddquain is: 114. a pentastich, a poem in 5 lines. 115. syllabic, 1-3-5-7-1 syllables per line. 116. usually unrhymed. 117. a single 5 line poem or written in variation, stanzaic, written in any number of cinquains, crown of oddquains- 5 cinquains. A crown always is written with the last line of the stanza repeated as the first line of the next stanza.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as reverse oddquains - reverse syllable count 1-7-5-3-1, mirror oddquain, 2 cinquains, syllable count 1-3-5-7-1 1-7-5-31. oddquain butterflies - merging the 2 stanzas of the mirror cinquain and deleting the 1st line of the second stanza, syllables 1-3-5-7-1-7-5-3-1. 118. Parallelogram de Crystalline is an invented verse form with a thematic focus. The subject is a lover and the lover should be described through images of nature. It was introduced by Karan Naidu. The Parallelogram de Crystalline is: 119. a poem in 12 lines, made up of 4 tercets. 120. syllabic 3-6-9 syllables per line for each tercet. 121. unrhymed. Puente (Spanish=bridge) is a thematic verse with a specific yet loose frame. It is written in 2 equal yet contrasting parts with a single line bridging the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as two parallels. It was introduced by James Rasmusson inspired by the anthology, A Poetry Bridge to All Nations by Connie Marcum Wong and by the actions of his step-daughter Mira Conklin who "walked the migrant trail in Mexico with 12 other Americans 'to explore the root causes of northward migration'". The Puente is: 122. isostrophic, written in 2 strophes with the same frame at the discretion of the poet and "bridged" by a single line that carries the theme of the poem. The separate strophes should be parallels to one another. 123. meter and rhyme at the discretion of the poet. The Quadrilew is an invented verse form with alternating syllabic patterns and a tumbling refrain. Introduced by C.V.G.Lewis at Shadow Poetry. The Quadrilew is: 124. a poem in 16 lines made up of 4 quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 125. syllabic, alternating stanzas of 5-6-5-6 6-5-6-5 5-6-5-6 6-5-6-5 or the opposite 6-5-6-5 5-6-5-6 etc. 126. The lines of the first stanza are repeated as a tumbling refrain positioned in the first line of subsequent stanzas. L2 repeated as L5, L3 is repeated as L9, and L4 is repeated as L13. 127. rhymed rhyme scheme aB1AB2> B1cbc Adad B2ebe. lower case = rhyme; upper case = refrain. RemyLa Rhyme is a stanzaic chain form. It was introduced by Laura Lamarca and named for her daughter. The RemyLa Rhyme is: 128. stanzaic, written in 3 or more quatrains. 129. syllabic, 8-10-12-8 syllables per line in each quatrain. 130. rhymed, axxa bxxb cxxc dxxd etc. - x being unrhymed. 131. a stanzaic Chain Verse, the last word of each stanza is the first word of the next stanza creating a linking effect.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Septolet is the name of 2 different invented forms. One found at Shadow Poetry and one found at Mrs. Reese's Elementary. Both are written in 7 lines. The Septolet found at Shadow Poetry is: 132. a poem in 7 lines broken into 2 strophes complimenting one another to complete an image. 133. Written in 14 words. animals with clothes animals with clothes, chasing unfledged tails oblivious to stars, not knowing yet

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as their place. -- --Geoffrey Le Voguer The Septolet found at Mrs. Reese's Elementary is: 134. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 135. syllabic 1-2-3-4-3-2-1 per line. zi single syllable word character of written Chinese verse --- jvg Spirit's Vessel is a variation of the Acrostic. The creator Christina R Jussaume requests the content of the form be spiritual and uplifting.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Spirit's Vessel is: 136. a poem in 18 lines, made up of 3 sixains. 137. metered at the discretion of the poet. 138. rhymed at the discretion of the poet. 139. written with the letters of VESSEL OFYOUR (6 letter word of the poet's choice) beginning the sequential lines of the poem. Staccato an invented stanzaic form which attempts to emulate the musical staccato rhythm with emphatic two syllable refrains inserted in L3 and L6 of each stanza. Jan Turner created a form with internal rhyme and variable meter. The Staccato is: 140. stanzaic, written in 2 or more sixains. 141. metric, iambic, L1,L2,L5,L6 are pentameter, L3 and L4 are tetrameter. 142. rhymed aabbcc ddeeff gghhii. Internal rhyme occurs between L1 and L2 midway in the lines.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 143. written with an emphatic, two syllable refrain repeated twice at the beginning of L3 and once at the beginning of L6 of each stanza. Swap Quatrain is an invented stanzaic form that repeats L1 in inverted sytax as a refrain in L4 of the same stanza. Created by Lorraine M Kanter. The Swap Quatrain is: 144. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 145. metered at the discretion of the poet. 146. rhymed aabb ccdd eeff etc. 147. written with L1 of each stanza inverted and repeated as L4 in a refrain. Synchronicity is an invented verse form written in the first person revealing accidental yet seemingly synchronized events. Created by Debra Gundy who suggests there be a pivot or twist in the last quarter of the poem. Synchronicity is the simultaneous occurence of events which appear meaningfully related but have no discoverable causal connection.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Synchronicity is: 148. stanzaic, written 4 or more tercets. 149. syllabic, 8-8-2 syllables per line of each tercet. 150. unrhymed. 151. written in the first person describing simultaneous events that appear to be connected but could simply be coincidental. 152. written with a pivot or twist occurring at the last quarter of the poem. The Tableau is an invented stanzaic form that paints a single image in keeping with the name of the form, tableau meaning picture. Created by Emily Romano who suggests the word "tableau" be included in the title. The Tableau is: 153. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains. 154. syllabic, 5 syllable lines. 155. rhyme at the discretion of the poet. 156. written describing a single image.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 157. written with a title that includes the word "tableau". Tri-fall is an invented verse form that groups lines and rhyme in threes. Created by Jan Turner who suggest little or no punctuation be used. The Tri-fall is: 158. a poem in 18 lines made up of 3 sixains. 159. syllabic, 6-3-8-6-3-8 syllables per line. 160. rhymed, rhyme scheme abcabc defdef ghighi. 161. written with little or no punctuation. The Trilonnet is a 14 line invented verse form that doesn't claim to be a sonnet. Created by Shelley A Cephas who offers two options in meter and rhyme scheme. The Trilonnet is: 162. a 14 line poem made up of either 4 tercets followed by a rhymed couplet. 163. metered, iambic, either pentameter or tetrameter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 164. rhymed abc abc abc abc dd or abc cba abc cba dd. Trijan Refrain, another invented form created by and named for Jan Turner and the number of stanzas within the structure. It was found at Shadow Poetry. The Trijan Refrain is: 165. stanzaic, written in three 9-line stanzas. 166. syllabic, 8-6-8-6-8-8-4-4-8. 167. rhymed, AbabccDDc AeaeffGGf AhahiiJJi 168. composed with a refrain within the stanza, the first 4 syllables of L5 are repeated as a refrain in L7 and L8. 169. written a refrain between stanzas, L1 of the first stanza repeated as L1 of each subsequent stanza. There is a variation in which L1 is not repeated in the subsequent stanzas, in that scenario the rhyme scheme is ababccDDc efefggHHg ijijkkLLk. Sweet Destiny by Jan Turner (stanza 1)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Oh destiny, sweet destiny, Come silent in the night, And teach my spirit how to see Within tomorrow's light. I know I'll strive to do what's best For humankind's eternal quest. . . -------------- I know I'll strive -------------- I know I'll strive Oh destiny to meet the test. Trinet is an invented stanzaic form that is measured in words rather than syllables or metric feet. Created by zion, the poem should be centered on the page. The Trinet is: 170. a poem in 21 lines made up of 3 septets. 171. measured in words, 2-2-6-6-2-2-2 word in each line. 172. unrhymed.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 173. centered on the page to appear as 3 crosses. The Triquain is one of 2 different forms, one found in Viola Berg's Pathways for a Poet, 1977 and the other found at Shadow Poetry which appears to have been created about 25 years later by Shelly Cephas. The form as described in Berg's book is a syllabic tristich and the form at Shadow Poetry is a syllabic heptastich. The Triquain at Shadow Poetry is: 174. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 175. syllabic, 3-6-9-12-9-6-3 syllables per line. 176. rhymed at the discretion of the poet. 177. variable, it may be written in a chain of 2 to 4 triquains. (Note: A stanzaic chain is always written with the last word of each stanza repeated as the first word of the next stanza. However, this feature of the chain was not mentioned with the original instructions of the Triquain and is not used in the example poem and is therefore apparently optional.)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as it may be written as a crown in 5 stand alone linked stanzas (A crown is always written with the last line of each stanza repeated as the first line of the next stanza. Again, there is no mention of this feature in the original description of the form and no example. ). it may be written in a swirl joining the stanzas and eliminating the beginning 3 syllable line of each subsequent stanza. 3-69-11-9-6-3-6-9-12-9-6-3 etc.. snowman by Geoffrey Le Voguer (a triquain swirl) all of my careful efforts in vain. buttons up front to the coal dark eyes and toper's nose with seasonal smile, there he stood, a lone titan of his ilk, until the school bell rang early and they came--rampaging and squealing,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as pelting at all who stood in their path, and then they approached him shouting with glee, and I swear we both shared such a baleful look as snowballing children tore him down. The Triquatrain is an invented stanzaic form, obviously written in quatrains. The form, created by Robert L Huntsman, has an added feature of internal rhyme. The Triquatrain is: 178. written in any number of quatrains. 179. metered at the discretion of the poet. 180. rhymed, employing internal rhyme in L1 and L3 of each quatrain, the rhyme scheme is (a-a)b(c-c)b (d-d)e(f-f)e etc. The Triquint is an invented verse form that repeats a refrain in L3 and L4 of each stanza. Created by Sylvia A Feeley, the form is name for the 3 cinquains that make up the poem.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Triquint is: 181. a poem in 15 lines made up of 3 cinquains. 182. syllabic, 9-7-5-3-1 syllables per line. 183. rhymed, turned only 2 rhymes, rhyme scheme aaA1A2b aaA1A2b aaA1A2b. 184. written with a refrain, repeating L3 and L4 of the first stanza in the same position of the 2nd and 3rd stanzas. Trois-par-Huit is an invented verse form named for its number of lines and stanzas, three by eight. Created by Lorraine M. Kanter. The Trois-par-Huit is: 185. an octastich, a poem in 8 lines made up of either 2 tercets followed by a couplet or a tercet, a couplet, a tercet, in that order. 186. syllabic, 3-6-9-12-12-9-6-3 regardless of stanza arrangement. 187. rhymed, aab bbc dd or aab bb ccc.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Trolaan is an invented stanzaic form that uses the ancient Welsh technique cymeriad that begins each line of a stanza with the same consonant and takes it a step further. Created by Valerie Peterson Brown, the quatrains have a specific rhyme scheme but the meter is at the discretion of the poet. The Trolaan is: 188. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 189. metered at the discretion of the poet. 190. rhymed, abab cdcd etc. (note: the b d f ect rhyme is on the unstressed syllable of of 2 syllable end words which is also a Welsh technique, cywydd. In English, rhyme is normally on the stressed syllable.) 191. written with cymeriad, the first letter of each line in each quatrain is the same, although this form takes it a step further and in each subsequent quatrain the repeated beginning letter changes. The 2nd stanza begins with the 2nd letter of the first word of the poem, the 3rd stanza begins with the 2nd letter of the first word of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as the 2nd stanza, the 4th stanza begins with the 2nd letter of the first word of the 3rd stanza etc. Vers Beaucoup French-many rhymes) is an invented stanzaic form that is riddled with rhyme. Created by Curt Mongold who suggest the lines within the quatrains be enjambed. The Vers Beaucoup is: 192. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 193. metered at the discretion of the poet. 194. rhymed, including multiple internal rhyme sounds. Rhyme scheme (a-a-a)(a-b-b)(b-c-c)(c-d-d) (e-e-e)(e-f-f)(f-g-g)(g-h-h) etc. Villonnet is an invented verse form that the creator D. Allen Jenkins refers to as a Villanelle, Sonnet hybrid. The Villonnet is: 195. a poem in 15 lines made up of 3 quatrains ending with a tercet. 196. metric, iambic pentameter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 197. rhymed A1xxA2 axxA1 axxA2 A1xA2 . 198. written with refrain, L1 is repeated as L8 and L13, L4 is repeated as L12 and L15. Wrapped Refrain is an invented stanzaic form created by Jan Turner brings each stanza full circle by repeated the first 4 syllables of the stanza as the last 4 syllables of the stanza reminiscent of dunadh, a defining feature of ancient Irish poetry. The Wrapped Refrain is: 199. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains or octaves 200. syllabic, 8-8-8-8-12-12 syllables per lines when written in sixains, 14-14-8-8-8-8-14-14 syllables per line when written in octaves.. 201. rhymed, aabbcc ddeeff etc. when written in sixains and aabbccdd eeffgghh etc when written in octaves. 202. written with each sixain repeating the first 4 syllables of L1 as the last 4 syllables of L6 or each octave repeating the first 10

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as syllables of L1 as the last 10 syllables of L8. ZaniLa Rhyme is an invented stanzaic form created by Laura Lamarca and employs internal rhyme. The ZaniLa Rhyme is: 203. stanzaic, written in no less than 3 quatrains. 204. syllabic, 9-7-9-9 syllables per line. 205. rhymed, xa(b-B)a xc(b-B)c xd(b-B)d etc. 206. written with L3 of the first stanza repeated as a refrain in L3 of each subsequent stanza. Abecedarius is a lyrical poem composed as an acrostic with the first letters of its lines forming an alphabet. To use the alphabet in a unique manner is the creative challenge of this genre, other than the obvious of finding words for the letters x and z, Alphabetic acrostics first appear in Hebrew religious poetry found in the Old Testament. It seems that using letters of the alphabet as the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as initial letter of each line was thought by ancient cultures to connect them with the divine. This genre was commonly used in prayers, hymns and oracles. According to the Harper Collins Study Bible; 1993, one variant of the Abecedarius is found beginning with Psalm 9 and continuing through Psalm 10:18. There, every other line begins with a sequential letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Another is found in Psalm 119, written in 22 stanzas of 8 lines. All lines in a given stanza begin with the same letter. Too bad the English translation does not reflect the Hebrew alphabetical sequence. In modern times, the alphabet is often found in word games for children and is sometimes called the ABC Poem. Psalm in Action All praise our Creator, called by many names,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Blessed is the work of His hands. Cant in dulcet tones His psalms, Dance with energy in His presence Eager to follow His lead For faith is an action word. Gather the oppressed, offer support, Hold them close in His name. Include all who ask, honor those who don't. Joyfully serve all of His commands. Kindle a flame in your heart to Light the way for others that they may see, Mantled by His virtue, we endure. No one is less in His sight Offer sustenance and acceptance to all. Protect with fervor His creation.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Quiet is His manner, Righteousness His strength, Science His invention, Time His plan. Unconditional is His love, Vast His ability to forgive, Wise His teachings and Xenias, His gifts given in abundance. Yes, is my answer to His call, my Zeal, will be tempered by tolerance in His image. ---- Judi Van Gorder 10/24/05 Acrostic, Greek for "at the tip of the verse". is a poetic genre or technique that dates back to 1000 BC in ancient Babylonia. The first letter of each line or stanza spells out a name, a word, the title of the work or even a sentence or phrase. Ben Johnson created an acrostic as an intro to his classic play, The Alchemist, spelling out the title in his

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as argument. The skill is in disguising the acrostic so that it is not obvious. In modern times, this form is most often used as light verse and occasional poetry. But how exciting to read a serious piece in stanzas, and upon explication discover an acrostic stanza within its midst, giving emphasis to a name, title, phrase etc. I wonder if our subconscious reads the acrostic, even when we are not aware. An Acrostic is: 1. written without prescribed meter, rhyme, line #, or length, but all can be structured at the poet's discretion. 2. written with the 1st letter of each line within the stanza spelling out an acronym, name, title, phrase, or sentence. Poets have even placed the acrostic within the poem such as the first letter of the first line, the first letter of the 2nd word in the 2nd line, the first letter of the 3rd word in the 3rd line and so on 3. often used for light verse or occasional poetry, but can be very effectively inserted into a serious piece. The Argument (Intro to the classic play The Alchemist)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 4. 5. THE SICKNESS hot, a master quit, for fear, 6. His house in town, and left one servant there; 7. Ease him corrupted, and gave means to know 8. 9. A Cheater and his punk; who now brought low, 10. Leaving their narrow practice, were become 11. Coz'ners at large; only wanting some 12. House to set up, with him they here contract, 13. Each for a share, and all begin to act. 14. Much company they draw, and much abuse, 15. In casting figures, telling fortunes, news, 16. Selling of flies, flat bawdre, with the stone, 17. Till it, and they, and all in fume are gone. 18. ---- Ben Johnson (1572-1637) 19. 20. Ben Johnson writes this acrostic predominantly in iambic pentameter with rhyme.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 21. 22. sublime 23. 24. a hidden message 25. consciously placed, 26. raising awareness by the tapping 27. of the mind's 28. subconscious resource 29. to patiently 30. influence thought, 31. caress the imagination. 32. secretly 33. 34. ranting slogans 35. uttering personal praise 36. leading gently by 37. eloquent execution.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 38. ---judi van gorder Sub genres of the Acrostic are: Abecedarius is an Acrostic with the letters of the alphabet appearing in the initial letter of each line rather than a word, name or phrase. This ancient Semetic verse, thought to be holy is further expanded with example on its own page, see: Abacedarius Adagem is a variation of the Acrostic in which the first word of each line conveys a message when read downwards. Compound Acrostic spells different words down the first letter of each line margin and last letter margin. Double Acrostic was a popular verse in the 1800s apparently spurred by Queen Victoria's favoritism. She is said to have used this technique in her own writing. It was sometimes viewed more

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as as a puzzle to be solved than a verse form. The verse can either spell the same word down the first letter of each line margin and the last letter of each line margin or spell a word or phrase down the first letter of the line and another word or phrase up the last letter of the line. This piece is said to have been written by Queen Victoria and was found at Poems of Today and Yesterday NapleS ElbE WashingtoN CincinnatI AmsterdaM StambouL TorneA LepantO EcliptiC

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Mesostich spells a word down the middle letter of each line of the poem. Pruntiform is a recent invented acrostic form created by Randy Prunty in which the words of the first line of the poem are sequentially the first word of each subsequent line. The structure of the poem is at the discretion of the poet. Spine Poem is a relatively new invented form of acrostic. It appears to be an exercise sometimes used in classrooms. Using the title of a book, movie or poem (with 3 or more words in the title), begin each line of your poem with the sequential words from the title. The subject could describe the book etc named or it could be about anything. The frame of the verse is at the discretion of the poet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Unnoticed Water does not remove the stain For it is deep and indelible. Elephants dance in the attic. ------------ ---Judi Van Gorder

Telistich, sometimes referred to as a Citsorca ("acrostic" spelled backwards) is the exact opposite of an acrostic. A word or phrase is created from the last letter of each line. Indigo (a telestich)

Need to cast off the ennui, the inertia of seven long days of the flu, a dead

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as lump like too much chili in my stomach, roiling, urging me to go. ------ ----Judi Van Gorder Triple Acrostic was also found at Poems of Today and Yesterday and was understandably rare. As the name implies the letters of the right margin, the center of the line and the left margin each spell out a phrase. These were apparently found in Puzzle books of the early 20th century.

Afflatus is defined as "the act of blowing or breathing on" and also "overmastering impulse". As a poetic genre, it is the response to an existing poem by another poet in spirit, construction, theme etc inspiring one's own creation.. Afflatus is taking inspiration from another poem, when

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as using the same structure it is the same as Projacking. Projacking is an exercise in writing learned from a poetry workshop on-line. Basically it means writing a poem using the frame or structure from a published nonce poem written by another. All of the recognized verse forms were "projacked" at one time or another. The very first sonnet was projacked by someone who imitated the sonnet frame using their own words and thoughts. Now there are many variations of sonnets, all because someone imitated or copied the structure of another's poem. I am pretty sure William Carlos Williams, writing the Red Wheelbarrow did not think he was creating a new verse form. But we know from Donald Hall's "How to Read a Poem", the frame of the poem is duplicated in an exercise directed by the text, there must be hundreds maybe thousands of "wheelbarrows" out there somewhere. The "wheelbarrow" isn't in the New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics or most other verse form books,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as but it has been projacked and the form is developing a following. So if you see a poem you particularly admire, give projacking a try. You might discover something about writing you didn't know before and it might even remove some inhibitions you may have, it did me. The first poem I chose to projack was homage to my hips by Lucille Clifton. Honestly when I put my own words and thoughts to the frame created by Ms. Clifton I wrote something that I probably would never have written without following her lead. I learned a great deal about writing from this simple exercise. 1. Find a published poem you enjoy. 2. Do a thorough explication of the poem. Study the content, the intent, opening, progression, and conclusion, the poetic devices used, line count and length, stanza separation, figurative speech used, alliteration, assonance, enjambment, caesura, rhyme scheme, etc. What makes this poem special? 3. Imitate the frame or structure of the poem using your own thoughts and words. 4. With your poem, you should recognize the poet and poem that inspired your work.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as leg-acy (projacked from homage to my hips by Lucille Clifton) these legs are long legs they need room to stretch and flex. they do not scrunch up into tight quarters, these legs are boundless they won't break stride. these legs have trudged up mountains, they carry the weight of a family they have run the race of survival these legs are strong legs these legs are dancer's legs. i have been known to bare them to draw his eyes

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as and bring him to his knees! ----Judi Van Gorder Alcmanic verse is a metric line of dactylic tetrameter. It was named for the ancient Greek poet Alcman and was commonly used in early Greek verse. -------Quantitative verse Lss / Lss / Lss / Lss -------in English, accentual syllabic Suu / Suu / Suu / Suu -------Beatles' lyric from Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds -------Pict ure your / self in a / boat on a / riv er with -------tang er ine / tree ees and / mar mal ade / skis ii es The Alcmanian strophe can be found in some of Horace's work. This stanza form takes its name from the Greek meter but is associated with Latin works. It is a couplet made up of a heroic or dactylic hexameter followed by a dactylic tetrameter with a posteriore which is actually a 4 foot line made up of 3 dactyls

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as followed by a spondee in the 4th foot. (Italian "a posteriore" rear, indicating the last metric foot changes) -------Suu / Suu / Suu / Suu / Suu / SS -------Suu / Suu / Suu / SS -------From Horace's Epode (even if you can't read Latin you may be able to hear the meter.) -------Quid tibi vis, mulier nigris dignissima barris? -------munera quid mihi quidve tabellas Ancient Verse is probably the same verse form as Ch'I Yen Shih from the Lu Shi code verse. Ancient Verse is found desribed in John Drury's poe-try-dic-tion-ar-y and is similar to Ch'I Yen Shi, with slight variation. As described by Drury, caesura was not specified and more latitude was given in the character count. This is probably an example of how form evolves or is corrupted by translation. For now I will treat this verse form as separate.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as (Drury uses "syllable count") Technically in Chinese prosody, character count and syllable count are one in the same since Chinese characters are one word and Chinese words are usually one syllable. However in English translation, a character could represent a 2 or 3 syllable English word. I use "character" in most of my metric descriptions of Chinese verse and often count words rather than syllables when attempting to write poems using Chinese verse forms in English. However, since Drury's book describes the meter for this form as syllabic, I follow his lead. Ancient Verse is: 1. stanzaic, written in quatrains. 2. syllabic, 5 to 7 syllable lines. 3. rhymed, rhyme scheme either xaxa xaxa etc or xaxa xbxb etc. 4. no fixed tone pattern. 5. always composed with parallels and balance. pyramid fresh dug dirt makes space and waits

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as rich earth forms a pyramid to welcome polished pine box with white roses on the lid --- Judi Van Gorder Anistubh, (ordinary epic meter, God of Sun) is a stanzaic form which is sometimes considered synonymous with the later Sanskrit sloka. It is often a chanted mantra. The Anistubh is: 1. stanzaic. The stanza or chanda is written in 4 lines or padas 2. syllabic,A total of 32 syllables, the line are 8 syllables each. 3. irregular. The anistubh has an irregular cadence, caesura and alternating trochaic and iambic meter contribute. Note: Because of language differences and the lack of consensus in describing a consistent, specific metric pattern, in English it is probably best to create one's own "irregular" pattern, taking care to mix it up and not fall into a predictable iambic or trochaic pattern don't forget the value of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as caesura to help break up the rhythm. from the Rig Veda to Srya (sun god) 1500 B.C. Norton Anthology World Literature Volume A, translated by Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty We have come up out of darkness, seeing the higher light around us, going to the sun, the god among gods, the highest light. God of Sun My heart is grateful, filled with song raised to heaven upon the tracks of the sun's rays. I choose to live in the warming light of the Son. --- Judi Van Gorder

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as anustubh by Jan Haag Other Veda verse forms Anistubh Brhati gayatri Jagati Pankti Tristubh Ushnik 4. II. Sanskrit Verse The Dinggedicht or Object Poem is a things poem.This is a genre of poetry in which communication of mood or thought is made through acute observation of things and symbolic concentration. It was introduced in the early 1900s by Austrian poet, Rainer Maria Rilke while studying impressionist paintings. It is closely connected to the imagist movement of the same time. It appears the difference may be in the subject of the observation. The dinggedicht appears to be more likely to observe man-made articles while the imagist tends to observe more natural surroundings.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Dinggedicht is: 1. framed at the discretion of the poet. 2. formed by acute observations of concrete images in the world around, expressing symbolically an event, social condition, mood or idea. Paradise Adrift water gently laps at the edge of the shore where a soggy passport lies open face down next to broken palms and a tilted, scarred kitchen chair, one spindly leg buried deep

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as in the foam-covered sand - - - Judi Van Gorder 1/3/05

The Barzelletta, (Italian for joke or funny story or "carnival song"), a nonsense poem from 15th century Italy developed from the Frottola a 14th century epigram (as jokes with didactic content). The Barzelletta was originally written for musical settings. It is composed as a joke with moral instruction. There are sites on the internet that attribute the Barzelletta with a two part structure similar to the Ballata. However, so far I have only found examples of the unrhymed couplet structure which is described in the NPOPP and Turco's Book of Forms. The "couplet" Barzelletta is: 1. lyrical. 2. stanzaic, written in any number of couplets.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 3. metered, often iambic, line length optional although originally octasyllablic. 4. often written employing internal rhyme, end words are usually unrhymed. 5. written with wit and a didactic (instructional) and/or aphoric (concise statement of scientific principal) tone. 6. often follows other poetic forms. Barzelletta by Jan Haag Look what the cat dragged in Some say a stitch in time saves nine, unless you drink wine past its prime. What's done is done, the die is cast, we'll have a blast with everyone. Time flies when you are having fun,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as we've just begun to exercise. I bit off more than I could chew, it's up to you to mop the floor. All these clichs hold grains of truth and in my youth were often told. --- Barbara Hartman The "2 part" Barzelletta is: 7. stanzaic, written in couplets that make up stanzas of 6 or 8 lines, most often written in 2 to 5 of the longer stanzas. 8. metered, often irregular. The line length is optional although originally octasyllabic. 9. usually written employing internal rhyme, end words are sometimes unrhymed although I have found 2 sources that indicate rhyme scheme cdcdda for a 6 line stanza or cdcddeea for an 8 line stanza. Rhyme does not change from stanza to stanza.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 10. written with wit and a didactic (instructional) and/or aphoric (concise statement of scientific principal) tone. 11. written with a ripreso or refrain of 4 lines rhymed abba or abab, which opens the poem and is repeated (often using only 2 of the 4 lines) preceding each stanza. It is similar in this way to the Ballata. 12. composed with a volta at the end of each stanza. (the last line of each stanza links to the refrain). Georgia: is one of the oldest cultures of the Slavic nations dating back to 3rd century BC. Although it has been invaded by many cultures over the centuries including Mongols, Arabs, Turks, Persians, Germans, Russians it has miraculously preserved its culture, language and religion. The oldest verse was religious but secular works emerged early producing both epic and lyrical poetry. Shairi, "meter", sometimes called the Rustavalian Quatrain, was the standard stanzaic form of 12th century Georgia. Poet Shota Rustaveli, dubbed the master of Georgian art, utilized the shairi extensively in his narrative works. His Knight in a Tiger Skin is his best known epic written in shairi meter. The verse was distinguished by its rich use of vocabulary, powerful

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as images, alliteration and complex rhyme. There are 2 types of shairi quatrains which are usually alternated within a poem, the Dabali (low) and Magali (high). The difference between the 2 is in the placement of caesura within the line and whether the end rhyme is double or triple syllables. The Shairi is : 1. usually a narrative. 2. stanzaic, written in quatrains. Usually written in any number of alternating dabili and magali shairi quatrains. It is unimportant whether or not the poem begins with a quatrain of dabali shairis or magali shairis. 3. rhymed, quatrains are monorhymed aaaa bbbb cccc etc. End rhyme is 3 syllables in the dabali shairi and 2 syllables in the magali shairi. 4. syllabic, 16 syllables per line broken by caesura. 5. a. Dabali shairi is written in lines of 5-3-5-3 syllables with caesura after the 5th syllable, the 8th syllable and the 13th syllable with a 3 syllable end rhyme. xxxxx,xxx,xxxxx,(xxa).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 6. b. Magali shairi is written in lines of 4-4-4-4 syllables with caesura after the 4th syllable, the 8th syllable and the 12th syllable with a 2 syllable end rhyme. xxxx,xxxx,xxxx,xx(xb). Besikuri or Besikian verse was the creation of 18th century Georgian poet Bessarion Gabashvili, often referred to as Besiki. His love poems, although elegant, were sometimes too flowery however his original meter became a popular verse form of the time. Besikian verse is a 14 syllable line with caesura after the 2nd syllable, 5th syllable, 9th syllable, and 11th syllable. Haiku, is a small, imagist poem written in the moment. The image drives the emotion and provides the inspiration for insight or enlightenment. It is said to be a poem in an utterance of a breath. The haiku is a descendant of the hokku, which is the first stanza of the much longer communal poem, renga. The purpose of the hokku, usually written by the most prestigious poet in the renga gathering, was to record the time (season)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as and place (natural surroundings) of the gathering. When in the 13th and 14th centuries the hokku began to take shape as a stand alone poem, it naturally retained its original features. It wasn't until the 20th century that the Japanese modernist poet Masaoka Shiki called it haiku. His student Kyoshi is said to be the founder of the traditional haiku in which feelings from nature (usually tied to the seasons) are expressed. A second student Hekigodo felt the haiku should be realistic and anything could be the subject without limiting the images to nature which is often referred to as modern haiku. So from the beginning there have been differences of opinion on the subject matter. A traditional haiku is like an extension of Zen. The first unit describes a setting in nature, including the direct mention of a season (kigo) or its symbol, (kidai, ...cherry blossoms, geese and many others), the second unit expands the image often using a kireji (cutting word) to switch to a surprise or contradictive image and the third relates the human condition, relevant to the setting.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The function of the kireji (cutting word) in haiku is to "cut" off one view and turn the reader in a different view . (In a longer Japanese poem the kireji is 2 long lines inserted midway in the poem that change the direction of the poem not only in structure but in thought. Inserted at the end of a long poem a kireji is a summary.) The modern haiku draws images from life experiences and as with the traditional describes the images in 2 different observations, sometimes conflicting or surprising, then offers an insight from the images. Haiku is measured by the syllable in English. I have addressed the differences in the Japanese language and English earlier in my introduction to Japanese poetry. In Japanese the measure of the line is the onji. There is no exact duplication in English for the Japanese onji so we default to the less complicated, syllable. English translations of Japanese haiku cannot replicate the onji as syllable count and you will find that both Japanese translations and modern American haiku often do not adhere to the common assumption of 5-7-5 syllable or line count.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as stillness: sinking into the rocks a cricket's voice ----Basho (15th century) Haiku takes place in the moment whether traditional or otherwise. This is one of the most important defining features, in contrast to most poems that dwell in the mind of the poet, "haiku embodies a feeling experienced in a moment of time." Haiku is more than just the present, it is "a moment of awareness, insight, surprise or delight" How to Haiku by Bruce Ross , an ah ha! moment. This adds depth. haiku is: 1. syllabic (17 syllables or less) 2. an imagist poem (draws the emotion from the image). Concrete images are described. It is important in haiku to deemphasize the ego. The subject, not the poet is what focuses the haiku. "One of the most common characteristics of haiku,. . . . is silence." Bruce Ross. The words silence or

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as stillness can be used in haiku, but it is the concrete image as described that makes the reader respond to the feeling of silence. 3. written in the moment. The past can be referred to as long as it doesn't overpower the present. 4. one of two forms "traditional" or "modern" traditional requires a season be named and images and emotions be drawn from of nature. modern can be images of relationship, personality, experience, etc in its most common form haiku is written in 3 lines, but can be written in 1 or 2 lines. (if not broken into 3 lines, the haiku should still follow the pattern of 3 units, 2 images that either conflict or expand resulting in insight.) The common break down of syllables: L1 5 syllables describes image (traditional name season) L2 7 syllables, adds conflicting image or expands first image L3 5 syllables provides insight (the ah ha! moment) A description of a natural experience in language that " comes from simplicity, elegance and concentration of mind." Bruce Ross It is not merely a description but the expression of the feeling of the poet

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as from the experience of the moment. Figurative speech, metaphor or simile is generally not used in the haiku, though it can and does appear. Not a drama nor a setting, there should be no manipulation on the part of the poet. Written with an epiphany or ending (satori), that should penetrate into the heart of the theme. It is sincere, uncontrived. When writing, the poet should attempt not to add -"ing" to the end of verbs to avoid artificial emphasis. Written in perfect balance. Repetition should be avoided since it throws off the balance the haiku. "There should be a perfect balance of images, ideas, phrasing, word choice and sound." Bruce Ross An untitled poem which is often numbered. evolutionary, the haiku has been changed by time and embraced by many cultures. The Brazilians even added rhyme. Abbreviated Haiku is written in either 2 lines with syllable count 7/3 or 3 lines with syllable count 3/5/3 or 2/3/2. This is sometimes called Miku. creeper weeds

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as cover garden path blistered hands ---jvg Brazilian Haikuis rhymed, either aaa or aba or abb Bucolic Verse (Greek for herdsman) falls under the genre of "pastoral" poetry, because the setting is usually in the countryside. However, while "pastoral" in many minds conjures images of rolling green hills with a shepherd tending a flock, the bucolic poem is less humble and describes people of refinement and culture in a natural setting. In ancient times the wealthy were more likely to keep cattle on those hills. In Latin, Virgil's 10 poems referred to as his "eclogue" is the prime example of bucolic poetry. Funny even though the sheep-cattle distinction is made between pastoral and bucolic, the "ultimate" bucolic poems constantly refer to shepherds and sheep not cows, go figure. Also see Idyll poetry or ecologue. Virgil's Ecoloque IV - You can read all of Virgil's Ecologues here.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as POLLIO Muses of Sicily, essay we now A somewhat loftier task! Not all men love Coppice or lowly tamarisk: sing we woods, Woods worthy of a Consul let them be. Now the last age by Cumae's Sibyl sung Has come and gone, and the majestic roll Of circling centuries begins anew: Justice returns, returns old Saturn's reign, With a new breed of men sent down from heaven. Only do thou, at the boy's birth in whom The iron shall cease, the golden race arise, Befriend him, chaste Lucina; 'tis thine own Apollo reigns. And in thy consulate, This glorious age, O Pollio, shall begin, And the months enter on their mighty march. Under thy guidance, whatso tracks remain Of our old wickedness, once done away,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Shall free the earth from never-ceasing fear. He shall receive the life of gods, and see Heroes with gods commingling, and himself Be seen of them, and with his father's worth Reign o'er a world at peace. For thee, O boy, First shall the earth, untilled, pour freely forth Her childish gifts, the gadding ivy-spray With foxglove and Egyptian bean-flower mixed, And laughing-eyed acanthus. Of themselves, Untended, will the she-goats then bring home Their udders swollen with milk, while flocks afield Shall of the monstrous lion have no fear. Thy very cradle shall pour forth for thee Caressing flowers. The serpent too shall die, Die shall the treacherous poison-plant, and far And wide Assyrian spices spring. But soon As thou hast skill to read of heroes' fame, And of thy father's deeds, and inly learn What virtue is, the plain by slow degrees

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as With waving corn-crops shall to golden grow, From the wild briar shall hang the blushing grape, And stubborn oaks sweat honey-dew. Nathless Yet shall there lurk within of ancient wrong Some traces, bidding tempt the deep with ships, Gird towns with walls, with furrows cleave the earth. Therewith a second Tiphys shall there be, Her hero-freight a second Argo bear; New wars too shall arise, and once again Some great Achilles to some Troy be sent. Then, when the mellowing years have made thee man, No more shall mariner sail, nor pine-tree bark Ply traffic on the sea, but every land Shall all things bear alike: the glebe no more Shall feel the harrow's grip, nor vine the hook; The sturdy ploughman shall loose yoke from steer, Nor wool with varying colours learn to lie; But in the meadows shall the ram himself, Now with soft flush of purple, now with tint

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Of yellow saffron, teach his fleece to shine. While clothed in natural scarlet graze the lambs. "Such still, such ages weave ye, as ye run," Sang to their spindles the consenting Fates By Destiny's unalterable decree. Assume thy greatness, for the time draws nigh, Dear child of gods, great progeny of Jove! See how it totters- the world's orbed might, Earth, and wide ocean, and the vault profound, All, see, enraptured of the coming time! Ah! might such length of days to me be given, And breath suffice me to rehearse thy deeds, Nor Thracian Orpheus should out-sing me then, Nor Linus, though his mother this, and that His sire should aid- Orpheus Calliope, And Linus fair Apollo. Nay, though Pan, With Arcady for judge, my claim contest, With Arcady for judge great Pan himself Should own him foiled, and from the field retire.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Begin to greet thy mother with a smile, O baby-boy! ten months of weariness For thee she bore: O baby-boy, begin! For him, on whom his parents have not smiled, Gods deem not worthy of their board or bed.

The waka is said to be the classic verse form of Japanese poetry. It is from the waka that most Japanese forms develop. Originally the term waka , which means "Japanese poem", simply identified a poem written in the Japanese language from kanshi which is a poem written in Chinese by Japanese poets. (Chinese was the language of early Japanese scholars and the earliest Japanese literature was mostly written in Chinese.) The early waka developed from Bussokuseki style verse which is an archaic poetic form with lines of 5-7-5-7-7-7. Today the term Bussokuseki refers to the ancient poems inscribed beside the stone Buddha Foot at Yakushi Temple in Nara.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as As a poetic genre, waka encompassed such verse forms as the choka, katuata, tanka, renga and sedoka but in time it was only identified with the short poem, the frame of the tanka. The brevity of the waka allows the poet to provide a miniscule glimpse into a perceived subject. It limits the poet to a specific count of 31 onji, in English we use the less complicated, syllable. The result of which is defined images, exacting dialog, and a concentrated taste of the poet's world. It does not allow for storytelling, moral definition or expressions of religious devotion. Early poems in waka form were more often sorrowful than joyful. Sorrow over the passing of time was a dominant theme. The ancient custom of writing a "Death Poem" was often written in waka verse. If only I had Merely watched as they fell --The plum blossoms--But, alas, their fragrance Lingers still on my sleeve.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as --- Sosei (859-897) from Seeds in the Heart by Keene Today the waka appears on the surface to be the same as the tanka (short song). The physical structure is rooted in the same earth. However, the early waka was written by nobles and commoners alike and tended to use plain language and remained true to the experience. While the tanka was originally considered court poetry in classical language and it was acceptable for the experience to be imagined. The line between waka and tanka is very thin and seems to be defined more by time line than definition. The terms in today's world seem interchangeable and tanka is the favored. In my attempt to discover and understand nuances of poetic forms, I view and offer the forms as separate. The waka is: 1. a cinquain, written in 5 lines. 2. syllabic, 5-7-5-7-7 syllables. 31 onji, in English, 31 syllables. 3. true to the heart of the poet. The inspiration is to be drawn from the experience. 4. an early model for the tanka and many other Japanese forms.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 5. gathered into collections. In most Japanese anthologies poems are arranged in seasonal sequence followed by considered, poetic-worthy topics such as love or grief. Purple fades to white, early plum blossoms retire to nourish the earth. Summer will pass, soon the fall, I too pale, my eyes water. ----------- --- Judi Van Gorder Caccia in Italian,Catch in English, is a hunting song of the 14th and 15th centuries. It originally included two parts for voices who hunt each other. The lyrics were normally accompanied by a musical instrument. The Caccia or Catch is: 1. known to have been composed with random 11, 7 and 5 syllable lines. 2. usually carries a refrain at the end of the stanza.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 3. composed favoring onomatopoeia, incomplete phrases and the exclamatory statement. 4. lyrics framed by stanza and rhyme at the discretion of the poet. A Calligramme is a visual verse that almost draws a picture with the words placed on the page. It is named for Swiss poet, Guillaume Apollinaire's Calligrames (1918). The Calligrame can also be referred to as an The Ideogramme. It is visual verse that "relies heavily on typographical elements, design, and layout." Kaleidoscope The arrangement of typed words act a visual statement of the content. It is a kind of middle ground between the ancient Pattern Poems and the modern Concrete poem. It is figurative, creating recognizable symbols such as the heart, a fountain, the Eiffel Tower etc. This is in contrast with Concrete poetry which can be more abstract.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Circlet is a shape poem outlining a circle. It was created by Bena Parks and was found in Pathways for the Poet by Viola Berg 1977. The Circlet is: 1. a decastich, a 10 line poem made up of 2 cinquains. 2. syllabic, 2-4-6-8-10 10-8-6-4-2 syllables per line. 3. rhymed, rhyme scheme Abcde edcbA.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 4. composed with L1 repeated as L10. Concrete Poetry from the 1950s and 1960 is Visual Verse that attempts to make each shape an original image of the poem's theme. The shapes are often abstract and should be unique to the particular piece. It was prominent in Swiss and Brazilian poetry, and a host of European poets joined the movement and eventually found its way to the US where poets such as Rosenthal, John Hollander and May Swenson brought it to a more mainstream form. Every source I researched makes note that the poem does not necessarily retain its meaning when read aloud. The physical shape provides what the words lack and allows the poet to ignore standard syntax and sequencing. Remove the shape and you could destroy the poem. It is more an immediate experience of art like seeing a painting than the seemingly slower experience of art as a reader of literature. This is in contrast with other Visual verses such as Pattern Verse.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Christ-in-a-Rhyme is an invented verse form created and copyrighted by Christina Jussaume in her book My Walk with Jesus, 2006 which I found at Shadow Poetry. It is a shape poem that forms a cross when the poem is centered on the page. The verse was created in honor of Jussaume's mother and should carry a spiritual theme. Christ-in-a-Rhyme is: 5. stanzaic, written in 5 triplets. 6. syllabic, stanzas written in 8-14-7-5-5 syllables. 7. rhymed, triplets are monorhymed, aaa bbb ccc ddd eee. 8. Spaced by using &****& after each triplet if needed. Cyclus is shape poem found in Pathways for a Poet, it attempts to create a cycling pattern by syllable count. It is attributed to Marvin Davis Winsett. The Cyclus is: 9. a 12 line poem. 10. syllabic, syllables per line 2-4-6-6-4-2-2-4-6-6-4-2

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 11. unrhymed. The Hourglass is a shape poem when centered on the page it should form the outline of an hourglass. Apparently "shape poems" were a popular format used by American teachers in the 50s, this was also found in Pathways.... The Hourglass is: 12. a heptastich, a 7 line poem. 13. syllabic, 4-3-2-1-2-3-4 syllables per line. 14. unrhymed. The Joybell is another shape poem from Pathways. . . . When centered on the page it should form the outline of a bell. The Joybell is: 15. a hexastich, a poem in 6 lines. 16. syllabic, 1-2-2-2-4-4 syllables per line.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 17. unrhymed. The Lanterne is a shape poem, centered on the page to resemble the shape of a Japanese lantern. It originated as a nature poem, also called "shaped whimsy", created by 20th century American Lloyd F. Merrell and described in Pathways for a Poet. The foundation of the shape is similar to the Crapsey Cinquain but with fewer syllables per line. The verse form can be found on line at Instant Poems for Kids . It can also be found, spelled Lanturne, at Shadow Poetry. This can also be written in a chain. As with most chained verse since the Ancient Greek Echo Verse, the first word of the last line of the previous stanza becomes the first word of the next stanza. The Lanterne is: 18. a pentastich, a poem in 5 lines. 19. syllabic, 1-2-3-4-1 syllables per line. 20. is composed with no punctuation and no rhyme, each end-word should be strong.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 21. centered on the page. Since this is a concrete or shape poem, the length of the word on the page factors into the equation, syllable count is not enough to determine the selection. 22. title optional. Spring 23. new growth 24. strong thistles 25. crowd out flowers 26. weeds 27. --jvg Pattern Poetry, originally called Technopaegnia and now sometimes called Figure Poetry is the oldest of the visual verse forms. The form is thought to possibly date back to Crete 1700 B.C. Recognizable shapes, usually of natural objects were created visually by arranging letters, words and lines of verse. The shape enhances and contributes to the meaning of the poem. However the meaning of the words is not diminished if read aloud.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In classical Greek literature Meleager of Gadar's anthology of technopaegnia included a famous piece by Simias of Rhodes which was a poem that appeard in the shape of an egg. Not only was it shaped like an egg but it had to be read in an egg-like order; the last verse was to be savored after the first and then the second and the second last, until the center was finally reached. Some other classical poets who used the genre were Theocritus, Vestianus and Optatianus. Optatianus is credited as the inspiration for the poem, In Praise of the Holy Cross by Hrabanus Maurus (c784-856), Archbishop of Mainz, a Carolingian poet and theologian, which was the first printed pattern poem published in 1503. During the Renaissance, Fortunius Licetus (15771654), an Italian humanist, who wrote a book on hieroglyphics edited several volumes on the classical writers of technopaegnia. Pictorial is an invented form found at Shadow Poetry and introduced by Emily Romano, the shape of which is like descending stairs. The Pictorial is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 28. written in 3 lines of 5 words or less per line. 29. composed with the lines side by side and step progressed downward. 30. rhymed, rhyme scheme may be internal or end rhyme and pattern at the discretion of the poet. xxx-------------------------xxx-------------------------xxx ---xxx-------------------------xxx-------------------------xxx ------ xxx-------------------------xxx-------------------------xxx ----------xxx-------------------------xxx-------------------------xxx Star Sevlin is an invented shape poem that is supposed to form a star when centered on the page. It is found in Pathways for the Poet by Viola Berg 1977 and was created by Lilliann Mathilda Svenson. The Star Sevlin is: 31. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 32. iambic syllabic, iambic 4-6-8-6-8-6-4 syllables per line. 33. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbcaca.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 34. centered on the page. Tree of Life is an invented verse form written in the shape of a tree. Found at Poetry Styles and created by Christina Jusaumme who requests the subject of the poem be uplifting. The Tree of Life is: 35. a poem in 19 lines. 36. syllabic, 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-4-4-4-4-4-4. 37. unrhymed. 38. centered on the page. The Trianglet is an invented shape poem found in Berg's Pathways for the Poet. It forms the shape of a triangle and was created by Mina M Sutherland. The trianglet is: 39. a decastich, a poem in 10 lines. 40. syllabic, 1-2-3-4-5-5-4-3-2-1 syllables per line.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 41. rhymed, rhyme scheme AbcxddxcbA 42. composed with the 1st word repeated as the last word. Waltz Wave is a verse form found at Poet Freak that might be called the shape of the waltz. The Waltz Wave is: 43. a poem in 19 lines. 44. syllabic, 1-2-1-2-3-2-1-2-3-4-3-2-1-2-3-2-1-2-1 syllables per line. 45. unrhymed. Steven Hawking and Me by Geoffrey Le Voguer watch sunlight fade, gutter, and the moon vanish.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as stars like krill in baleen filters of an endless ocean's night consumed, and believe that it was all for you The Wheelchair Angel Style is a poem that attempts to create sillouette shape of a man in a wheelchair. Found at Poetry Styles this invented verse form was introduced by Pat Simpson to honor poet, Michael L. Schuh and who suggests the content include reference to a wheelchair. It was found at Poetry Styles.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Wheelchair Angel Style is: 46. a poem in 25 lines. 47. syllabic, 2-2-3-4-3-2-1-3 5-8-8-8-10-8-8-8-8-8-8 4-4-6-4-4 10. L20 thru L24 are split, to create the illusion of wheels. xx 48. x x 49. x x x 50. x x x x 51. x x x 52. x x 53. x 54. x x x 55. x x x x x 56. x x x x x x x x 57. x x x x x x x x 58. x x x x x x x x 59. x x x x x x x x x x

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 60. x x x x x x x x 61. x x x x x x x x 62. x x x x x x x x 63. x x x x x x x x 64. x x x x x x x x 65. x x x x x x x x 66. x x ------- x x 67. x x ------- x x 68. x x x ----- x x x 69. x x ------- x x 70. x x ------- x x 71. x x x x x x x x x x Zany ZigZag Five is an invented form that seems a little "zany". Created by Pat Simpson who requests that the word zigzag be included in the body of the poem. It was found at Poetry Styles. The Zany ZigZag Five is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 72. strophic, any number of lines may be written. 73. metered at the discretion of the poet. 74. rhymed, the scheme of the rhyme is at the discretion of the poet. 75. lines aligned in a zig zag pattern. Although I have not seen an example, I can only assume this should appear something like: xxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxx xxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Canso, Chanso, Chanson French, Occitan and Provincial love songs, made popular in 12th century Europe by the troubadours which constantly strove for originality and perfection of form. The lines between the 3 terms is blurred. The Chanson is believed to be the inspiration for the Italian Canzone. The verse often exhalted a lady love. Courtly Compliment is a sub genre of the Chanson. The Canso, Chanso or Chanson are: 1. stanzaic, usually 5 or 6 nonce stanzas of identical pattern. 2. expected to be original in form. The metric length of the line, the number of lines in a stanza, the rhyme scheme was expected to be different from anything that had gone before. 3. often ended by an envoy or tornada structured in the same pattern as the last half of the previous stanzas. (The Occitan tornada is a dedication to a patron or friend added at the end of verse while the French envoy is a summation of the theme added to the end of the verse. ) Courtly Compliment is a genre of poetry from medieval times that helped set the attitude of chivalrous behavior toward ladies. Spread by the Occitan troubadours it was the literary concept of love until the 19th century. The verse is lyrical, praising a lady love with the frame of the poem at the poet's discretion. This metrical romance is a sub genre of Chanson Andrew Marvel's The Fair Singer is an example of a Courtly Compliment

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

The Dickson Nocturne seems to be an exercise in meter. It was created by Margaret Ball Dickson who at one time was head of Creative Writing at Valparaiso University, Indiana. The Dickson Nocturne is: 76. strophic, a 12 line poem made up of a tercet, a quatrain and a cinquain. 77. L1,L2, L4, L5, L6, L8, L9, L11 are dactylic trimeter, some catalectic (dropping a syllable at the end) and L3,L7,L10,L12 are iambic dimeter. L3, L7 and L12 are a repeated refrain.

The Dionol created by Dion O'Donnell is another exercise in meter. This form employs a rentrament which the repetatition of a phrase from one line as a line elsewhere in the poem. The Dionol is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 78. an octave with a rentrament as an added line, the last phrase of L2 is repeated as L9. 79. metered, iambic pentameter with L9 iambic trimeter. 80. abcddcbab. Dr Stella is a verse using sequential rhyme. It was developed by James Gray in honor of Dr Stella Woodall who was at one time president of the American Poetry League and editor of a couple of poetry magazines. The Dr Stella is: 81. an octave made up of 2 quatrains. 82. metered, alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter. 83. rhymed, abcdabcd. L2 and L6 have feminine end words. The Dorsimbra seems to have been a collaborative project. Created in 3 parts by 3 poets, Frieda Dorris, Robert Simonton and Eve Braden. The Dorsimbra is: 84. a 12 line poem, made up of 3 different framed quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 85. composed with the first quatrain metered, iambic pentameter, the second quatrain, 4 lines of free verse, and the third quatrain blank verse, which is unrhymed iambic pentameter. 86. rhymed, Abab xxxx xxxA. 87. L1 is repeated as the refrain in L12. The Douzet is a verse form with a unique rhyme scheme in the last quatrain. An exercise in meter and rhyme found in Pathways but is attributed to an unknown which Berg found in Clement Wood's Poet's Craft Book 1936, a book I have yet to get my hands on. The Douzet is: 88. a 12 line poem made up of 3 quatrains. 89. metered, iambic pentameter. 90. abba cddc abcd. The Duni has a complicated metric pattern and includes a pivot or change of thought in L6. Created by Mildred Dewey.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Duni is: 91. a heptastich, 7 line poem. 92. metered, L1 1 dactyl followed by 2 trochees and an Iamb L2 3 iambs L3 a trochee followed by an anapest and 2 iambs L4 3 iambs L5 3 iambs L6 4 iambs L7 1 iamb, followed by an anapest and an iamb 93. composed with a pivot or change of thought in L6. 94. rhymed, rhyme scheme abcacba. The Fialka is a strophic form with little restriction other than meter. The form was created by Viola Garner 20th century poet and educator. Fialka is Viola in Bohemian.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Fialka is: 95. strophic, may be written in any number of lines. 96. metric, written in amphibrach (short/long/short) trimeter. 97. unrhymed. Open Blinds We wake with the warmth of the sunshine that falls without hesitant sureness across our disheveled covers and greets our awakening gently. ---Judi Van Gorder The Frieze is a verse form that appears to be an exercise in feminine rhyme. Attributed to Olivia Freeman. The Frieze is: 98. a poem in 9 lines.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 99. metered, iambic trimeter. 100. composed with L2, L4, and L8 with feminine ending. 101. rhymed, rhyme scheme abcbacabc. The Gardenia is a verse form that focuses on the amphibrach like the Fialka only in shorter lines. Created by Viola Gardner. The Gardenia is: 102. a decastich (10 line poem) made up of 5 couplets. 103. metered, amphibraic dimeter (2 amphibrachs) 104. rhymed, aabbccddee. The La Velle is a verse form that combines couplets and triplets and was created by Nel Moldglin. The La Velle is: 105. a poem in 15 lines, made up of 3 couplets and 3 triplets beginning with a couplet followed by 3 triplets and ending in 2 rhymed couplets.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 106. metered at the discretion of the poet. 107. rhymed, each stanza is monorhymed, rhyme scheme aa bbb ccc ddd ee aa. The first and last couplets carry the same rhyme. The Lady's Slipperis a verse form that plays with internal rhyme within a very short line. The tiny poem with the close rhyme lends itself to silliness. It was originated by Viola Gardner The Lady's Slipper is: 108. a tristich, a poem in 3 lines. 109. metered, iambic trimeter lines. uS-uS-uS. 110. composed with internal rhyme in each line. 111. designed for the last line to leave the reader thinking, questioning. Training Day Within the open pen

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as a filly kicks and tricks a cowgirl with a curl ---jvg The Latova which I can only assume it was created by the author Viola Berg. This invented verse form appears to be an exercise in trochaic meter. The Latova is: 112. a poem in 18 lines made up of 2 9 line stanzas. 113. metered, trochaic tetrameter, the final foot of each line is catalectic. (drop the last unstressed syllable) 114. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbcccbaa deefffedd. The Laurel is another invented verse form created by Viola Berg that switches meter and rhyme between stanzas. The Laurel is: 115. a poem in 24 lines, made up of 4 sixains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 116. metric, L1, L3, L4, L5 are iambic tetrameter, L2 and L6 are iambic trimeter. 117. rhyme, abcccb adeeed fghhhg fijjji. 118. the trimeter lines are indented. The Louise is a stanzaic form that seems to be an exercise in using feminine and masculine endings. It was created by Viola Berg. The Louise is: 119. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 120. metered. L1, L2, L3 are pentameter (5 metric feet), L4 is iambic dimeter (2 metric feet) 121. composed with L1 and L3 with feminine (unstressed) endings. 122. rhymed. L2 and L4 rhyme. Rhyme scheme xaxa xbxb etc x being unrhymed. Land Ho! So long ago, adventure for a sailor,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as with well supplied, staunch ships Columbus sailed without a means to navigate the water New land they hailed. --------------------- - jvg Lyra Chord is an invented verse form created by L. Ensley Hutton. The Lyra Chord is: 123. an octastich. 124. metered, L1,L2,L3,L5,L7 & L8 iambic pentameter, L4 & L6 iambic dimeter. 125. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbcacdd. L1 & L5 also have internal rhyme. The Lyrelle is a stanzaic form that seems to be an exercise in metric line length. It was created by Velta Myrtle Allea Sanford. The Lyrelle is: 126. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 127. metered, iambic. L1 dimeter, L2 trimeter, L3 tetrameter, L4 pentameter. 128. rhymed, rhyme scheme abab Lyrelling I'm late again I am computer bound the words I write in meter penned, although in truth I do not like the sound. ------------------- ---Judi Van Gorder Medallion is an invented verse form is a shape poem using predominantly trochaic meter. This form was created Lilian Mathilda Svenson. The Medallion is: 129. a poem in 9 lines. 130. metric, L1-L8 are trochaic and L9 is iambic. Syllables per line 4-7-8-7-9-10-9-7-4. As you can tell from the odd numbered syllable count of L2, L4, L5, L7 & L8, these lines are either catalectic or

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as acephaletic (dropping either the end syllable or first syllable from the line). For this form, although it is not so instructed, the example poem is catalectic. 131. rhymed, rhyme scheme xabccbadd 132. shaped. The poem should be centered on the page. Metric Pyramid is a verse form that builds a pyramid from the top down with lengthening metric feet per line, created by John Milton Smither. The Metric Pyramid is: 133. a shape poem, center the poem on the page. 134. an octastich, a poem in 8 lines. 135. metric, graduated iambic metric feet in each line. 1-2-3-4-5-67-8 metric feet per line. 136. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbaabba. Neville is a verse form with a combination of trimeter and tetrameter lines, created in honor of Mrs. Neville Saylor by James B. Gray.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Neville is: 137. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 138. metric, L1, L4, & L7 are iambic tetrameter and L2,L3,L5 & L6 are iambic trimeter. 139. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbacca. Macy's Parade Day At times like these when nights are long and cold becomes a skean that stabs my flesh between my shoulder blades, the wind is strong. I bundle for the chill, wool scarf a codicil, then venture out to join the throng. The Palette creates a vivid word painting within a brief and lyrical poem. It is simply a short poem, using vivid imagery. This genre was specified by

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Viola Berg. There is no prescribed structure or rhyme. The only mandate is the poem should create a brilliant image in the reader's mind. The Palette is: 140. a word painting. 141. framed at the discretion of the poet. Poor Man's Rhododendron A white blossom rounded with a blush, a hint of pale pink on the soft curve of each lazy petal that spreads wide to catch the sun's kiss. ------- jvg

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Quinnette is "designed for the elfin or humorous or for nature themes." (that is the 2nd time I came across this statement in Pathways. ~~smile~~This was created by Ethelyn Miller Hartwich. The Quinnette is: 142. a decastich made up of 2 quintains. 143. metric, each quintain is written in trochaic tetrameter accept L3 which is trochaic trimeter. 144. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabaaccbcc. The Quintanelle challenges the poet to write a complete sentence and break it into 5 metric lines with rhyme. This stanzaic form was introduced by Lyra Lu Vaile. The Quintanelle is: 145. stanzaic, written in any number of quintains. 146. metered, L1, L2, L5 pentameter, L3 dimeter and L4 trimeter. Each quintain should be one complete iambic sentence.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 147. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabbb, ccddd etc. The Quintette is an invented verse form with an unusually placed refrain. It was created by Fay Lewis Noble. The Quintette is: 148. a poem in 15 lines made up of 3 quintains. 149. metric, stanza 1 & 3 are iambic pentameter, stanza 2 all lines are iambic, L1,L5 are dimeter and L3 is pentameter and L2,L4 are tetrameter. 150. L1 of the 1st stanza is repeated as L3 of the 2nd stanza and L5 of the 3rd stanza. 151. rhymed, rhyme scheme Ababb acAca dadaA. The Repete is an invented form similar to the Rondel. It was introduced by Viola Berg. Although it is 14 lines it does not pretend to be a sonnet. The Repete is: 152. a quatorzain made up of an octave and a sestet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 153. metric, iambic tetrameter 154. rhymed, turned on only 2 rhymes, rhyme scheme ABababAB ababAB 155. L1 becomes a refrain repeated L7 & L13 and L2 is a refrain repeated in L8 & L14. The Ripple Echo is an invented stanzaic form that "begins and ends its stanzas with rhyming ripple and echo couplets". I am not quite what that means but it sounds fun. What I am sure of is, L2 and L8 of each octave are anapestic mono meter rhyming with the previous line. This form was introduced by L. Ensley Hutton. The Ripple Echo is: 156. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves, made up of 4 rhymed couplets. 157. metric, L1,L3,L4,L5,L6,L7 are catalectic trochaic tetrameter, L2 & L8 are anapestic monometer. 158. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabbccdd.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 159. L2 & L8 are indented. The Rosemary is an invented verse form that uses envelope quatrains. It was introduced by Viola Berg. The Rosemary is: 160. a poem in 12 lines, made up of a rhymed couplet, 2 envelope quatrains followed by a rhymed couplet. 161. metric, iambic pentameter 162. rhymed aabccbdeedff. 163. L4,L5 and L8,L9 are indented. The Sacred Signia is an invented verse form is a decastich. Introduced by Viola Berg. The Sacred Signia is: 164. a decastich, a poem in 10 lines. 165. metric, L1,L3,L5,L7-L10 are iambic pentameter and L2,L4,L6 are iambic dimeter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 166. rhymed, rhyme scheme ababcbccaa. San Hsien (three strings) is another invented verse form in a decastich. It was created by Jessamine Fishback. The San Hsien is: 167. a decastich, a poem in 10 lines. 168. metric, iambic dimeter. L1 is acephaletic (drops the 1st unstressed syllable). 169. rhyme, rhyme scheme ABbaccabBA. 170. composed with a refrain, L1 & L2 are repeated as L9 & L10 in reverse. Seafonn (Anglo Saxon for seven) is a verse form named for its total number of lines, introduced by Elizabeth Maxwell Phelps.An argument is presented in the first 5 lines and the counter point in the ending couplet. A lot to jam into such a short frame. The Seafonn is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 171. a heptastich made up of quintain followed by a couplet. 172. metric, iambic tetrameter, with L2 and L5 catalectic. 173. rhymed, abccb aa. Sestennelle is a stanzaic invented form introduced by Lyra LuVaile with a variable meter. The Sestenelle is: 174. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains made up of 2 tercets. The original is 3 sixains. 175. metric, iambic, L1&L4 a dimeter, L2&L5 are trimeter and L3&L6 are pentameter. 176. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabccb ddeffe gghiih etc. 177. suggested that the lines be centered. Sevenelle is a stanzaic invented form created by Virginia Noble which cannot only be found in "Pathways..." but is also in the Study and Writing of Poetry by Amy Jo Zook and Wauneta Hackleman, 1996.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Sevenelle is: 178. stanzaic, written in no less than 2 septets, each made up of a rhymed couplet, tercet and couplet in that order. 179. metric, iambic tetrameter. 180. rhymed, aabbbCC ddeeeCC etc. 181. composed with L6&L7 of the first stanza repeated as refrain in the last 2 lines of all subsequent stanzas. Sonnette appears to be an invented attempt to write a half sonnet, introduced by Sherman Ripley. The Sonnette is: 182. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines made up of a quatrain followed by a tercet. 183. metric, iambic pentameter. 184. rhymed, abba cbc.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Stellar is an invented stanzaic form framed in octaves and introduced by Viola Berg. The Stellar is: 185. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 186. metric, iambic L1-L4, & L8 are tetrameter, L5 & L6 are catalectic pentameter and L8 is dimeter. 187. rhymed, ababccdd efefgghh etc. 188. because L5 &L6 are catalectic, they have feminine endings. The Trillium is an invented verse form, a pentastich with long and short lines. The Trillium is: 189. a pentastich, a poem in 5 lines. 190. metric, iambic, L1 & L5 are trimeter and L2 - L4 are catalectic, hexameter. 191. rhymed, abbba.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 192. because L2-L4 are catalectic they will have feminine endings. The Tulip is an invented verse form, a tetrastich with a combination of metric patterns. It was introduced by Viola Gardener. The Tulip is: 193. a tetrastich, a poem in 4 lines. 194. metric, L1 & L3 are iambic pentameter, L2 i dimeter, a spondee followed by an amphibrach and L4 is dimeter, an iamb followed by an amphibrach. 195. rhymed abab. 196. because of the amphibrach foot at the end of L2 & L4 they have feminine endings. The Virelet is an invented variation of the French Virelai and was introduced by Viola Berg. The Virelet is: 197. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 198. isometric with a stanzaic frame of long/short/long/short lines set by the first stanza. The actual metric length and pattern of the alternate lines is at the discretion of the poet. 199. rhymed, interlocking rhyme abab bcbc cdcd etc. The Wavelet is an invented verse form alternating couplets and tercets and introduced by Marie L. Blanche Adams. The Wavelet is: 200. poem in 12 lines made up of 3 couplets alternating with 2 tercets. 201. metric, the couplets are catalectic iambic trimeter and the tercets are iambic tetrameter, 202. rhymed, aabcbddeceff. Zenith is a stanzaic form with meter and line length left to the discretion of the poet. It was introduced by Viola Berg. The Zenith is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 203. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains. 204. meter at discretion of poet. 205. rhymed, abcabc defdef etc. Dcima, Dcima Espinela, Espinela, the Dcima Italiana and the Italian Dcima Rima Dcima is a Spanish term of the 14th and 15th centuries referring to any 10 line stanza. In the 16th century, the poet adventurer Vencinente Espinela developed the Dcima into the verse form of today the Dcima or Dcima Espinela or simply Espinela . By whatever title, it is commonly referred to as "the little sonnet". The Dcima or Dcima Espinela or Espinela is: 1. stanzaic, written in any number of 10 line stanzas. 2. syllabic, 8 syllables per line. 3. rhymed, abba : accddc . The colon represents a pause, therefore L4 should be end stopped. 4. composed with the 7th syllable of every line stressed. (This is probably easier to do in Spanish than in English.)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 5. variable. There is a variation of the Espinela that is written in 12 line stanzas rhyme abba : accddcxd, x being unrhymed. The Dcima Italiana appeared in 18th century Spain. There are 2 variations, the first true to the original 8 syllable 10 line Dcima with the only variable the rhyme scheme. In Italian verse, this variation is called the Dcima Rima. The 2nd variation is written in Italianate lines with a variable rhyme scheme. The Dcima Italiana is: 1. 2. 3. stanzaic, written in any number of 10 line stanzas. syllabic, 8 syllables per line, or in Italianate lines (mixed or irregular 11 and 7 syllable lines). rhymed, ababc : dedec , the c rhyme must be oxytone or masculine rhyme, L5 must be end stopped. Variation: rhymed and paused at the discretion of the poet as long as a oxytone rhyme is placed at the end of the pause and end of the line. Something like aaab : bccabb or ababbc : aabc etc

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as urse or Imprecation (from Latin imprecat - pray), is an utterance of God, or of a person invoking God to consign a person or thing to destruction, divine vengeance, misery etc. It is verse written to invoke or call down evil on a person, the opposite of Charm. As a genre of verse it calls for divine assistance against a foe; it is the belief in the negative power of words to bring ill will or harm against an enemy. Obviously it is not very Christian, turning the other cheek and all, but the first Christians of the Western world were pagans first. Naturally their history would influence their future. I imagine the sounds of the words should be heavy and dark. Here is my version of a curse, I guess there is a bit of pagan in me too.

Dragon Damned are the dragons of doom, denied, dispelled despised, those who break the bodies of bairns to tame their own twisted desires, their selfish secrets succor sin,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as staining purity, raping innocence. Down into putrid bowels of perversion descends the debauchery of the damned. Denied, dispelled, despised, Damned are the dragons of doom. --- Judi Van Gorder Cleave Poetry is a poetic genre in which 3 separate poems are intertwined into one woven poem. "The word cleave is a contranym, a word with 2 opposite meanings: verb 1) split or sever along a natural grain or line. 2) divide; split. verb 1) stick fast to. 2) become strongly involved with or emotionally attached to. " Old English Compact Oxford English Dictionary There seems to be a movement to promote the verse form at Wordpress. The 3 poems are written with meter, rhyme and number of lines at the poet's discretion. The one requirement is to create side by side poems that

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as can be merged into one poem. Faceted Diamond is a verse form that is probably as complicated to read as to write. It is an invented form found at Poetry Base and was invented by American poet Cory S Sylvester. Like the Cleave and the Trigee there are 3 poems in 1 but unlike the others, the reader may need clues to understand how to read the 3. The Faceted Diamond is: 1. 3 poems in 15 lines. 2. syllabic, 1-2-3-4-5-6--7-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1. The even # lines break half way. (Poetry Base suggests the poem could be longer as long as it is an odd number of lines, but I am not going there. You can check with PB if you are curious.) 3. unrhymed. 4. centered on the page. x 5. x ---- x 6. x x x

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 7. x x ---- x x 8. x x x x x 9. x x x ---- x x x 10. x x x x x x x 11. x x x x ---- x x x x 12. x x x x x x x 13. x x x ------ x x x 14. x x x x x 15. x x ----x x 16. x x x 17. x ---- x 18. x 19. 1. The poem can be read in whole and... 2. A second poem can be read by reading the odd numbered lines and the first half of the even numbered lines and .... 3. A third poem can be read by reading the odd numbered lines and the second half of the even numbered lines. All 3 poems should make sense.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Trigee poems can be found on the internet but the description of the genre came from a forum member who encountered it on another poetry forum. It appears to be the same as the Cleave, a nonce verse in which side by side poems merge into one poem. Alliterative Acrostic Trigee takes the concept of 3 poems in 1 to another level. It was presented as a challenge on a poetry forum. A three in one poem (Trigee), alliterated and the first letter of each line spells a word. Titan Tall tasks talk to me . . . . . . . . . .. . . Ten times over I try in tantamount with the tax . . . . . . . . to temper tradition tame and trip thought. . . . . . . . . . . . tell a timeless tale and tender a tome . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . testament of truth not terse nor tentative but . . . . . . .. . to be tenable to a tempest

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

The Abercrombie is a stanza pattern using sprung rhythm and an interlocking rhyme scheme. It is patterned after Hymn to Love by British poet, Lascelles Abacrombie (1881-1938). The Abercrombie is: 20. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves made up of 2 quatrains. 21. metric, written in sprung rhythm with L1,L3,L5,L7 are pentameter, L2 & L6 are tetrameter and L4 & L8 is trimeter. 22. rhymed, interlocking rhyme scheme abac dbdc, efeg hfhg, etc. L4 and L8 are feminine rhyme. The interlocking rhyme is within the octave and does not extend to the next octave. Hymn to Love by Lascelles Abercrombie We are thine, O Love, being in thee and made of thee, As thou, Love, were the dep thought

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And we the speech of the thought; yea, spoken are we, Thy fires of thought out-spoken: But burn'd not through us thy imagining Like firce mood in a song caught, We were as clamour'd words a fool may fling, Loose words, of meaning broken. For what more like the brainless speech of a fool, The lives travelling dark fears, And as a boy throws pebbles in a pool Thrown down abysmal places? Hazardous are the stars, yet is our birth And our journeying time theirs; As words of air, life makes of starry earth Sweet soul-delighted faces; As voices are we in the worldly wind; The great wind of the world's fate Is turn'd, as air to a shapen sound, to mind

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And marvellous desires. But not in the world as voices storm-shatter'd, Not borne down by the wind's weight; The rushing time rings with our splendid word Like darkness fill'd with fires. For Love doth use us for a sound of song, And Love's meaning our life wields, Making our souls like syllables to throng His tunes of exultation. Down the blind speed of a fatal world we fly, As rain blown along earth's fields; Yet are we god-desiring liturgy, Sung joys of adoration; Yea, made of chance and all a labouring strife, We go charged with a strong flame; For as a language Love hath seized on life His burning heart to story.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Yea, Love, we are thine, the liturgy of thee, Thy thought's golden and glad name, The mortal conscience of immortal glee, Love's zeal in Love's own glory. The Arnold is a stanzaic pattern that links stanzas with rhyme. It is named for English poet Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) and patterned after his poem The Hymn of Empedocles. Arnold was actually better known for writing the classic Dover Beach. The Arnold is: 23. stanzaic, written in any even number of cinquains. 24. metered, L1 through L4 are trimeter, L5 is hexameter. 25. rhymed. L1 through L4 are alternating rhyme, L5 rhymes with line 5 of the next stanza. The L5 rhyme changes every 2 stanzas. Rhyme scheme: ababc dedec fgfgh ijijh etc. 26. L1 through L4 are indented 9 spaces. Now that is getting specific. The Hymn of Empedocles by Mathew Arnold

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as IS it so small a thing To have enjoy'd the sun, To have lived light in the spring, To have loved, to have thought, to have done; To have advanced true friends, and beat down baffling foes; That we must feign a bliss Of doubtful future date, And while we dream on this Lose all our present state, And relegate to worlds yet distant our repose? Not much, I know, you prize What pleasures may be had, Who look on life with eyes Estranged, like mine, and sad: And yet the village churl feels the truth more than you;

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Who 's loth to leave this life Which to him little yields: His hard-task'd sunburnt wife, His often-labour'd fields; The boors with whom he talk'd, the country spots he knew. But thou, because thou hear'st Men scoff at Heaven and Fate; Because the gods thou fear'st Fail to make blest thy state, Tremblest, and wilt not dare to trust the joys there are. I say, Fear not! life still Leaves human effort scope. But, since life teems with ill, Nurse no extravagant hope. Because thou must not dream, thou need'st not then despair.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Binyon is an envelope verse form with refrain patterned after the poem O World, Be Nobler by 19th century English poet Laurence Binyon. Binyon is known as a World War I poet. O World, is not his best known work, he is better known for For the Fallen which is often used in military memorial services. The Binyon is: 27. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 28. metered, iambic tetrameter. 29. rhymed, rhyme scheme AbccbaA. 30. composed with a refrain, the 1st line is repeated as the last line. O World, Be Nobler O WORLD, be nobler, for her sake! If she but knew thee what thou art, What wrongs are borne, what deeds are done In thee, beneath thy daily sun, Know'st thou not that her tender heart

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as For pain and very shame would break? O World, be nobler, for her sake! -- Laurence Binyon (1869-1943) The Blunden is named for the English World War I poet, Edmund Blunden (1896- 1933 or 1974??), a stanzaic form with variable meter patterned after his poem The Survival. Blunden unlike most "War Poets", wrote about the loss of beauty in the war torn landscape of France. The easy rhythm of the form brings a kind of melancholy to the poem. This poem could almost be considered a dbat. Two voices are heard, the mind's need to cope versus the soul's devastation at the mindless destruction. The Blunden is: 31. metered, L1, L3, L4, L5 iambic tetrameter and L2, L6 iambic trimeter. 32. stanzaic, any number of sexains or sixains (6 line stanzas). 33. rhymed, rhyme scheme abccab deffde etc. The Survival by Edmund Blunden

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as To-day's house makes to-morrow's road; I knew these heaps of stone When they were walls of grace and might, The country's honour, art's delight That over fountain'd silence show'd Fame's final bastion. Inheritance has found fresh work, Disunion union breeds; Beauty the strong, its difference lost, Has matter fit for flood and frost. Here's the true blood that will not shirk Life's new-commanding needs. With curious costly zeal, O man, Raise orrery and ode; How shines your tower, the only one Of that especial site and stone! And even the dream's confusion can Sustain to-morrow's road.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Bridges is a stanzaic form with a formal tone created by the long and short lines and exact rhyme scheme. It is patterned after Nightingales by English poet Robert Bridges(1844-1930). The Bridges is: 34. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains. 35. metered, L1,L2, L4 of each stanza is iambic hexameter, L5 iambic pentameter and L3 and L6 are dimeter. 36. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabccb ddeffe etc. Nightingales by Robert Bridges (first stanza) BEAUTIFUL must be the mountains whence ye come, And bright in the fruitful valleys the streams, wherefrom Ye learn your song: Where are those starry woods? O might I wander there, Among the flowers, which in that heavenly air

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Bloom the year long! The de la Mare is a verse form patterned after Fare Well by English poet, Walter De La Mare (1873-1956). De La Mare is better known for his poem The Listeners. The de la Mare is: 37. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves made up of 2 quatrains. 38. metered, quatrains of 3 tetrameter lines followed by a dimeter line. 39. rhymed, xaxaxbxb xcxcxdxd etc. x being unrhymed. 40. composed with alternating feminine and masculine end words, only the masculine end words are rhymed. Fare Well by Walter de la Mare (first stanza) When I lie where shades of darkness Shall no more assail mine eyes, Nor the rain make lamentation When the wind sighs;

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as How will fare the world whose wonder Was the very proof of me? Memory fades, must the remembered Perishing be? The de Tabley is a verse form patterned after Chorus from Medea by John Leicester Warren, Lord de Tabley (1835-1895). De Tabley's poetry reflected his study of the classics and his passion for detail. The de Tabley is: 41. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 42. metric, alternating iambic pentameter and iambic trimeter lines. L1 of each stanza begins with a trochee Su. 43. rhymed, rhymed scheme abab cdcd etc. Chorus from Medea by John Leicester Warren, Lord de Tabley (first stanza) SWEET are the ways of death to weary feet,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Calm are the shades of men. The phantom fears no tyrant in his seat, The slave is master then. The Dixon measures the differences between masculine and feminine rhyme. Patterned after the poem Willow by English poet, Richard Watson Dixon (1833-1900) The Dixon is: 44. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains made up of 2 tercets. 45. metered, trimeter 46. rhymed, rhyme scheme aab ccb. The b rhymes are strong, masculine, the rhyme on a stressed end syllable. The a and c rhymes are feminine or falling rhymes, the rhyme is in the stressed syllable of an end word ending in an unstressed syllable. The Feathers of the Willow by Richard Watson Dixon (first stanza) THE feathers of the willow

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Are half of them grown yellow ---------- Above the swelling stream; And ragged are the bushes, And rusty now the rushes, ---------- And wild the clouded gleam. The Dobson is named for Henry Austin Dobson (1840-1921), 19th century English poet, patterned from his The Garden Song. Dobson was respected in his time for his use of French forms especially his mastery of the Triolet. The Dobson is: 47. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains made up of 3 rhymed couplets. 48. metered, most often written in tetrameter. 49. rhymed, rhyme scheme aabbcc ddeeff etc. A Garden Song by Henry Austin Dobson (first stanza)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as HERE in this sequester'd close Bloom the hyacinth and rose, Here beside the modest stock Flaunts the flaring hollyhock; Here, without a pang, one sees Ranks, conditions, and degrees. Wake Up Call The yellow daffodils appear, a season preview, Spring is near. Though winter's silence still is heard in time, new life is undeterred. Awake and open up your eyes the garden offers up the prize. ------------- --- Judi Van Gorder The Donne is named for the English Poet, John Donne (1573-1631) patterned after his A Hymn to God the Father. John Donne was known as a

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as metaphysical poet and his poetic style directly influenced the poetry of the 16th century. The Donne is: 50. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains. 51. metered, L1 through L4 are pentameter, L5 tetrameter and L6 is dimeter. 52. rhymed, with an alternating rhyme scheme ababab. The rhyme scheme maintains the same 2 rhymes throughout the poem ababab ababab etc. Hymn to God the Father by John Donne (first stanza) WILT Thou forgive that sin where I begun, --- Which was my sin, though it were done before? Wilt Thou forgive that sin, through which I run, --- And do run still, though still I do deplore? ------ When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done, ---------------- For I have more.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Done Donne How can I find a way to write like Donne, When comes the fun, who cracks the door? My words are poor, like weeds without the sun. I can't find rhyme or pun, I am a bore. I walk the floor, what have I won? Foul done, no score. --- Rex Allen Brewer The Dowson is patterned after the poem They Are Not Long, the Weeping and the Laughing by English poet Ernest Dowson (1867-1900). It is this poem that coined the phrase, "the days of wine and roses." Dowson died at the age of 32 a direct result of his alcholism. The Dowson is: 53. stanzaic, 2 quatrains. 54. metered, L1-L3 pentameter, L2 trimeter, L4 dimeter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 55. rhymed abab cdcd, L1-L3 of each stanza ends in feminine rhyme and L2-L4 is masculine rhyme. They Are Not Long, The Weeping and the Laughing by Ernest Dowson (last stanza) They are not long, the days of wine and roses: Out of a misty dream Our path emerges for awhile, then closes Within a dream. The Fletcher is a verse form that employs long and short lines, from the poem Away, Delights by John Fletcher (1579-1625) The Fletcher is: 56. 2 octaves made up of 2 quatrains each. 57. metered, L1, L3, L5, L8 are pentameter and L2, L4, L6, L7 are dimeter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 58. rhymed ababcdcd efefghgh , L1 and L3 of each octave are feminine rhyme. Away, Delights! By John Fletcher (1st stanza) AWAY, delights! go seek some other dwelling, For I must die. Farewell, false love! thy tongue is ever telling Lie after lie. For ever let me rest now from thy smarts; Alas, for pity go And fire their hearts That have been hard to thee! Mine was not so. The Gilbert is a verse form in which a theme reoccurs in different settings from stanza to stanza. It is named for William Schwenk Gilbert (1836-1911) of Gilbert and Sullivan fame, (operettas for which Gilbert provided the lyrics). The form is patterned after his poem The House of Peers.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Gilbert is: 59. written in 3 septets. 60. metered, L1,L3,L4,L6,L7 are tetrameter , L2 and L5 are trimeter. 61. rhymed, rhyme scheme xabbacc xdeedff etc. x being unrhymed. The House of Peers by WS Gilbert When Britain really ruled the waves (In good Queen Bess's time) The House of Peers made no pretence To intellectual eminence, Or scholarship sublime; Yet Britain won her proudest bays In good Queen Bess's glorious days! When Wellington thrashed Bonaparte, As every child can tell, The House of Peers, throughout the war,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Did nothing in particular, And did it very well; Yet Britain set the world ablaze In good King George's glorious days! And while the House of Peers withholds Its legislative hand, And noble statesmen do not itch To interfere with matters which They do not understand, As bright will shine Great Britain's rays, As in King George's glorious days! The Herrick makes use of alternating feminine and masculine end words. It is a verse form named for Robert Herrick (1591-1674) and patterned after his poem To the Virgins to Make Much Time. The Herrick is: 62. stanzaic, a poem of 4 quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 63. metered, alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines. Odd number lines are tetrameter ,even numbered lines are trimeter. 64. rhyme, rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef ghgh. Odd numbered lines are masculine rhyme, even numbered lines have feminine rhyme. To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time by Robert Herrick (1st stanza) Gather ye rose-buds while ye may: Old Time is still a-flying; And this same flower that smiles to-day, To-morrow will be dying. The Kipling is a stanzaic form that uses anapestic and iambic meter with internal rhyme. Named for Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) and patterned after his poem L' Envoi. The Kipling is: 65. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 66. metered, the odd numbered lines are hexameter, the even numbered lines are trimeter. The first metric foot of each line is an anapest followed by either 5 iambs or 2 iambs depending on the length of the line. 67. rhymed, rhyme scheme aa-b-cc-b dd-e-ff-e etc. The odd numbered lines employ internal rhyme. L'Envoi by Rudyard Kipling (1st stanza) There's a whisper down the field where the year has shot her yield, And the ricks stand gray to the sun, Singing: -- "Over then, come over, for the bee has quit the clover, And your English summer's done." The Noyes is a stanzaic form using uneven short emphatic lines. It is named for English poet Alfred Noyes (1880-1958) patterned after his poem Art. Noyes is better known for The Highwayman. The Noyes is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 68. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 69. metered, L1,L2,L4 are trimeter, L3 is monometer. 70. abab cdcd efeg ghgh Art by Alfred Noyes (1st stanza) Yes! Beauty still rebels! Our dreams like clouds disperse: She dwells In agate, marble, verse. The O'Shaughnessy is a verse form patterned after a single stanza in "Ode" by Arthur William Edgar O'Shaughnessy (1844-1881). The O'Shaughnessy is: 71. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 72. metered, sprung rhythm, alternating trimeter and tetrameter lines. The odd number lines are trimeter and the even number lines are tetrameter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 73. rhymed, rhyme scheme abababab. The odd numbered lines are feminine rhyme and the even numbered lines are masculine rhyme. Ode by Arthur O'Shaughnessy (1st stanza) We are the music-makers, And we are the dreamers of dreams, Wandering by lone sea-breakers, And sitting by desolate streams; World-losers and world-forsakers, On whom the pale moon gleams: Yet we are the movers and shakers Of the world for ever, it seems. The Phillimore is a stanzaic form that moves from dimeter to pentameter and back again. It is named for John Swinnerton Phillimore (1873-1926) and patterned after his poem In a Meadow. The Phillimore is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 74. stanzaic written in any number of octaves. (original poem has 6 octaves) 75. metered, L1, L4,L6 and L8 are dimeter, L2,L3,L5, and L7 are pentameter. 76. rhymed, aabbccdd. In a Meadow by John Swinnerton Phillimore (1st stanza) THIS is the place Where far from the unholy populace The daughter of Philosophy and Sleep Her court doth keep, Sweet Contemplation. To her service bound Hover around The little amiable summer airs, Her courtiers. The Russell is a verse form composed of three alternating rhyme quatrains written with the first 3 lines iambic pentameter and the fourth line iambic

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as trimeter. It is patterned after The Great Breath by George William Russell (1867-1935), The Russell is: 77. stanzaic, written in 3 quatrains. 78. metered, L1-L3 are pentameter and L4 is trimeter. 79. rhymed, rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef The Great Breath by George William Russell (1st stanza) ITS edges foam'd with amethyst and rose, Withers once more the old blue flower of day: There where the ether like a diamond glows, Its petals fade away. The Stephens is a stanzaic form that uses alternating rising and falling end syllables and is patterned after The Watcher and named for the English poet verseJames Stephens (1882-1950).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Stephens is: 80. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains. (original poem has 5 sixains) 81. metered, dimeter. 82. rhymed, ababxb cdcdxd etc. x being unrhymed. 83. composed with feminine endings in the odd numbered lines L1, L3 and L5 and masculine rhyme in the even numbered lines L2, L4, L6. The Watcher by James Stephens (first stanza) A rose for a young head, A ring for a bride, Joy for the homestead Clean and wide Who's that waiting In the rain outside?

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Stevenson is an invented verse form patterned after the poem, Requiem by Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish poet 1850-1894. The Stevenson is: 84. an octastich (8 line poem) made up of 2 quatrains. 85. metric, L1-L3 & L5-L7 are iambic tetrameter, L4 & L8 are iambic trimeter. 86. rhymed, rhyme scheme aaabcccb. Requiem by Robert Lewis Stevenson 1879 Under the wide and starry sky, Dig the grave and let me lie. Glad did I live and gladly die, And I laid me down with a will. This is the verse you grave for me: 'Here he lies where he longed to be; Here is the sailor, home from the sea,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And the hunter home from the hill.' The Swinburne is a stanzaic form patterned after Before the Mirror by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837-1909). The Swinburne is: 87. stanzaic, written in any number of septets. 88. metric, L1,L3,L5, & L6 are trimeter, L2 & L4 are dimeter, and L7 is pentameter. 89. rhymed ababccb dedeffe etc, L1 & L3 have feminine or falling rhyme. Before the Mirror, Part I by Algernon Charles Swinburne I. White rose in red rose-garden -----Is not so white; Snowdrops that plead for pardon -----And pine for fright

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as --Because the hard East blows -----Over their maiden rows Grow not as this face grows from pale to bright. Behind the veil, forbidden, -----Shut up from sight, Love, is there sorrow hidden, -----Is there delight? ---Is joy thy dower or grief, -----White rose of weary leaf, Late rose whose life is brief, whose loves are light? Soft snows that hard winds harden ----- Till each flake bite Fill all the flowerless garden ------Whose flowers took flight ---Long since when summer ceased, ------And men rose up from feast,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And warm west wind grew east, and warm day night. The Tennyson is a stanzaic form patterned after Ask Me No More by English poet, Alfred Lord Tennyson (1802-1892). The Tennyson is: 90. stanzaic, written in any number of cinquains. 91. metric, iambic, L1-L4 are pentameter and L5 is dimeter. 92. rhymed, rhyme scheme abbaC deedC fggfC etc. 93. written in with L5 as a refrain repeated from stanza to stanza. Ask Me No More by Alfred Lord Tennyson Stanza 1 & 2 Ask me no more: the moon may draw the sea; The cloud may stoop from heaven and take the shape, With fold to fold, of mountain or of cape; But O too fond, when have I answer'd thee? --------------Ask me no more.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Ask me no more: what answer should I give? I love not hollow cheek or faded eye: Yet, O my friend, I will not have thee die! Ask me no more, lest I should bid thee live; --------------Ask me no more. The Thorley is a stanzaic form patterned after the poem Chant for Reapers, by English poet, Wilfred Thorley 1878. The Thorley is: 94. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 95. metred, accentual with alternating lines of L1 & L3 with 5 heavy stesses and L2 & L4 with 3 heavy stresses. The trimeter lines have feminine endings. 96. unrhymed. Chant for Reapers 1st stanza by Wilfred Thorley WHY do you hide, O dryads! when we seek

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Your healing hands in solace? Who shall soften like you the places rough? Who shall hasten the harvest? The Trench is an invented stanzaic form patterned after 20th century, Irish poet, Herbert Trench's A Charge, Ode From Italy in a Time of War. Trench was known for his love poems. The Trench is: 97. stanzaic, may be written in any number of cinquains. 98. metered, L1, L2, L4 pentameter, L3 dimeter, L5 trimeter. 99. rhymed axbab, cxdcd etc x being unrhymed

A Charge, Ode From Italy in a Time of War If thou hast squander'd years to grave a gem Commission'd by thy absent Lord, and while 'Tis incomplete,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Others would bribe thy needy skill to them Dismiss them to the street! Should'st thou at last discover Beauty's grove, At last be panting on the fragrant verge, But in the track, Drunk with divine possession, thou meet Love Turn at her bidding back. When round thy ship in tempest Hell appears, And every spectre mutters up more dire To snatch control And loose to madness thy deep-kennell'd Fears Then to the helm, O Soul! Last; if upon the cold green-mantling sea Thou cling, alone with Truth, to the last spar, Both castaway, And one must perish let it not be he

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Whom thou art sworn to obey! --- Herbert Trench 1915 The Yeats is a verse form patterned after Where My Books Go by Irish poet, William Butler Yeats. (1865-1939) The Yeats is: 100. an octastich, a poem in 8 lines. 101. metric, accentual 3 heavy stresses per line. 102. rhymed, rhyme scheme xaxaxaxa x being unrhymed. The even numbered lines have feminine or falling end syllalbes. Where My Books Go by William Butler Yeats All the words that I utter, And all the words that I write, Must spread out their wings untiring, And never rest in their flight,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Till they come where your sad, sad heart is, And sing to you in the night, Beyond where the waters are moving, Storm-darken'd or starry bright. Anagram is the transposition of one word or phrase to another by rearranging the letters. (Elvis-lives / listen-silent / dormitory-dirty room etc.)This has been a tool of light verse, occasional verse and epigraphs probably as far back as the written word. A poem who's focus is the expansion of the anagram is known by the same name. An Anagram is: 1. a poem written incorporating the transposition of a word, name or phrase into another and expanding upon it. 2. composed in meter, rhyme and/or length at the discretion of the poet. 3. often found in light verse, occasional poetry or epigraphs. Mary

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as How well her name an Army doth present, In whom the Lord of Hosts did pitch his tent! --- George Herbert Hidden Rhyme or Blind Rhyme is an exercise verse, sometimes used in poetry workshops and classrooms in which the end-word of each line rhymes internally early within the next line. It appears to be a loose descendant from 4th century Celtic poetry's aicill rhyme. Hidden Rhyme, or Blind Rhyme is: 1. suited to light verse. 2. structured at the discretion of the poet. 3. best when L1 sets a rhythm and the following lines maintain the same cadence. 4. composed with the end-word of each line rhymed internally in the following line. 5. often but not always, written with the first line rhyming with the last line.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Battle Ground That darn gopher has got to go! I know he is God's creation, but damnation, he is a pest at best who burrows under ground and is bound and determined to eat the sweet and tender roots of my garden. No pardon! In me, he has created a foe! ---Judi Van Gorder Mathematics Merges with Verse. I suppose all verse involves mathematics in the measure of the line and length of stanza, but there are a few verse forms that were invented specifically from mathematical concepts. Cadae was found in two forms. The word "cadae" is the alphabetical equivalent of the first five digits of Pi, 3.1415. (I never did understand Pi, how did I survive algebra?) But for you mathematicians this may be a verse form you could have fun with. Both forms are similar in concept with

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as the Fibonacci. The Cadae #1 -I found this form at a site for teachers, the form is a way of introducing the numbers of Pi to children. This verse form uses the first 5 digits of Pi to determine the number of lines in a strophe and the numbers of syllables in the line. The Cadae #1 is: 1. strophic, written in 5 strophes of fixed but varied length. S1 - 3 lines S2 - 1 line S3 - 4 lines S4 - 1 line S5 - 5 lines 2. syllabic, S1 - 3 syllables per line S2 - 1 syllable in the line S3 - 4 syllables per line S4 - 1 syllable in the line

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as S5 - 5 syllables per line Pi A circle dissected and measured sliced and diced into pie shaped pieces . . . diameter divides into one whole circumference the answer is Pi . . .

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as pie placed side by side joined at the bottom creates cadae crown ---Judi Van Gorder Cadae #2 is a Western experimental movement to merge math and verse found at Wikipedia. It is much more complicated than the children's version above. This form counts strophes, lines and syllables. There is even the option for the truly mathematically inclined to count the letters of the words in sequential order with the numbers or digits of Pi. Pi = 3.1 41592653589793238462643383279502884197 to infinity.. The Cadae #2 is composed: 3. Strophic, 5 strophes, each containing the number of lines in sync with the first 5 digits of Pi. S1=3 line, S2=1 line, S3=4 lines, S4=1 line, S5=5 lines. 14 lines all together. 4. Syllabic, 3-1-4-1-5-9-2-6-5-3-5-8-9-7 syllables per line. 5. Unrhymed.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 6. Variable: For a Cadae on steroids, the poet could take this a step further and in addition to the strophe, line and syllable count, the number of letters in the words of the poem could also follow the sequential numbers of Pi. The following is a "pumped up" Cadae and employs all of the above features. This poem includes 40 words with the letters in sync with the first 40 digits of Pi=3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197. As long as the strophe, line, syllable and letter count are in sync with the digits of Pi, the word count could vary from poem to poem. Cadaeic Cadae by Rachel Hommel God a gift I swore mordantly

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as to. . . . . reject daily, but, human toxicity resonates amongst seditious men of war stealing love "aweigh" He abhors . Axis and Ego; fighting was an agelong righteous brawl & my previous exertion bred a chastened warrior. Cadaeic Cadenza (Cadenza is Italian for cadence.) is named for a short story written in 1996 by Mathematician Mike Keith. It is said to be an example of "constrained writing". The number of letters in each word sequentially mimic the first 3825 digits of Pi.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In terms of merging poetry with math, in this case "Pi", the poet need only follow the sequential digits of Pi either in word, syllable, or letter count or all of the above. Found at Wikipedia: The parody of Poe's Raven written in Cadae Cadence the letters of the words in the sequence of Pi 3.1415 (author and title) etc.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Poe, E. Near a Raven Midnights so dreary, tired and weary, Silently pondering volumes extolling all by-now obsolete lore. During my rather long nap - the weirdest tap! An ominous vibrating sound A Raven by Edgar Allen Poe Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door Only this, and nothing more."

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Pi-Archimedes is a simpler variation of the Cadae Verse. Named for the Greek mathematician Archimedes, (c. 287 BC c. 212 BC) who defined Pi. In this verse, the first six digits of Pi are represented by 6 lines and word count per line. Pi = 3.14159 . . (My original source is lost to me and it was recently pointed out that I had incorrectly posted the sequential digits of Pi. I don't know if this was my error or an error from the original source. I have corrected the 6 numbers and the word count for each line to the correct sequence.) The Pi-Archimedes verse is: a hexastich, a poem in 6 lines. measured by the number of words in each line 3-1-4-1-5-9 to match the numerical sequence of the first six digits of Pi. unrhymed. Pi

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Not my thing, numbers. Algebra is an enigma, mud that mucks up my brain. "You use math every day", they say, not I. ---Judi Van Gorder Chronos is another mathematical verse form built around the root of Pi, this time Pi2 or Chronos = 9,8696. I found this verse form created by Bianca at Writing .com The Chronos is: a pentastich, a poem in 5 lines. syllabic, 9-8-6-9-6 syllables per line. unrhymed. The Fibonacci, sometimes called the Fib, is a movement to write verse with stanzas of increasing lines and is named for a mathematical concept

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as developed by the 12th century Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci. The Fibonacci numbers are 0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13 and on, adding the last 2 numbers to determine the next in line. The form appears to be first used by poets in the 20th century in America and Denmark. It is similar in concept with the Cadae. The Fibonacci is: strophic, written in any # of strophes in which the number of lines of each strophe increases corresponding with the Fibonacci concept as the poem progresses. rhyme and meter are written at the discretion of poet. written in variation in which instead of number of lines in the stanza following the Fibonacci concept, the poem is a single strophe and the lines are written in sequential syllable count corresponding with the Fibonacci concept. 0-1-1-2-3-5-8-13 and on . . . syllables per line. Together Forever

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Holding hands at sunset Dreams of yesterday lovers side by side. It all begins in love with love timeless touch Dreams do not anticipate a hospital marathon palsied hands a shoulder leaning heavily a life on hold Watching you sleep brought pleasure, felt safe Now I'm left to wonder

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as if you will wake stay with me one more day or will you release me from my vigil forever is a long time &n--------- -- Judi Van Gorder Here are a couple of poems by Lake that demonstrate the variable Fibonacci counting syllables instead of lines in a stanza. I know he is there watching on the other end. My heart quivers at such a thought. Sage said

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as whether white or black, the one that catches the mouse is a good cat. Topnotch! Quaternion is a verse form named for the algebraic equations that were introduced by Irish mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 which completely oversimplified and probably missing the point entirely are the multiplication of three dimensional imaginary units by four dimensional objects. Now don't expect me to explain that. The verse form is English in origin and found at Poetry Base. The only connection I see between the algebraic concept and the form is they both have a 3 by 4 concept. The form is written in three quatrains with a rhyme scheme that ends with a combination of the rhyme of the first 2 stanzas in the last stanza. The Quaternion is: a poem in 12 lines made up of 3 quatrains. metered at the discretion of the poet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as rhymed, aabb ccdd abcd. Third Dimension Forgotten in a tight airless attic, a thing that was to prove problematic, a Halloween reflective diorama in reenactment of a psychodrama. The shoebox, webbed and painted black, a tiny coffin's cedar lid drawn back, inside a body stiff in death, an axe imbedded in the head, a final tax. A challenge to create this poematic with ghoulish display in frightful panorama. The sounds with screeching tone, elegiac and words don't always tell the lonely facts.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as --------------------- --- Judi Van Gorder The Binary Tree is an invented verse form that borrows elements from both mathematics and computer science according to its creator Jason A Banico. In computer science the binary tree is like a family tree in which each "node" has 2 "children" or in this verse form a node is represented by a hemistich which is repeated. This 11 line poem is made up of 9 different phrases repeated at least once. The Binary Tree is: a poem in 11 lines. The first 9 lines are written in hemistiches which includes at least one hemistich or phrase that is repeated elsewhere in the poem. metered at the discretion of the poet, obviously 2 versets, phrases or hemistiches must make up a line. unrhymed. composed with repetition, the first hemistich of L1 is repeated as the second hemistich in L2 and L5 and the first hemistich in L4, the 2nd hemistich of L2 is repeated as the first hemistich of L3 and L7 and

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as the 2nd hemistich of L8. The first hemistich of L2 is repeated as the 2nd hemistich of L4 and the first hemistich of L6. The 2nd hemistich of L3 is repeated as the 2nd hemistich of L7 and the first hemistich of L9, the first hemistich of L5 is repeated as the first hemistich of L10, The 2nd hemistich of L6 is repeated as the 2nd hemistich of L10. The first hemistich of L8 is repeated as the first hemistich of L11 and the 2nd hemistich of L9 is repeated as the 2nd hemistich in L11. L1: a / b L2: c / a L3: b / d L4: a / c L5: e / a L6: c / f L7: b / d L8: g / b L9: d / h L10: e / f L11: g / h

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Starving The growl within, empty light, the clock strikes noon, the growl within, empty light, a need to feed the growl within, the clock strikes noon to plug the hole, the growl within the clock strikes noon, the lunch time boon, empty light, the need to feed sit down to eat, empty light a need to feed and fill up soon, to plug the hole, the lunch time boon sit down to eat and fill up soon. ---------------------- ---Judi Van Gorder

Classic Greek Verse

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Greeks are the first to study features of how language can be shaped to the special purpose of poetry. They are responsible for recognizing, naming and describing every possible metric foot. They identified and named the various sounds and rhythms in meter such as the iamb and trochee. The earliest written Greek verse comes from the 8th century B.C., but studies date Greek oral patterns back to the Bronze Age 1100 B.C. Aeolic(an ancient Greek dialect) meters were later found in the works of Sappho which dates back to 2000 B.C. The oral traditions of Greek verse evidence a connection with the meters of the Indian Vedas. But it was the development of the alphabet in 8th century B.C. that was the beginning of "literature" as we know it. That single event allowed verse to be fixed in permanent form and handed down through the generations. Ancient, yet familiar names of Homer, Plato, Euripedes, Alceaus, Sappho, and Aeschylus left behind their genius in poetic works. The Greeks measured the line in quantitative verse which focuses on long and short vowel sounds. The language supports falling rhythms more easily than English, therefore, trochaic and dactylic meters tend to dominate Greek works. In English rising rhythms are more prevalent and we usually measure the line in

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as accentual syllabic verse which counts the stress and unstressed vowel sounds. Iambic meters tend to dominate English works. The concepts of poetics as seen by the ancient Greeks are: "ethos, character portrayal, the manifestation of human attitudes, beliefs, aspirations" "a serious public concern, the cornerstone of education and civic life" "a delightful thing, gifted with attributes bordering on enchantment". "divine, inspired by the gods or the Muses" "techne, art, a craft requiring talent, training and practice. " New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, Preminger and Brogan 1993 These concepts are universal to all poetry even today. The Classical Greek line is: 1. a product of ancient times when poetry was written to be sung accompanied by the lyre, the classic definition of lyrical poetry. However, since the scope of Greek poetry includes epic tales of gods and heroes

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as and plays in which characters speak in poetic patterns, Classical Greek poetry can be exhibited in all three major groups of verse, Lyrical, Narrative and Dramatic. 2. written in quantitative verse. Quantitative verse measures long and short vowel sounds. There is much written on the subject, but to over simplify, the concept of long and short vowels do not translate well to English. Probably the closest we can get is measuring stressed and unstressed syllables which warps the original rhythm but brings it into a context the English ear can hear more easily. Greek is not accented. 3. often composed using metaphor or simile. 4. written in line patterns that have become classics. There are multiple meters and forms identified as Classical Greek verse. Here are some of the most common poetic genres, meters and verse forms which originated in Greece and are found in English literature today.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Acrostic Acritic Verse Alcmanian Strophe amphimac er Bucolic Complaint Alcmanic Verse Allegory Adonic Line Aeolic Ode Aeolic Verse Alcaics

Alphabest iary amphibrach anapest Anapestic tetrameter

Amphigory

Anacreon Anacreontic tic Ode Verse Choral Ode dactyl choriamb Dactylic Hexameter or heroic hexameter

Bestiary Classical Pentameter dodecamete r

Choriambi Classical cs Line Hexameter decamete r Dithyramb

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Echo Verse Epitaph Ecologue Elegy Eligiac Couplet Glyconic Metaphor Epic Epigram

Epithalam Epyllion ium

hendecamet Hendecasyll er abic Line monometer nonometer

heptameter hexamete iamb r Ode Paean Paeon Pindaric Ode Stich phirach tetramete r

Parody

Pattern Poetry Sapphic Stanza trochee

pentameter spondee

Prothalamiu Sapphic m Line trimeter tribrach

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Cuaderna Via (frame way) is a strict, syllabic stanzaic form that dominated most of the serious Spanish poetry for the 13th and 14th centuries until the 15th century when it was replaced by the more generic Art Major. The Cuaderna Via was the introduction of syllabic verse into Spanish poetry. It appears to have been originated by the Spanish clergy under French influence, hence the alternative names of mester de clereca and nueva maestra. It is also known as alejandrino (14) since Spanish verse is often named for the number of syllables the lines contain, the alejandrino is now classified as a verse of Art Major. This stanzaic form is known for its "rigidity of form: syllables are counted carefully" NPEOPP. In addition to the rigid meter, only true rhyme is allowed. The Cuaderna Via is: 1. stanzaic, written in any # of mono-rhymed quatrains. 2. syllabic, 14 syllable lines divided into hemistiches of 7 syllables each, often broken by caesura. There is no wiggle room in syllable count. 3. mono-rhymed. The rhyme must be true rhyme, no slant rhyme, assonance or consonance. Rhyme scheme aaaa, bbbb etc. Apparently this is a form for purists.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as First Day of Chemo The morning chill waits for her, the cold arrived in the night, she lies beneath her down quilt, still as a doe before flight. The dreaded day has arrived, resolve mixed with fear holds tight. She knows it's what must be done and she swallows down her fright. --- Judi Van Gorder

Crystalline Verse is a small poem, limited to 17 syllables, whose primary focus appears to be to match the Japanese clarity of image with the English harmony of sound. It was inspired by the Haiku and like the haiku it may be at its best when written in present tense. Any reference that can place the verse in context much like the Japanese kigo (season) or kidai (symbolic seasonal reference) is recommended.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Crystalline employs the kireji (cutting word) of the haiku. The kireji in haiku is a word that "cuts off" one view and turns the reader to a different view. In a longer Japanese poem the kireji is 2 long lines inserted midway in the poem that change the direction of the poem not only in structure but in thought. A stand alone small poem such as the Crystalline emulates the long poem's kireji couplet long line frame and it should "cut" or turn the view from one line to the next. Unlike haiku which observes the image with objectivity and attempts to keep the ego out of the verse, the Crystalline invites the poet's subjectivity and permits the poet's thought and feelings to be communicated through the verse. The verse form was created by American poet Denis Garrison and more information can be found at his site, Short Verse. The Crystalline is: 1. a complete couplet. It can be a stand alone poem or written in any number of couplets as a longer poem. Like the Renga, a longer poem of Crystalline stanzas can be written by alternating more than one poet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 2. syllabic, 17 syllables. A regular Crystalline is 8-9 or 9-8 syllables per line. An irregular Crystalline is 2 lines totaling 17 syllables and broken where appropriate other than the 8-9/9-8 regular form. 3. written with the English grammatical rules of syntax, caps and punctuation. In other words no all lower case, omitted punctuation, nor incomplete sentences commonly seen in English haiku. Good grammatical English applies. 4. at the poet's discretion, written with poetic devices such as rhyme, onomatopoeia, metaphor, allusion etc. 5. composed with a "cut" or pivot most often between L1 and L2. 6. untitled. The dust of summer covers the shelf where in spring you last left your ring. Judi Van Gorder

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Elemental Ode is a poem that glorifies everyday things. Chilean poet Pablo Neruda is attributed with this genre and is a master at venerating the most common things, the sock, salt, or a tomato. Ode to the Onion by Pablo Neruda Onion, luminous flask, your beauty formed petal by petal, crystal scales expanded you and in the secrecy of the dark earth your belly grew round with dew. Under the earth the miracle happened and when your clumsy green stem appeared, and your leaves were born

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as like swords in the garden, the earth heaped up her power showing your naked transparency, and as the remote sea in lifting the breasts of Aphrodite duplicating the magnolia, so did the earth make you, onion clear as a planet and destined to shine, constant constellation, round rose of water, upon the table of the poor.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as You make us cry without hurting us. I have praised everything that exists, but to me, onion, you are more beautiful than a bird of dazzling feathers, heavenly globe, platinum goblet, unmoving dance of the snowy anemone and the fragrance of the earth lives in your crystalline nature. Genethliacum Ode, is a poem written in honor of the birth of a child. Usually these lofty odes were reserved for the birth of nobility. However, technically any poem written in honor of the birth of a child would qualify as a Genethliacum. Morning Song by Sylvia Plath

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Love set you going like a fat gold watch. The midwife slapped your footsoles, and your bald cry Took its place among the elements. Our voices echo, magnifying your arrival. New statue. In a drafty museum, your nakedness Shadows our safety. We stand round blankly as walls. I'm no more your mother Than the cloud that distills a mirror to reflect its own slow Effacement at the wind's hand. All night your moth-breath Flickers among the flat pink roses. I wake to listen: A far sea moves in my ear. One cry, and I stumble from bed, cow-heavy and floral In my Victorian nightgown. Your mouth opens clean as a cat's. The window square

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Whitens and swallows its dull stars. And now you try Your handful of notes; The clear vowels rise like balloons. Encomium or Coronation Ode is a Greek choral lyric celebrating a person's achievements. This can be expanded to the length and formality of an ode as in honor of the coronation of a king, but most often is a simple poem as would be spoken at a banquet in an introduction in the category of occasional poetry. It specifically celebrates a man rather than a god. This genre of verse usually has 5 elements, prologue, birth and development, accomplishments, comparisons with which to praise, and an epilogue. Wedding Odes: 1. Epithalamion or Epithalamium 2. Protholathiumis

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Palinode Ode is an apologetic ode, that retracts or recants something said in a previous poem by the same poet. It is usually written as a retraction of an invective statement or offensive remark made in satire. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a palinode at the end of the Canterbury Tales, recanting and apologizing for any bawdy or offensive statements previously made. It is really unclear if the this palinode was part of the original Tales or if it was tacked on later as either an advertizement of his works or as a death bed confessional. Wherfore I biseke yow mekely, for the mercy Of God, that ye preye for me that crist have Mercy on me and foryeve me my giltes; and Namely of my translacions and enditynges of Worldly vanitees, the whiche I revoke in My retracciouns:as is the book of Troilus; the book also of Fame; the book of The xxv. Ladies; the book of the duchesse;

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The book of seint valentynes day of the parlement of briddes; the tales of counterbury, Thilke that sownen into synne; the book of the Leoun; and many another book. This was found at Wikipedia. Panegyric or Paean is an ode that celebrates the life of a person, not just their accomplishments. It is usually written about someone still alive and celebrates the who rather than the what of the person. "Paean" should not be confused with the metric foot "paeon". Standing Tall by Jamie McKenzie In Honor of Martin Luther King Jr. Some kings rule their kingdoms sitting down Surrounded by luxury, soft cushions and fans But this king stood strong Stood proud stood tall

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as When the driver told Rosa "Move to the back of the bus!" When the waiter told students "We don't serve your kind!" When the Mayor told voters "Your vote don't count!" And when the sheriff told marchers "Get off our streets!" Using fire hoses, police dogs and cattle prods to move them along The King stood strong stood proud stood tall Speaking of peace, of love and children hand in hand free at last

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as free at last When some yelled for violence For angry revenge An eye for an eye And a tooth for a tooth He stood his ground Preaching peace And when some spit out hate He stood there smiling Spreading love Until it rolled like the sea across the land Sweeping away Jim Crow Breaking down the walls Ringing the bell Joyfully For Freedom Until Standing on the mountain top

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as They shot him Coldly Hoping to see him fall Hoping to put him away To bring him low But this King even in death even today stands strong stands proud, stands tall And we remember. Triumphal Ode, is an ode to celebrate a victory. Victory by S.J. Duncan-Clark

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as IN The Chicago Evening Post, November 11, 1918 found in Great Poems about the World War OUT of the night it leaped the seas- ---The four long years of night! "The foe is beaten to his knees, ---And triumph crowns the fight!" It sweeps the world from shore to shore, ---By wave and wind 'tis flung, It grows into a mighty roar ---Of siren, bell and tongue. Where little peoples knelt in fear, ---They stand in joy today; The hour of their redemption here, ---Their feet on Freedom's way. The kings and kaisers flee their doom, ---Fall bloody crown and throne! Room for the people! Room! Make room! ---They march to claim their own!

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Now God be praised we lived to see ---His Sun of Justice rise, His Sun of Righteous Liberty, ---To gladden all our skies! And God be praised for those who died, ---Whate'er their clime or breed, Who, fighting bravely side by side, ---A world from thraldom freed! And God be praised for those who, spite ---Of woundings sore and deep, Survive to see the Cause of Right ---O'er all its barriers sweep! God and the people--This our cry! ---O, God, thy peace we sing! The peace that comes through victory, ---And dwells where Thou art King.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Poetry Base/Poetry Gnosis is a "resource for learning and teaching poetry." This seems to be one of the more popular resource sites, it probably touches on a broader spectrum of poetry than most others. Although I often see duplication from site to site, there is always something exclusive to each site. On this page I include invented forms found at Poetry Base that I have not found elsewhere or it appears the form was initiated from this site. (Several years ago when I first started exploring the internet for new poetic forms, I discovered a web sute by The Dread Poet Roberts' which had a plethora of information about writing and reading poetry. The web site disappeared a few years ago or was moved and I can't find it. But, some of the information has been brought forward to the Poetry Base and I was pleased to discover the information was not lost but passed on. And in the tradition of passing it forward, I include some of the forms created by the infamous Dread Poet Roberts on this page.) The Bio Poem is an invented form found at Poetry Base that was probably created as a classroom teaching tool. It becomes a poetic biography. The Bio Poem is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. 11 lines. 2. unmetered. The line is at the discretion of the poet. 3. rhymed or unrhymed at the discretion of the poet. 4. written about someone's life, fictional or nonfictional. The lines follow a set formula to describe: L 1 first name of the subject L 2 4 words to describe subject L 3 Brother or sister of .. name siblings L4 Lover of ,,,,,name 3 things or people subject loves L5 Who feels --- about 3 subjects L6 Who needs... 3 things L7 Who gives... 3 things L9 Who fears... 3 things L10 Who would like to see... L11 Resident of . L10 subjects last name Marguerite Johnson, A Caged Bird No More

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Poet-writer, daughter-mother, civil rights activist, renaissance woman --------------------------------------------------who's little brother Bailey called Maya. Lover of books, freedom and human dignity, ---she refused to step off the sidewalk, -------------------------- opened eyes with her talents ------------------------------------------------ and lived life on her terms. Maya needs someone to read her words and listen to her song, she shares her talent, her intellect, and her passions through her books, what fears she may have felt, like her ancestors, she has conquered. Her eyes would see a new world free of hatred, selfishness and bigotry. The globe is her home, Northern California her refuge. When she took the stage to dance, ------- she changed her first husband's name from Angelos to Angelou.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Maya Angelou continues to rise, ------------------------ the voice of a people, --------------------------------- the fulfilment of the slaves' dreams. ----------------------------------- ---Judi Van Gorder The Cameo, created by Alice Spokes of England, is a verse form which appears to be exercises in rhythm. Found at Poetry Base. it varies only in syllable count with Cadence found in Pathways for the Poet. The Cameo is: 5. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 6. syllabic, 2-5-8-3-8-7-2 syllables per line. 7. unrhymed, but end words should be strong. Cameo Dead steer lying in the road

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The pickup came around the bend much too fast when the old animal wandered through the break in the wire fence. Dead steer. ---Judi Van Gorder The Coin Poem is an invented verse form found at Poetry Base. It is named for its similarity to the flip of a coin. The Coin Poem is: 8. a short poem, 2 couplets, the first couplet presents a thought and the second couplet flips it and shows the other side. 9. syllabic, each couplet is made up of a 7 and a 5 syllable line. 10. rhymed, ab cb or aa bb. ATM A crisp twenty dollar bill

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as ATM cash mill Bank fee charged on funds of mine valued ten and nine ----------------- --Judi Van Gorder The Cte is an invented form that is constructed of uneven couplets. It is attributed to Johnn Schroeder and found at Poetry Base. Why it carries the name Cte, which is French for coast, I have yet to figure out. The Cte is: 11. stanzaic, it may be written in any number of couplets. 12. structured as an uneven couplet, L1 being a single imperative verb, L2 is a glossing or expansion of L1. 13. written with meter and rhyme at the discretion of the poet. The Sea Dreamer Dream, exploring the seascape of the mind.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Create, tapping first the soul and then the skill. Sail into the horizon of possibilities. --- Judi Van Gorder 14. 15. Count Down and its counterpart the Count Up are simple syllabic verse. Both were found at Poetry Base The Count Down and the Count Up are: 1. written in 10 lines each. 2. syllabic, Count Down, the syllable count decreases, 10-9-8-76-5-4-3-2-1 syllable per line. Count Up the syllable count progresses up 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10 syllables per line. 3. unrhymed. 16. The Deten has a unique rhyme scheme. It was created by Johnn Schroeder and can be found at Poetry Base.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Deten is: 1. a 15 line poem made up of 3 cinquains. 2. meter at the discretion of the poet. Iambic pentameter is suggested, but tetrameter or sprung rhythm would also work. It might interesting to use the Crapsey Cinquain syllabic frame 2-4-6-8-2. 3. rhymed abcab decde fgcfg Rhyming Lines Listen! It's not easy writing lines that rhyme. The words should sparkle and glisten, breezy. In truth, it takes some work

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as to capture the sublime. The poet must become a sleuth, not shirk. We sing a little poem the images of time, a song of love and hope to bring it home. ------------ --- Judi Van Gorder 17. Double Five is a flexible verse form that paints the portrait of a loved one. It was featured in Sol magazine and found at Poetry Base. It would be a nonce form other than it does specify the stanza and poem length. A Double Five is: 1. stanzaic, written in 2 quintains. 2. metered at the discretion of the poet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 3. rhymed at the discretion of the poet. 4. titled with the name of the subject of the poem. 18. The Johnn is an invented verse form created by and named for American poet Johnn Schoeder. The form has the unique feature of placing the title of the poem before each stanza. The form was found at Poetry Base. The Johnn is: 1. a 15 line poem made up of 3 cinquains. 2. syllabic, L2,L5,L11,L15 2 syllables each, L2,L4,L12,L14 3 syllables each, L3,L6,L10,L13 4 syllables each, L7,L9 6 syllables each, L8 8 syllables. 3. unrhymed. 4. composed with the title of the poem separates each stanza. title xx

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as xxx xxxx xxx xx title xxxx xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxx xxxx title xx xxx xxxx xxx

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as xx 19. Kyrielle Dialogue is one American variation on the French Kyrielle. Unlike the narrative Kyrielle, this verse invented by "The Dread Poet Robert" is dramatic, using two voices or characters. Actually the only thing this verse form has in common with the Kyrielle is it is written in quatrains with 8 syllable lines and refrain. The Kyrielle Dialogue is: 1. dramatic, 2 characters or voices create a dialogue 2. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains (at least 3). the characters or voices alternate quatrains. 3. syllabic, 8 syllable lines. 4. composed with a refrain, the refrain alternates with the characters. 5. rhymed, optional rhyme scheme abaB cdcD ebeB fdfD ect or aaaA bbbB cccA dddB etc caps are alternating refrains from 2 different characters or voices.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 20. Kyrielle Hymn is a recent stanzaic form that is a variation of the 16th century, English Hymnal Measure. From the name, one could assume this American invented form was a variation of the Middle Ages verse form the Kyrielle. But, the only thing it has in common with the Kyrielle is they both have a refrain. The Kyrielle Hymn is: 1. lyrical. 2. stanzaic, written in any number of cinquains. 3. metered, L1,L3,L5 iambic tetrameter, L2,L4 iambic trimeter. 4. composed with refrain, the 5th line of each stanza is a refrain. 5. rhyme, rhyme scheme ababR cdcdR etc. R being the refrain which need not rhyme with other end words in the stanza. 21. The Seicinque is a stanzaic invented form turned on 2 rhymes and attributed to Linda Pentney. The Seicinque is: 1. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 2. syllabic, 6-5-5-5 syllables per line. 3. rhyme, xABa xABa xABa etc x being unrhymed. 4. composed with L2 and L3 repeated as a refrain. 22. The Sept is a simple invented form patterned after the number 7. The Sept is: 1. a heptastich, a poem in 7 lines. 2. syllabic, 1-2-3-4-3-2-1 syllables in each line. 3. unrhymed. 23. The Sheshire is an invented verse form by Jewish-American poet Charles David Lipsig found at Poetry BaseThe name comes from Hebrew six=shesh and poem=shir. The Sheshire is: 1. a poem of 20 lines made up of 3 sixains followed by a couplet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 2. isosyllabic except the last line which includes the the # of syllables as the previous lines plus a finishing phrase separated from the base line by caesura. 3. rhymed, rhyme scheme ababab cdcdcd efefef gg or abcabc defdef ghighi jj. 4. composed with a pivot or change of tone from stanza to stanza and ends with a note of irony. 24. Soft Songed Tercet is an invented verse form found at Poetry Base that has an unusual request, the verse must have a "soft feel". The Soft Songed Tercet is 1. a tristich, a poem in 3 lines. When written in more than one tercet the form is oddly named the Soft Songed Triplet. ("Tercet" is 3 line unit as is a "triplet", both of which can be written in any number within a poem. The words are often used interchangeably however, the classic English "triplet" is usually monorhymed. So technically the name Soft Songed

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Tercet properly should apply to both a single tristich or the stanzaic form of any number of tercets.) 2. metered, iambic, L1 &L3 are trimeter, L2 is hexameter. 3. rhymed, rhymed a(bb)a L2 has internal rhyme. 4. composed with an unusual image. 5. composed with a "soft feel". xxxxxa xxxxxbxxxxxb xxxxxa Furry Fix Silky fluff warms my palm as I cup a small plump rabbit waiting to jump free. Its fine fur a balm. ----------- --- jvg

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 25. The Teddy Poem is a thematic genre of poetry built around the theme of Teddy Bears. These cute poems are structured at the discretion of the poet and are written for children and the young at heart. To take the genre to the next level, it is also an invented verse form created by the American poet, The Dread Poet Roberts. The adventures of Theodore E. Bear or "Teddy" to his friends, is always the topic of the poem and the poem always begins with the line "Many, many years ago when Teddy was much younger than today..." or some variation of it. The verse form, Teddy Poem is: 1. a poem in 20 lines, made up of 3 sixains and a concluding couplet. 2. metered, all lines are Alexandrine lines. 3. rhymed, scheme aabbcc ddeeff hhiijj hh. 4. always opens with Many, many years ago when Teddy was much younger than today..." or some variation of it and is built

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as around the theme of the adventures of Theodore E. Bear. 26. The Trio, is an invented form that I found at Poetry Base, attributed to Sol Magazine. It is a nonce triplet, meaning the form was created for a particular poem. No articles or punctuation are used and the poem has as few words as possible. The only example given is a classic triplet. This seems more like a word exercise to me than poetry. This is very similar to the Brevette. The Trio is: 1. a classic triplet, 3 mono-rhymed lines. However I think it would be just fine to break ranks and write an unrhymed tercet as long as the progression was clever. 2. written in as few words as possible with no articles or punctuation. spit sit shit

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 27. --- (sorry)-jvg The Dream Song at first glance could probably be considered a style or genre of poetry because of the prominent "dream theme". But with more careful examination, the Dream Song is a framed verse form with a specific stanzaic prescription. It was created by American poet, John Berryman's (1914-1972) book of 77 Dream Songs . He continued to write Dream Songs after the book was published and there are over 400 of his Dream Songs in circulation. The poems seem to me to be recordings of Berryman's dreams in verse. They are often disjointed and bizarre although the frame of the poems remains consistent. There is a reoccurring character Henry who as a black faced minstrel is called Mr. Bones. The poems include "wrenched syntax, scrambled diction, extraordinary leaps of language and tone, and wild mixture of high lyricism and low comedy" . Poem Hunter.com. The Dream Song is: 1. stanzaic, the poems are written in 3 sixains.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 2. metric, Accentual, usually L1,L2,L4,& L5 5 stresses and L3 & L6 have 3 stresses. As long as 4 lines are longer and L3 & L6 are shorter, the rhythm is jerky much like the content. 3. rhymed, rhyme patterns vary from stanza to stanza however there are normally 3 rhymes per stanza. abcabc abccba, aabccb, abbacc are a few of the patterns. abcbac is the pattern of the stanza below. Dream Song #112 by John Berryman My framework is broken, I am coming to an end, God send it soon. When I had most to say my tongue clung to the roof I mean of my mouth. It is my Lady's birthday which must be honored, and has been. God send it soon. I now must speak to my disciples, west and east. I say to you, Do not delay I say, expectation is vain.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as I say again, It is my Lady's birthday which must be honoured. Bring her to the test at once. I say again, It is my Lady's birthday which must be honoured, for her high black hair but not for that alone: for every word she utters everywhere shows her good soul, as true as a healed bone, being part of what I meant to say.

Canadian Poetry Assoc., begun in 1985 and still going strong, The Association can be found on Facebook. Simply, it is an organization dedicated to Canadian poetry, the reading, writing, publishing, marketing and preservation. Some poets associated with the association are Shaunt Basmajian, James Deahl, Wayne Ray and Beverley Daurio.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as I read the paper and stay awake all night writing poems trying to forget everything dreaming of a new world a solution an answer in the aftermath" Shaunt Basmajian, excerpt from "On That Other Day In The Life Of Arto Sarkissian," Poets Who Don't Dance, 1985. Cowboy Poetry is a contemporary poetic movement or genre of folk poetry written by people with firsthand experience of American western life with horses, trail riding, and cattle ranching. Although poems have been written since the days of the "Old West" of the 1800s, the genre wasn't really named or paid attention to as a movement until the late 20th century.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as It is usually written in plain language, sometimes humorous and occasionally composed in rhymed ballad stanzas. It is often read or recited aloud. Poets such as Doc Hayes, Joel Nelson and even more mainstream poets such as Donald Hall -Name of Horses and Gary Snyder - Hay is For Horses have written in the genre. Name of Horses by Donald Hall All winter your brute shoulders strained against collars, padding and steer-hide over the ash hames, to haul sledges of cordwood for drying through spring and summer, for the Glenwood stove next winter, and for the simmering range. In April you pulled cartloads of manure to spread on the fields, dark manure of Holsteins, and knobs of your own clustered with oats. All summer you mowed the grass in meadow and hayfield, the mowing machine clacketing beside you, while the sun walked high in the morning; and after noon's heat, you pulled a clawed rake through the same acres,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as gathering stacks, and dragged the wagon from stack to stack, and the built hayrack back, uphill to the chaffy barn, three loads of hay a day from standing grass in the morning. Sundays you trotted the two miles to church with the light load a leather quarter-top buggy, and grazed in the sound of hymns. Generation on generation, your neck rubbed the windowsill of the stall, smoothing the wood as the sea smoothes glass. When you were old and lame, when your shoulders hurt bending to graze, one October the man, who fed you and kept you, and harnessed you every morning, led you through corn stubble to sandy ground above Eagle Pond, and dug a hole beside you where you stood shuddering in your skin, and lay the shotgun's muzzle in the boneless hollow behind your ear, and fired the slug into your brain, and felled you into your grave, shoveling sand to cover you, setting goldenrod upright above you, where by next summer a dent in the ground made your monument.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as For a hundred and fifty years, in the Pasture of dead horses, roots of pine trees pushed through the pale curves of your ribs, yellow blossoms flourished above you in autumn, and in winter frost heaved your bones in the ground - old toilers, soil makers: O Roger, Mackerel, Riley, Ned, Nellie, Chester, Lady Ghost. Martian Poetry is a 20th century, English poetic movement (well maybe by just a few, Christopher Reid and Craig Raine) in the 1979s-1980s, poetic surrealism in which common objects on Earth were viewed through the eyes of a "Martian" who then describes them in strange and exotic metaphors. This concept was to "break the familiar in poetry". Kaleidoscope A Martian Sends A Post Card Home by Craig Raine Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as and some are treasured for their markings - they cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one fly, but sometimes they perch on the hand. Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on ground: then the world is dim and bookish like engravings under tissue paper. Rain is when the earth is television. It has the property of making colors darker. Model T is a room with the lock inside - a key is turned to free the world

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as for movement, so quick there is a film to watch for anything missed. But time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box, ticking with impatience. In homes, a haunted apparatus sleeps, that snores when you pick it up. If the ghost cries, they carry it to their lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds. And yet they wake it up deliberately, by tickling with a finger. Only the young are allowed to suffer openly. Adults go to a punishment room

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as with water but nothing to eat. They lock the door and suffer the noises alone. No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell. At night when all the colours die, they hide in pairs and read about themselves - in colour, with their eyelids shut. Copla simply means stanza in Spanish. The Copla is also a stanzaic form from 14th century Spain. The stanza from this era is more specifically couplets of irregular length with no fixed rhyme .

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Copla is: 1. stanzaic, written in any number of couplets. 2. syllabic, written in lines of irregular syllables most often ranging from 4 to 8 syllables. 3. rhymed at the discretion of the poet. Copla Real, popular in 15th century Spain, is a decastich which is made up of 2 Quintillas. The Copla Real is: 4. a decastich (10 line poem) made up of 2 Quintillas (Spanish 8 syllable line quintains turned on only 2 rhymes of any combination other than never ending with a rhymed couplet.) 5. syllabic, all lines are 8 syllables. 6. rhymed, the rhyme scheme established in the first quintain is repeated in the 2nd quintilla. Possible rhyme schemes ababa, abbab, abaab, aabab, or aabba. The one no-no is it should not end

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as in a rhyming couplet. Pie Quebrado (Spanish-broken foot), the Broken footed couplet is a 14th century Spanish couplet that is employed in the Copla, often following an octasyllabic couplet. From the examples I found, it appears the Pie Quebrado can be written in two different stanzaic forms: 7. a couplet of two 8 syllable lines followed by a tail, a 4 syllable line. 8. or a couplet made up of an 8 syllable line followed by a 4 syllable line.

The early history of Spanish poetry was influenced by the traveling troubadours, the Church, the Moors and French Romanticism. For expediency I group Castilian, Catalan and Galician poetry under the title Spanish poetry. Technically

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as the poetry comes from three different regions and languages of what is now known as Spain. Galician in the western region of what we now know as Spain was the first Hispanic lyrical poetry and dominated Hispanic literature from the 12th century to the 14th. The Galician language and culture are closer to the Portuguese than Spanish and the language was eventually pushed to the background and Castilian became the language of Spanish literature by the 15th century. Only a few of the original Galician poems have been preserved. The lyrical poems were influenced by French Romanticism, the cantigas de amor which include the viralai's and rondeaus, traditional French forms and saudades, poems of longing that carry a fatalistic tone. The narratives found in the cantigas de santa maria tell of Marion festivities and describe the life of the Virgin Mary in very human terms. In the 19th century there was a resurgence of Galician poetry, often political in nature. Catalan poetry in the eastern region began as prose poetry. By the 15th century narratives in octo-syllabic couplets became popular. Eight syllable lines became a standard in both Catalan and Castilian poetic forms. By the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 16th century Catalan poetry experienced a similar fate to the Galician and Castilian became the language of the east. The only poetry that remained in the Catalan language were ballads and a popular religious song. The term Spanish poetics usually refers to poems written in the Castilian language which began in the central region of Spain. However the poetry of the central region has a rich history and is not limited to the Castilian language. The earliest poems have survived in fragments recorded in Arabic or Hebrew letters, these include the Hispano-Arabic zejel. In the 13th century the clerical poets competed with the troubadours and the strict monastic form cuaderna vida became prominent, quatrains in 14 syllable lines in mono rhyme. Lyrical poetry developed in Castilian much later than in both the Galician and Catalan regions. The Castilians used the hendecasyllabic line in much of the metered verse borrowed from the Italians.

The richness of Spanish verse has spilled over to the verse forms of Central and South America which are also included here.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Spanish Prosody My elementary understanding of Spanish prosody is still growing. Here are some basics one should know when studying Spanish verse forms. In English, Spanish verse forms are measured by simply counting syllables. In Spanish prosody the counting of syllables is a little more complicated. In Spanish, syllable count is added or subtracted depending on where the accent lies in the end word of the line. Therefore what appears to be a 7 syllable line in English could in Spanish be counted as 6, 7 or 8 syllables depending on the placement of the accent in that last word. A verse that ends with a word with the accent on the final syllable is given the count of one extra syllable because the end accent counts as 2 syllables. An accent falling on the penultimate syllable of the last word stays true to the actual syllable count and verse with the accent on the antepenultimate or 3rd to last syllable of the last word loses a syllable. (Note: in Spanish prosody, a hexasyllabic line and a hendecasyllabic line both always have the primary accent or stress on the 6th syllable.)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In English prosody the term consonant rhyme means vowel sounds are disregarded and only the last consonant or penultimate and last consonants are considered. However in Spanish prosody, consonant rhyme is full rhyme, considering the last stressed or accented vowel, a following consonant and if any, a following unstressed vowel. The only other rhyme is Assonant or half rhyme in which only the last stressed or accented vowel and a following unstressed vowel are considered the consonant sound between the accented vowel and unaccented vowel is disregarded. casa and casta half rhyme. (this gets even more complicated when a diphthong is involved, the weaker unstressed vowel isn't considered at all, iglesia rhymes with fuerza - the si between e and a are ignored as is the rz between the e and a ) Like the Japanese onji, this is one more example of how verse form is modified by language. A better explanation of this the syllable count can be found at Metrification

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Some of the verse forms included here in chronological order (as best I could determine) of appearance are: Soledad Cuaderna Vida Glosa or Glose, or Retrucano Zjel Tetrasyllabic Couplets Cantar Copla Copla Real Endecha Decima or Decuna Espinela or Espinela Decima Italiana or Rima Lira Quintilla (the Spanish Cinquain) Flamenca Seguidilla Gitana Seguidilla Redondilla and Seventesio

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Silva Folia Copla de Arte Major Cueca Chileana Cancion or Petrarchan Cancion Traditional Hebrew Verse or Biblical Verse is certainly best explified in the Old Testament of the Bible some of which dates back to 3000 BC. When researching this genre my first instinct was to pull out a Bible and read it with discernable literary patterns in mind to get a better feel for the craft of the Hebrew writer. I then realized that the content, the tone, some of the techniques used by the original writers may still come through in today's modern versions but in reality, I am reading a translation of a translation of a translation and so on... The original Hebrew writers wrote in a language I cannot interpret, in an alphabet I can't even decipher well enough to see patterns. Therefore I am dependant on articles in English by Hebrew scholars.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Grammatical parallelism, the Psalms and the Abacadarius were elements which I had already explored and parallelism comes to the forefront of almost every article I came across in my quest to understand the origins of Hebrew verse. As a written form Hebrew or Biblical verse is usually long lined often using devices like repetition and parallelism. Repetition binds verse together and gives it emphasis. The long lines can be found described in a loose frame of stressed and unstressed syllables and sources equate much of Hebrew verse with twos and threes. Without uniform metric pattern the words carry the ups and downs of everyday language. When I transferred the counts to some of the English translations I found, the patterns don't fit. So I am afraid this is a language specific pattern. Still I include it here because it shows that the ancient writers were not only concerned with content, but also with their craft. I believe we can benefit from all study of patterns in structure to see our own writing in a more cohesive way. Traditional Hebrew verse frame seems to build on itself.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. It begins with versets or phrases within the line. Each verset is credited with 2 or 3 stresses and carries a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 10 syllables. 2. There are then 2 or 3 versets in each line. A 2 verset line carries a minimum of 6 and a maximum of 18 syllables and a 3 verset line has 8 minimum and 24 maximum syllables per line. 3. The lines are grouped into 2 or 3 line strophes. 4. The strophes are then grouped into 2 or 3 strophe "divisions". 5. 2 or 3 divisions are grouped into a section and 6. 2 or 3 sections make up a poem. 7. coherance between 2 sections, either the first 2 sections or the last 2 sections is greater than their coherence with the odd section. 8. One constant that I encountered, Ancient Hebrew verse is never rhymed.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A Bar is a medieval, German stanzaic form. Lutheran chorals and minnesingers of the 12th thru 14th centuries used the form. The Star Spangled Banner is written in Bar form. The Bar form is: 1. stanzaic, any number of octaves made up of 2 couplets followed by a quatrain. The 2 halves of the octave are known as Aufgesang and the Abgesang "after song". (the Abgesang can use portions of an Aufgesang phrase.) 2. metered, at the discretion of the poet as long as the rhythm of the lines of the first couplet is repeated by the 2nd couplet, the following quatrain has a different rhythm in each line which is not repeated within the octave. It might be clearer described in music the first 2 couplets repeat a melody, the quatrain carries a different melody. 3. rhymed, ababccdd Star Spangled Banner by Frances Scott Keyes stanza 1

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, thro' the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there. O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

Poetry of the 17th Century

Baroque Poetry is known as an elaborate style embellished with complicated metaphors. The word baroque is Portuguese for imperfectly formed pearl. English poet Richard Crashaw, 17th century. Upon the Book and Picture of Sacrificial Saint Teresa by Richard Crashaw

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as O THOU undaunted daughter of desires! By all thy dower of lights and fires; By all the eagle in thee, all the dove; By all thy lives and deaths of love; By thy large draughts of intellectual day, And by thy thirsts of love more large than they; By all thy brim-fill'd bowls of fierce desire, By thy last morning's draught of liquid fire; By the full kingdom of that final kiss That seized thy parting soul, and seal'd thee His; By all the Heav'n thou hast in Him (Fair sister of the seraphim!); By all of Him we have in thee; Leave nothing of myself in me. Let me so read thy life, that I Unto all life of mine may die!

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Dadaism Jacobite Poets refers to poets during the reign of James I (1603-1625). John Donne, Michael Drayton, Ben Jonson and even Shakespeare although he is better known as an Elizabethan Poet. Sonnet III Taking My Pen by Michael Drayton Taking my pen, with words to cast my woe, Duly to count the sum of all my cares, I find my griefs innumerable grow, The reckonings rise to millions of despairs; And thus dividing of my fatal hours, The payments of my love I read and cross, Subtracting, set my sweets unto my sours, My joy's arrearage leads me to my loss; And thus mine eye's a debtor to thine eye, Which by extortion gaineth all their looks; My heart hath paid such grievous usury

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as That all their wealth lies in thy beauty's books, And all is thine which hath been due to me, And I a bankrupt, quite undone by thee. Metaphysical Poetry is a movement from 17th century England, emotional poetry using simple or common language and unconventional, sometimes shocking imagery. Recognized as intellectual, psychological, often unconventional and bold. John Donne and George Herbert are probably the best known of the Metaphysical poets. Sonnet, Death Be Not Proud by John Donne Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou are not so; For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me. From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be, Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And soonest our best men with thee do go, Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery. Thou'art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell, And poppy'or charms can make us sleep as well And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then? One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die. Neoclassic Poetry is from 17th-18th century England overlapping with Augustan poetry, that tended to be satirical and didactic. The movement originated by Ben Jonson and included Alexander Pope, John Dryden, Robert Herrick and Thomas Gray deliberately imitated the classic poetry of Greek and Roman poets and was crafted with a formal correctness with elegant restraint. It tended to view poetry as a honed craft rather than an expression of the soul. The world was described in terms of a strictly ordered heirarchy which neoclassics called The Great Chain of Being.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Essay on Critisism by Alexander Pope But most by Numbers judge a Poet's song; And smooth or rough, with them, is right or wrong: In the bright Muse tho' thousand charms conspire, Her voice is all these tuneful fools admire; Who haunt Parnassus but to please their ear, Not mend their minds; as some to church repair, Not for the doctrine but the music there. These equal syllables alone require, Tho' oft the ear the open vowels tire; While expletives their feeble aid do join; And ten low words oft creep in one dull line: While they ring round the same unvary'd chimes, With sure returns of still expected rhymes; Where'er you find "the cooling western breeze," In the next line it "whispers through the trees" If crystal streams "with pleasing murmurs creep"

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The reader's threaten'd (not in vain) with "sleep": Then, at the last and only couplet fraught With some unmeaning thing they call a thought, A needless Alexandrine ends the song That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. Tribe of Ben were 17th century poets who admired and emulated Ben Johnson. Some of the poets were Robert Herrick, Carew, Lovelace and Suckling. The Hag by Robert Herrick The Hag is astride, This night for to ride; The Devill and shee together: Through thick, and through thin, Now out, and then in, Though ne'r so foule be the weather.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A Thorn or a Burr She takes for a Spurre: With a lash of a Bramble she rides now, Through Brakes and through Bryars, O're Ditches, and Mires, She follows the Spirit that guides now. No Beast, for his food, Dares now range the wood; But husht in his laire he lies lurking: While mischiefs, by these, On Land and on Seas, At noone of Night are working, The storme will arise, And trouble the skies; This night, and more for the wonder, The ghost from the Tomb

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Affrighted shall come, Cal'd out by the clap of the Thunder. Echo Verse is a poetic devise or writing technique rather than a verse form. Repetition is key, a word or two at the end of a line is repeated as the next line like an echo. The technique dates back to Ancient Greece. It also was popular during the Middle Ages, termed Chained Verse and sung by the troubadours of Provence France. Modern day Echo Verse often changes the echoed word in some flippant or cynical manner. The echo can be the same word or syllable or a pun. The stanza, meter, rhyme are all at the discretion of the poet. The only requirement is the repetition of the end word or syllables of the previous line. A Gentle Echo On Woman by Jonathan Swift Shepherd. What most moves women when we them address? Echo. A dress.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Shepherd. Say, what can keep her chaste whom I adore? Echo. A door. Shepherd. If music softens rocks, love tunes my lyre. Echo. Liar. Shepherd. Then teach me, Echo, how shall I come by her? Echo. Buy her.

An Eclogue (Greek for "selected pieces") is a short narrative written in the manner of a monologue. The poet explains how he/she feels about a subject, why he/she feels that way and why the reader should also feel the same way. The verse was originally centered on country living, in a idyllic pastoral setting. It is smooth and fluid patterned after the poems of the Greek poet, Theocritus (300 B.C.). Inspired by Theocritus the Roman poet, Virgil took the ecologue a step further and brought imagery and drama to the verse. His works brought a sense of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as lyrical realism to the genre, stepping away from the idealistic pastoral setting into the more bucolic realm of the politics and philosophy of country life. An Eclogue Dbat is a versified argument between opposing sides who care for one another such as lovers or parent and child.

As genre rather than verse form, the ecologue frame or structure is at the discretion of the poet. Robert Frost is a modern day ecologue poet. Our Singing Strength by Robert Frost It snowed in spring on earth so dry and warm The flakes could find no landing place to form. Hordes spent themselves to make it wet and cold, And still they failed of any lasting hold. They made no white impression on the black. They disappeared as if earth sent them back. Not till from separate flakes they changed at night To almost strips and tapes of ragged white

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Did grass and garden ground confess it snowed, And all go back to winter but the road. Next day the scene was piled and puffed and dead. The grass lay flattened under one great tread. Borne down until the end almost took root, The rangey bough anticipated fruit With snowball cupped in every opening bud. The road alone maintained itself in mud, Whatever its secret was of greater heat From inward fires or brush of passing feet. In spring more mortal singers than belong To any one place cover us with song. Thrush, bluebird, blackbird, sparrow, and robin throng; Some to go further north to Hudson's Bay, Some that have come too far north back away, Really a very few to build and stay. Now was seen how these liked belated snow. the field had nowhere left for them to go;

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as They'd soon exhausted all there was in flying; The trees they'd had enough of with once trying And setting off their heavy powder load. They could find nothing open but the road. Sot there they let their lives be narrowed in By thousands the bad weather made akin. The road became a channel running flocks Of glossy birds like ripples over rocks. I drove them under foot in bits of flight That kept the ground. almost disputing right Of way with me from apathy of wing, A talking twitter all they had to sing. A few I must have driven to despair Made quick asides, but having done in air A whir among white branches great and small As in some too much carven marble hall Where one false wing beat would have brought down all, Came tamely back in front of me, the Drover, To suffer the same driven nightmare over.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as One such storm in a lifetime couldn't teach them That back behind pursuit it couldn't reach them; None flew behind me to be left alone. Well, something for a snowstorm to have shown The country's singing strength thus brought together, the thought repressed and moody with the weather Was none the less there ready to be freed And sing the wildflowers up from root and seed. III. Song Measure or Ljoahattr of the 12th century, Icelandic, Edda Measures is: 1. stanzaic,, written in any number of quatrains. 2. accentual, written with alternating 4 and 3 strong stresses per line. There are 2 or 3 unstressed syllables in each hemistich (half line) This is much like the Anglo Saxon Verse. 3. composed with the 3rd stressed syllable of each line alliterating with either or both of the 1st and 2nd stressed syllable, but the 4th stress rarely alliterates within the line. Instead the 4th stressed syllable of the line can cross alliterate with the following line.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Skald The ancient pages postulate a skald who wrote his words with magic. Of legends, gods and gold, he told with tongue and tambour ringing. His valiant verse, a varied tome, the married meter uttered. Of Snorri Snurluson, they sing, author. . . of the Edda Measures. --- jvg --- Old Story Measure or Fornyroislog --- Speech Measure or Malahattr

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Cento Verse Latin for patchwork, Verse made up of a medley of lines from the work or works of some well known poet. Verse in this genre dates back to ancient Rome. Cento by Jan Haag Chance Poetry is verse using "chance methods" like opening a dictionary or any book, close your eyes and put your finger on the page, using the words selected at random for the basis of the poem or drawing words at random from prewritten cards then using those words in the order drawn for the poem's vocabulary. American poets Jackson MacLow and John Cage have been forerunners in this avant garde poetic genre. Any chance method to select the words will do. The Assasination by Donald Justice (1925-2004) (Justice wrote words on cards and drew them randomly to compose this poem.) It begins again, the nocturnal pulse.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as It courses through the cables laid for it. It mounts to the chandeliers and beats there, hotly. We are too close. Too late, we would move back. We are involved with the surge. Now it bursts. Now it has been announced. Now it is being soaked up by newspapers. Now it is running through the streets. The crowd has it. The woman selling carnations And the man in the straw hat stand with it in their shoes. Here is the red marquee it sheltered under. Here is the ballroom, here The sadly various orchestra led By a single gesture. My arms open. It enters. Look, we are dancing. Dada is a movement beyond verse, it included all artistic endeavors. Initiated in Zurich in 1916 by 2 Romanians, it grew throughout Europe and

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as finally across the ocean to the US. It is rebellion against the established norm. As a verse form, dada is basically taking random words and in the sequence of happen stance relating those words as your poem. In my opinion it is much like a "found poem" but with a bit less thought and craft. Basically the instruction in the NPEOPP for writing dada verse is: Take a newspaper article and cut it up and put it in a bag. Then draw the words blindly one by one from the bag. Arrange those words in the sequence they are drawn onto a page to create your poem. "copy conscientiously / the poem will resemble you." It seems to be a collage of words and phrases outside the control of the poet. Erasure Verse is a poem made up of the leftovers after words from a written piece, prose or verse, have been erased. The following is an Erasure poem, made from words leftover from taking an erasure to the description below on the Found Poem.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as erasure gathering the environment a snatch Printed collage arrangement to create different things anything poet's larger words. The Flarf is a genre of verse that I am still trying to wrap my brain around. It is an internet dependant form that combines unusual phrases from google searches. Flarfs have been published in Magazines and Anthologies and seem to me to be pretty much nonsense poems but they are an increasingly popular but contraversial form. My understanding that the poet

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as snatches phrases from the search engine from incongruous word searches. Try searching for engine and daisy together and see what google comes up with. Then snatch phrases from the various sites. A Found Poem is the gathering and assembling of grouped words "found" in the environment and incorporating the "found" phrases and words into a larger poetic piece. It is a "snatch of poetry" NPOPP. Printed images or phrases assembled in a literary collage. The lineal arrangement rearranges the phrases to create an entirely different piece. It presents things found in the poet's surroundings such as a news article, a poem, letters, dialogue or anything. The poetry is much larger than the "found lines" that intersperse the poet's words. It was recognized in the 20th century and one of the more prominent series of Found poems is Ezra Pound's Cantos which includes "real" letters between Jefferson and Adams, Papal documents, poems by Cavalcanti, government and bank documents. The form is strophic without prescribed structure. The following is a found

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as poem using snippets of a posted conversation of members of a poetic community. found poetry trying history the Dolores River northwest into the valley Lost Canyon road further if you take the highway curious to know who named the river before the padres Escalant and Dominguez The River of Sorrows a small river one you can get to know

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as -- Rex Allen Brewer Spoem or Spoemetry is verse made from the subject lines of spam e-mail messages. The originator is speculative, since many writers and bloggers have claimed to be responsible. The form seems to have first shown up in 1999 and has been the theme of poetry contests, blogs and journals. A book entitled 'Spam: E-mail Inspired Poems' by Ben Myers was published in 2008 by Blackheath Books Myers claims to have been writing spam poems since 1999. The key is to find the unexpected. The structure can be at the poet's discretion. Slightly different in nature but still borrowing ideas and structure from another verse are: Afflatus Projacking

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

French Poetry Some of the earliest , 11th, 12th centuries, French poetry came from the Provencal Troubadours who developed distinct styles and forms of verse which set French versification on the path of a strict and narrow course for over 400 years. Although the sonnet was very probably inspired by the verse of the Troubadours, French poetry sometimes get a bad rap as difficult and lacking spontaneity because of its attention to structural detail. Yet the Lai, the Rondeau, and the Ballade family of forms have found their way through the centuries to still be used today.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Alexandr Alba or ine line Aubade Ballade Ballade Grande Ballade Royal

Alternating Sonnet

Balada Ballade Supreme Stanza Breton Lay Chain Verse Cinquain Chante Fable

Ballata

Bergerette

Blason

Bref Double

Canso

Chanso or Chanson Dansa

Chant Royal Stanza Dbat

Chanson de Geste Descort

Courtly Compliment

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Desdansa Double Ballade Double Ballade Supreme Ensenhame n French Heroic Line Kyrielle Sonnet Double Ballade with Eight Line Stanza Enuig Double Chant Royal Fabliau Dizain

Double Refrain Kyrielle Free Verse

Eclogue Dbat Freie Verse Kyrielle

Fatras

French Sonnet Laisse

Geste

Grand Ballade Lai Nouveau Revielle

Hutain

Lai

Noel

Pantoum Pastorela

Quatern Retourne

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Reverdie Rime Coue Rondel Prime Triolet Rhyme Royal Rondeau Rondeau Prime Sestina Rondel

Rondelet Rondine

Ronsardian Ode

Trine

Villanelle Virelai

The Glorionic Sonnet is an invented sonnet form inspired by the writing of John Milton. This is a contest form which has been used by many workshops. Introduced by Gloria Martin in 1976 and found in The Study and Writing of Poetry; American Women Poets Discuss Their Craft, 1983. The Glorionic Sonnet is: 1. a quatorzain made up of an octave and a sestet. 2. metric, iambic pentameter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 3. rhymed, aabbbccc ddedee. 4. composed with the pivot in the declamatory end couplet. Light Verse, Vers de Societe, Gentle Verse, Occasional Verse or Social Verse are all names for any poetry written with spontaneity and humor. Wit, rhythm and rhyme are standard components but the form and structure of the poem is at the poet's discrection. Often the poems are very short but not always. Austin Dobson, master of light verse, suggests: 1. Never be vulgar. 2. Avoid slang and puns. 3. Avoid inversions. 4. Be sparing of long words. 5. Be colloquial but not commonplace. 6. Choose the lightest and brightest of measures. 7. Let the rhymes be frequent but not forced. 8. Let them be rigorously exact to the ear. 9. Be as witty as you like.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 10. Be serious by accident. 11. Be pathetic with the greatest discretion. 12. Never ask if the writer of these rules has observed them himself." Her Letter by Francis Bret Harte (1836-1902) I'm sitting alone by the fire, Dressed just as I came from the dance, In a robe even you would admire, --It cost a cool thousand in France; I'm bediamonded out of all reason, My hair is done up in a cue: In short, sir, "the belle of the season" Is wasting an hour on you. A dozen engagements I've broken; I left in the midst of a set; Likewise a proposal, half spoken, That waits --- on the stairs --- for me yet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as They say he'll be rich --- when he grows up, --And then he adores me indeed. And you, sir, are turning your nose up, Three thousand miles off, as you read. "And how do I like my position?" "And what do I think of New York?" "And now, in my higher ambition, With whom do I waltz, flirt, or talk?" "And isn't it nice to have riches, And diamonds and silks, and all that?" "And aren't it a change to the ditches And tunnels of Poverty Flat?" Well yes, --- if you saw us out driving Each day in the park, four-in-hand; If you saw poor dear mamma contriving To look supernaturally grand, ---

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as If you saw papa's picture, as taken By Brady, and tinted at that, --You'd never suspect he sold bacon And flour at Poverty Flat. And yet, just this moment, when sitting In the glare of the grand chandelier, In the bustle and glitter befitting The "finest soiree of the year," --In the mists of a gaze de chambry And the hum of the smallest of talk, --Somehow, Joe, I thought of "The Ferry," And the dance that we had on "The Fork"; Of Harrison's barn, with its muster Of flags festooned over the wall; Of the candles that shed their soft lustre

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And tallow on head-dress and shawl; Of the steps that we took to one fiddle; Of the dress of my queer vis-a-vis; And how I once went down the middle With the man that shot Sandy McGee; Of the moon that was quietly sleeping On the hill, when the time came to go; Of the few baby peaks that were peeping From under their bed-clothes of snow; Of that ride, --- that to me was the rarest; Of --- the something you said at the gate: Ah, Joe, then I wasn't an heiress To "the best-paying lead in the state." Well, well, it's all past; yet it's funny To think, as I stood in the glare

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Of fashion and beauty and money, That I should be thinking, right there, Of some one who breasted highwater, And swam the North Fork, and all that, Just to dance with old Folinsbee's daughter, The Lily of Poverty Flat. But goodness ! what nonsense I'm writing ! ( Mamma says my taste still is low, ) Instead of my triumphs reciting, I'm spooning on Joseph, --- heigh-ho ! And I'm to be "finished" by travel, Whatever's the meaning of that, --O, why did papa strike pay gravel In drifting on Poverty Flat? Good-night, --- here's the end of my paper;

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Good-night, --- if the longitude please, --For maybe, while wasting my taper, Your sun's climbing over the trees. But know, if you haven't got riches, And are poor, dearest Joe, and all that, That my heart's somewhere there in the ditches, And you've struck it, --- on Poverty Flat. The NibelungenStrophe (Middle High German) or Kurenberg Verse (Norse) is a stanzaic form named for the metric and lyrical structure of the 13th century Germanic, Norse legend describing the royal geneology and their antics of the Burgundians sometimes known as Nibelung hoard. It is epic poetry. One of the kings was a dwarf and is so portrayed in Richard Wagner's opera, der Ring des Nibelungen. The name Niblung has become associated with a dwarf or a legendary race of dwarves. The defining features of the Nibelungen Strophe are:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. stanzaic, written in quatrains made up of 2 complete and closed couplets. 2. rhymed, rhyme scheme of the Abvers or 2nd short line is aabb ccdd etc. Only occasionally does the 1st short line or Anvers carry rhyme at the caesura. 3. composed with the last line of the poem written in 2 Anvers. In other words the poem almost always ends with a feminine or falling end syllable. 4. metric, accentual, long lines or Germanic lines, which are made up of 2 hemistiches, or short lines referred to as Anvers and Abvers. The first short line called Anvers always has 4 beats or stressed syllables and usually ends with a feminine or falling syllable. The 3rd and 4th beats or stresses were usually in the same word, The second short line called Abvers has 3 beats or stressed syllables in the first 3 long lines of the quatrain but in the last line of the quatrain it has 4 beats or stressed syllables. The Abvers usually has a masculine or rising end syllable. The Redondilla, Sonondilla, Napoleonic and the Sardine Sonnet are all the same invented sonnet form attributed to the American poet The Dread Poet Robert found at Poetry Base and a few other sites around the internet. It is named for

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as the Redondilla because of the use of the Redondilla quatrain and I suppose it is called the Sardine because the rhyme scheme gives a packed feeling. The other names, I haven't a clue where they came from. The Redondilla sonnet is: 1. a quatorzain made up of 2 Redondilla quatrains followed by an envelope sestet. 2. syllabic, in keeping with the Redondilla, the lines are 8 syllables each. One could take this a step further and write the poem in iambic tetrameter. 3. rhymed, rhyme scheme either abba abba ccddcc or abba cddc eeffee. Mussadas was given credibility as a viable genre of Urdu poetry by 19th century Persian poet Khwaja Altaf Hussain Hali. His famous long poem, Mussadas-e-Hali examines contemporary Muslim society giving direction and hope to Indian Muslims. He broke the mold of traditional forms such as the ghazal, nazm and rubai with the Mussadas. It is written in a simple natural style of writing and the only specific feature that I could find is that it is written in 6 line stanzas (mussadas meaning shape of six).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Common Measure In the 15th to 16th centuries, English clerics were seeking a catchy rhythm and sound in which to set and sing the Psalms to capture the hearts and minds of the laity. They chose the popular Ballad Meter familiar to most everyone. They adapted the ballad rhythm and form to more formal and scriptural topics, eliminating the narrative, colloquial language. They called it Common Measure and developed several variations. The first poems were meant to be lyrics set to music. The metered lines give a musical sound to the poem. Emily Dickinson used variations of this form generously even though she was thought to prefer to write "outside the box" not adhering to traditional verse form. Common Measure or Meter is: 1. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 2. metered, L1 and L3 are iambic tetrameter and L2 and L4 are iambic trimeter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 3. rhymed, rhymed scheme xaxa xbxb etc x being unrhymed. Journal: Today's Weather It's Sunday here, the sun is high with gentle springtime breeze, the song birds sing a melody in tune with buzzing bees. --------- --- Judi Van Gorder Hymnal Measure or Meter is: 4. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 5. metered, L1 and L3 are iambic tetrameter and L2 and L4 are iambic trimeter. 6. rhymed, rhyme scheme abab cdcd etc. When you Sing you Pray Twice I'm in a churchy mood today

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as though I didn't go to church. I work at writing hymns to pray and start at home to search. I raise my voice in thanks and praise and hear Him in my song. He charges me throughout my days and helps me shy from wrong. We double prayer when ere we sing, a proverb I have heard. A joyful sound I hope to bring inspired by His Word. --------------- -- Judi Van Gorder Short Measure or Short Meter, is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 7. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. When written in octaves made up of 2 short measure quatrains, the verse form is called Double Short Measure. 8. metered, most often L1, L2, L4 iambic trimeter, L3 is iambic tetrameter. 9. rhymed, Rhyme scheme xaxa xbxb etc x being unrhymed. 10. called Poulter's Measure when consolidated into 2 lines. Part Two: Nature XXII A BIRD came down the walk He did not know I saw He bit an angle-worm in halves And ate the fellow, raw And then he drank a dew From a convenient grass, And then hopped sidewise to the wall To let a beetle pass

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as He glanced with rapid eyes That hurried all abroad They looked like frightened beads, I though He stirred his velvet head Like one in danger; cautious I offered him a crumb, And he unrolled his feathers And rowed him softer home Than oars divide the ocean, Too silver for a seam, Or butterflies, off banks of noon, Leap, plashless, as they swim ------- ---Emily Dickinson (1830-1886) Laker Gold

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as I have a lucky charm, a Laker logo, gold it hangs from chain around my neck, my loyalty is bold. I live in Warrior land where rivalry is fierce. Friends say I cheer the enemy, they want my heart to pierce. My necklace always worn throughout the season's run, I hope it helps us win the crown, return to number one. --------------- --- Judi Van Gorder Poulter's Measure was named by George Gascoigne, 16th century English poet, for its alternating 12 syllable and 14 syllable lines because a when selling a dozen eggs a poulter would often measure out 13 eggs in case

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as one was cracked and the 2 lines of 12 and 14 averaged 2 poulter's dozen. The correlation is a leap for me but I think it is a closer anomaly than the lines sounding like clucking hens which I've also read as a reason for the name. A Poulter's measure is: 11. suitable to narrative poetry because of the Alexandrine line. 12. metered, written in any number of couplets made up of an Alexandrine line, iambic hexameter broken by a caesura and a fourteener line, iambic heptameter. 13. rhymed, rhyme scheme aa bb etc. 14. called Short Measure if the couplet is broken into 4 lines. What Length of Verse? by Sir PHilip Sidney from Complaint of Her Lover, Being Upon the Sea by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 1547) Good ladies, ye that have your pleasures in exile,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Step in your foot, come take a place and mourn with me a while; And such as by their lords do set but little price, Let them sit still, its skills them not what chance come on the dice. But ye whom love hath bound by order of desire To love your lords, whose good desserts none other would require, Come ye yet once again and set your foot by mine, Whose woeful plight and sorrows great no tongue can well define. -Incendiary The pinching smell of smoke, the dirty ash filled air precedes the leaping flames, to play like children without care. The blazing fingers flick and snap, to fling sparks high and send the fiery cinders far, to light the blackened sky. ------------------------ --- Judi Van Gorder 4-16-04 Long Measure or Meter is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 15. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. When written in octaves made up of 2 quatrains, the verse form is called Double Long Measure. 16. metered, all lines iambic tetrameter. 17. rhymed, rhyme scheme xaxa xbxb etc. Long Haired Dog In need of grooming, Trey lay down, the heat of noon too much for him. The shady space he occupied a respite til he took a swim. ---------- --- Judi Van Gorder Long Hymnal Measure or Meter is: 18. stanzaic, written in any number of quatrains. 19. metered, all lines iambic tetrameter. 20. rhymed, rhyme scheme abab cdcd etc.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Cheezy Addiction To eat one Cheez-it is absurd, it can't be done, you have to eat another and another, Word! I stash away, admit defeat. ---------- ---Judi Van Gorder Short Hymnal Measure or Stanza is: 21. stanzaic, wirtten in any number of quatrains. 22. metric, L1,L2&L4 are iambic trimeter and L3 is iambic tetrameter. 23. rhymed, rhyme scheme abab cdcd etc... Short Particular Measure makes a slight departure from the quatrain pattern and is written in sixains. The Short Particular Measure is: 24. stanzaic, written in any number of sixains. 25. metric, L1,L2,L4,L5 are iambic trimeter and L3&L6 are iambic tetrameter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 26. rhymed aabaab ccdccd etc. Common Octave is a double Common Measure: 27. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 28. metered, L1 L3, L5 and L7 are iambic tetrameter and L2, L4, L6 and L8 are iambic trimeter. 29. rhymed, rhymed scheme xaxaxaxa xbxbxbxb etc x being unrhymed. Hymnal Octave is a double Hymnal Measure: 30. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 31. metered, L1, L3, L5, L7 are iambic tetrameter, L2, L4, L6, L8 are iambic trimeter. 32. rhymed, rhyme scheme, abababab, cdcdcdcd etc. Short Measure Octave is a doubled Short Measure: 33. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 34. metered, most often L1, L2, L4, L5, L6, L8 are iambic trimeter, L3 and L7 are iambic tetrameter.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 35. rhymed, Rhyme scheme xaxaxaxa xbxbxbxb etc x being unrhymed. Long Measure Octave is a double long measure : 36. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 37. metered, all lines iambic tetrameter. 38. rhymed, rhyme scheme xaxaxaxa xbxbxbxb etc. Long Hymnal Octave or double Long Hymnal Measure is: 39. stanzaic, written in any number of octaves. 40. metered, all lines iambic tetrameter. 41. rhymed, rhyme scheme abababab cdcdcdcd etc.

Didactic Verse (from Greek didaktikos which implies both teaching and learning) is a genre of poetry with the clear intention to instruct and from which it is assumed the reader will learn. This genre has been around since before the invention of the alphabets. Moralistic, theological, political and societal concerns have been addressed in didactic verse framed by as many verse forms as subjects addressed. One of the more popular frames is the Didactic Couplet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as If it is True, What the Prophets Write If it is true, what the Prophets write, That the heathen gods are all stocks and stones, Shall we, for the sake of being polite, Feed them with the juice of our marrow-bones? And if Bezaleel and Aholiab drew What the finger of God pointed to their view, Shall we suffer the Roman and Grecian rods To compel us to worship them as gods? They stole them from the temple of the Lord And worshipp'd them that they might make inspird art abhorr'd; The wood and stone were call'd the holy things, And their sublime intent given to their kings. All the atonements of Jehovah spurn'd, And criminals to sacrifices turn'd. --- William Blake (1757-1827)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A few subgenres of didactic verse are: Ensenhamen is an Occitan, didactic, often lyrical verse of the 12 century primarily the property of the troubadours. Although no structure seems consistent, the verse covered subjects from proper table manners, to the comportment of a lady, and even to sexual ethics. The Epistle (Latin epistola meaning letter), is a genre of didactic verse which is a poem of voice and character. The frame of the verse is at the discretion of the poet. The poem as a letter, can be addressed to a real or imaginary person or group of persons and the character writing the letter can be real or imaginary. The tone can be formal or be very personal and the poem itself can be several pages or a short note. Robert Burns and Alexander Pope often used this genre. Many Epistles are found in the New Testament of the Bible. Here is the opening of the Letter of James:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1:1 James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes which are in the Dispersion: Greetings. 1:2 Count it all joy, my brothers when you fall into various temptations, 1:3 knowing that the testing of your faith produces endurance. 1:4 Let endurance have its perfect work, that you may be perfect and complete, lacking in nothing. 1:5 But if any of you lacks wisdom, let him ask of God, who gives to all liberally and without reproach; and it will be given to him. 1:6 But let him ask in faith, without any doubting, for he who doubts is like a wave of the sea, driven by the wind and tossed.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1:7 For let that man not think that he will receive anything from the Lord. 1:8 He is a double-minded man, unstable in all his ways. Georgic Verse is "how to" poetry, originally concerning animal husbandry and other farm work. More modern georgic verse provides instructions in the arts and sciences, these teachings are usually in the form of rhymed verse. The Primer Couplet and Skeltonic Verse fall under this subgenre. Virgil's Georgics II (29 B.C.) Thus far the tilth of fields and stars of heaven; Now will I sing thee, Bacchus, and, with thee, The forest's young plantations and the fruit Of slow-maturing olive. Hither haste, O Father of the wine-press; all things here Teem with the bounties of thy hand; for thee With viny autumn laden blooms the field,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And foams the vintage high with brimming vats; Hither, O Father of the wine-press, come, And stripped of buskin stain thy bared limbs In the new must with me. First, nature's law For generating trees is manifold; For some of their own force spontaneous spring, No hand of man compelling, and possess The plains and river-windings far and wide, As pliant osier and the bending broom, Poplar, and willows in wan companies With green leaf glimmering gray; and some there be From chance-dropped seed that rear them, as the tall Chestnuts, and, mightiest of the branching wood, Jove's Aesculus, and oaks, oracular Deemed by the Greeks of old. With some sprouts forth A forest of dense suckers from the root, As elms and cherries; so, too, a pigmy plant,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Beneath its mother's mighty shade upshoots The bay-tree of Parnassus. Such the modes Nature imparted first; hence all the race Of forest-trees and shrubs and sacred groves Springs into verdure. Other means there are, Which use by method for itself acquired. One, sliving suckers from the tender frame Of the tree-mother, plants them in the trench; One buries the bare stumps within his field, Truncheons cleft four-wise, or sharp-pointed stakes; Some forest-trees the layer's bent arch await, And slips yet quick within the parent-soil; No root need others, nor doth the pruner's hand Shrink to restore the topmost shoot to earth That gave it being. Nay, marvellous to tell, Lopped of its limbs, the olive, a mere stock, Still thrusts its root out from the sapless wood,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And oft the branches of one kind we see Change to another's with no loss to rue, Pear-tree transformed the ingrafted apple yield, And stony cornels on the plum-tree blush. Come then, and learn what tilth to each belongs According to their kinds, ye husbandmen, And tame with culture the wild fruits, lest earth Lie idle. O blithe to make all Ismarus One forest of the wine-god, and to clothe With olives huge Tabernus! And be thou At hand, and with me ply the voyage of toil I am bound on, O my glory, O thou that art Justly the chiefest portion of my fame, Maecenas, and on this wide ocean launched Spread sail like wings to waft thee. Not that I With my poor verse would comprehend the whole, Nay, though a hundred tongues, a hundred mouths Were mine, a voice of iron; be thou at hand, Skirt but the nearer coast-line; see the shore

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Is in our grasp; not now with feigned song Through winding bouts and tedious preludings Shall I detain thee. For example of a more modern day Georgic verse, John Hollander wrote Rhymes Reason in which he describes various verse forms in verse. The ballad stanza's four short lines --- Are very often heard; The second and the fourth lines rhyme --- But not the first and third. The Riddle is a very popular folk verse form that made its way to respected literature because of its general appeal. It is short lyrical verse that takes the form of a question with the answer in the hints within the body of the poem. It includes metaphor, word play and paradox. Literary Riddles are often longer poems. It was fascinating when researching to find that not only were versified

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as riddles popular in 12th century, Old English, but the ancient Norse Edda Measures included riddles as well as there are poetic riddles in Arabic, Japanese and Viet Namese showing a vast diversity cultures enjoying the same poetic genre. An Old English Riddle "I never was, am always to be, No one ever saw me, nor ever will And yet I am the confidence of all To live and breathe on this terrestrial ball." (The answer: I am tomorrow) Clue-Line is a modern day "riddle" using rhymed couplets and one dummy line to provide the clues to a key word. Found at Ars' Poetica, each line should provide some clue to the thematic keyword. The Clue-Line is:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. stanzaic, written in any number of rhymed couplets. 2. metered at the discretion of the poet. 3. composed with each line providing a clue to the "thematic keyword". 4. composed with a dummy line in the last couplet that does not provide a clue. Ancient Irish Meters The Celts in Ireland can be traced back to before 8 BC but it isn't until 6 AD that their poetry is recorded. The Celts also settled in Wales and Scotland and their rich poetic traditions were expanded into traditions unique to each arena. Celtic influence on Irish verse is clear and evident in the sharing with the Welsh of cywdydd-harmony of sound and the complicated rhyme patterns. By the time the Celtic language was all but extinct in Ireland and Scotland, the musical sounds of Gaelic became the language of poetry in Ireland. As with most ancient poetics, Irish poetry began with an oral tradition dependent upon rhyme to assist the memory. The ancient Irish poets, filidh (from the verb, to see) were given stature and were thought to have magical power similar to the Welsh poet. Although

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as unlike the Welsh, the Irish poet took a back seat to the poetry and most of the ancient poems that have survived are anonymous. The Irish patterns depend heavily on alliteration, consonance and assonance, Cywdydd is assumed to apply to all of the ancient Irish poetic patterns. The Irish took this to another level in that they added stages of cadence to the rhyme pattern. Where in Welsh poetry the end rhyme is on a single stressed or unstressed syllable, the Irish patterns often require the end rhyme be 2 or 3 syllables and stressed or accented syllables were not a factor, each syllable carries equal value. "All syllables, in whatever position, and however lightly accented in modern pronunciation, must be regarded as equally accented in the olden poetry. . . . . . . there are no slurred consonants making one syllable out of two, as at present pronounced." Literature in Ireland: studies in Irish and Anglo-Irish by Thomas MacDonaghue. A defining feature of ancient Irish poetry is, dunadh, beginning and ending the poem with the same syllable, word or line. This brings the poem full circle.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In about the 5th century, Christianity came to Ireland. With its introduction the filidh gave up their "magical" functions and became "scholars". The patterns that emerged from the 6th to 12th century are intricately formal, dn dreach ("straight or strict verse"), during this time Ireland became known as an "island of saints and scholars". The early Church in Ireland was unusually well organized through a monastic system. The Latin influenced system enabled the monks to record and preserve much of the ancient poetry. I thought I had encountered the strictest code for writing poetry after studying the Ancient Welsh Meters. I can now say that the Irish forms seem to take the challenge to another level. Ancient Irish Poetic Verse Forms are: 1. lyrical. 2. quantitative verse, but in English treated as syllabic. 3. assumed to be written with cywdydd (harmony of sound) alliteration, assonance and consonance. 4. often composed with dunadh, the poem (not stanza) begins and ends with the same syllable, word or line. 5. stanzaic, the number of stanzas is at the discretion of the poet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 6. written in variations of dn dreach ("straight or strict verse"). Some of those variations which have survived are:
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1.

Ae Freisli ghe (ay Frshlee)

1.

Ai sli n g

1.

Brecc bairdn e

1.

Ca sb air dn e (ko ss b yer dn e)

1.

Ce thr a mt u Ra nn aig he ac ht M or

1.

Cor ona ch (wail ing toge ther)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1.

Cro Cumai sc Etir Casba irnde Ocus Lethra nnaig echt

1.

D e ac h n a d h C u m m ai sc

1.

Deach nadh mor

1.

De ibh idh e (ja yv e)

1.

De ibh idh e Ba ise Fri To in

1.

Deib hidh e Guil bne ch

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1.

Deibhi dhe Guilbn ech Dialta ch

1.

Dr oi g h n e ac h (d ra' iyn ac h)

1.

Lethra nnaeg echt Mor

1.

Ra nn aig hh ea cht (ve rsif ica tio n)

1.

Ra nn aig he ac ht bh ea g (ro n ay ah voi g)

1.

Ran naic hea cht Ghai rid (rona'ya ch cha'r -rid)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. Rann aiche acht Mhor (rona'yach voor) (the great versifi cation ) 1. R a n n ai ch e ac ht M h or G ai rit 1. Rann aiche acht, randai gecht cheth archuba id garit rocam arcac h 1. Ri on nai rd 1. Ri on nai rd Tri Na rd (ru 'nar d tre ena rd ) 1. Sa dna (sha y'na)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. Sadn a Mr (shay' -na mor)
1.

S n a m S u a d

1.

Snead hbaird ne (snayvuyerdne)

1.

Tr eo ch air

1.

Tri ad

1.

Tria n Ran naiy ech to Mor

Stornello comes from the Occitan "estorn" which means struggle, probably so named from its beginnings in the improvisational poetic contests of 15th century Italy. The lines would be composed by opposing poets on the spot, taking turns creating within the form. It could also allude to the Italian "s' tornello" meaning "little turn" or "taking turns". According to the NPOPP, there are 3 types of Stornello, (1) the oldest, a rhymed proverbial couplet, still popular in Sicily, (2) the second, a rhymed

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as hendecasyllabic triplet , L2 being near rhyme and (3) the most commonly seen triplet made up of an 11 syllable couplet preceded by a 10 syllable "quintario or settnario". The guintario is an exclamatory phrase or invocation, often to a flower or plant, which is why the form is sometimes called Fiore (flower in Italian). The 11 syllable line is common in Italian poetry because of the musicality of the language and the prevalence of falling rhythm. It could be thought of as the Italian iambic pentameter, thus a challenge for the English writer to emulate the musicality using the English iambic pentameter within the parameters of the hendecasyllabic line. The most common Stornello is: 1. stanzaic, written in and number of triplets . The Stornello is preferably short. 2. syllabic, the more common form is 10-11-11 syllable lines however it can be written with all lines 11 syllables. 3. rhymed, rhyme scheme AaA BbB the lower case letter = near rhyme. Fiore

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as I paint a rose in verse just one more time, join thousands gone before in poetic hymn to love's sweet fragrance on crimson velvet rhyme. --- Judi Van Gorder Four Line Construction A poetic unit of four lines is termed a quatrain or a tetrastich. Quatrain infers the unit is written adjacent to other stanzas but like the couplet, it can be a stand alone poem. The term tetrastich infers a stand alone poem of four lines but the term is rarely used. Quatrain is a French word referring to a four-line stanzaic unit, arranged in any variation. In its multiple variations, it is the most prevalent unit of English Verse and probably of all the world. The Vedic forms, as well as Sanskrit, Chinese and Korean forms are predominantly written in 4 line units. If I were to include all of the four line stanzaic forms on this page I would probably have to list over half of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as the forms I found in my research. Therefore I included only a few of the more common and post the rest under the forums for the nation of their origin. In English the quatrain is often written in iambic tetrameter but most often the meter of the quatrain is dependent on the verse form and poet's preference. Alternating rhyme quatrain is a 4 line unit with alternating abab cdcd rhyme which changes from stanza to stanza. These are often found in sequence within an octave. (eg. an octave made up of 2 alternating rhymed quatrains would have a rhyme scheme of ababcdcd vs an an octave with alternating rhyme abababab) Envelope Quatrain is a rhymed 4 line unit, "the envelope" refers to the rhyme scheme abba. The bb is enveloped by the aa. An envelope can also be axxa with x being unrhymed. Goodnight, Mc Adoo by Judi Van Gorder The noisy bird has tucked her head and mutely gone to sleep,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as she slowly switches feet upon her perch, her aviary bed. Epigram quatrain is a 4 line unit in narrative verse which is a brief clever saying, rhyme and meter, optional. Two quatrains can be written for an epigram but it is rare to exceed that number. Epitaph quatrain is a 4 line unit in narrative verse, originally to be inscribed on a tombstone. It should be a moving expression of grief, it can be light or even cynical. Rhyme and meter optional. Heroic stanza is a quatrain made up of two heroic couplets. Lines written in iambic pentameter, rhyme scheme aabb. Dough by Tnis Veenpere This is what she told me that we need: the winter foods, the wood for heating, seed. But I have something else in mind instead.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as I'll harvest stars, we'll bake them into bread. , In Memoriam Stanza Dipodic Quatrain Variant rhymed quatrain is a 4 line unit that carries random rhyme. Each quatrain has rhyme but without a set pattern such as aaxa, xaaa, axaa, or xaxa with x being unrhymed.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Poetry (from the Greek 'poiesis'/ [poieo/ ], a making: a forming, creating, or the art of poetry, or a poem) is a form of literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. Poetry may be written independently, as discrete poems, or may occur in conjunction with other arts, as in poetic drama, hymns, lyrics, or prose poetry. It is published in dedicated magazines (the longest established being Poetry and Oxford Poetry), individual collections and wider anthologies. Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. The earliest poems evolved from folk songs,[1] such as the Chinese Shijing, or from the need to retell oral epics, such

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as as the Sanskrit Vedas, Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Odyssey and the Iliad. Ancient attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle's Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song, and comedy.[2] Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively informative, prosaic forms of writing, such as manifestos, biographies, essays, and novels .[3] From the mid-20th century, poetry has sometimes been more generally labeled as a fundamental creative act using language.[4] Poetry primarily is governed by idiosyncratic forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, or to evoke emotive responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony, and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly, metaphor, simile, and metonymy[5] create a resonance between otherwise disparate imagesa layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Some poetry types are specific to particular cultures and genres, responding to the characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. Readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and Rumi may think of it as being written in lines based upon rhyme and

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as regular meter, there are traditions, such as Biblical poetry, that use other methodologies to create rhythm and euphony. Much of modern British and American poetry is to some extent a critique of poetic tradition,[6] playing with and testing (among other things) the principle of euphony itself, to the extent that sometimes it deliberately does not rhyme or keep to set rhythms at all.[7][8][9] In today's globalized world poets often borrow styles, techniques and forms from diverse cultures and languages. Tanka prose is a literary genre whose individual compositions employ two modes of writing - verse and prose. It was first composed by Japanese poets, often in the elementary form of a prose commentary or anecdote to accompany a poem, and only later in the more extended forms of memoir and diary. Tanka prose, therefore, is related to but predates another Japanese literary form, haibun, and differs from haibun in the verse form that it utilizes. Tanka prose employs tanka with prose while haibun employs haiku with prose. Tanka were composed in Japan for nearly a millennium before the advent of haiku. Early examples of tanka prose are the Tosa Diary[1] by Ki no Tsurayuki (940 M.E.) and the Gossamer Years[2] by the woman known as the mother of Michitsuna (980 M.E.). Early haibun, by contrast, are the 17th century works of Matsuo Bash ,[3] some seven centuries later. Tanka prose, in its many varied forms, is built upon one common basic unit of composition (one

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as paragraph, one tanka).[4] The simplest applications of this basic unit are two and are common to classical Japanese and contemporary English-language practice: preface and poem tale.[5] The preface is expository and often concerned with little more than sketching the motive and setting of the composition. A poem tale, as the name implies, adopts narrative qualities, whether the narration is abbreviated and anecdotal or expansive and closer to the short story proper. Variation in the number and placement of tanka in relation to the prose is widespread in todays practice of the tanka prose genre.[6] The basic unit of one paragraph of prose, one tanka, is a very common form while inversion of that unit (one tanka followed by one paragraph of prose) is a frequent variation. Another common form of tanka prose is the verse envelopetanka, prose, tanka. Many other forms are in use, most generated by inversion or compounding of the basic unit of one paragraph, one tanka. These variations in number and placement of tanka are not without effect upon the flavor and character of the individual tanka prose work. Tanka prose in English is in its infancy. Sanford Goldsteins Tanka Walk, (1983),[7] is perhaps the earliest example known. Jane Reichhold, Larry Kimmel, Gary LeBel and Linda Jeannette Ward are some other notable poets who adopted tanka prose in the 1990s. Contemporary practitioners include LeBel, Ward, Ingrid Kunschke, Bob Lucky, Patricia Prime and Jeffrey Woodward. Online

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as journals where new examples of the genre appear with some regularity include Modern Haibun & Tanka Prose, Haibun Today, Modern English Tanka and Atlas Poetica. Tanka prose is also included in the anthology series, Take Five : Best Contemporary Tanka" (MET Press, 2009) and Take Five, Vol 2 (MET Press, 2010).

Qualitative vs. quantitative meter

The meter of much poetry of the Western world and elsewhere is based on particular patterns of syllables of particular types. The familiar type of meter in English-language poetry is called qualitative meter, with stressed syllables coming at regular intervals (e.g. in iambic pentameter, typically every even-numbered syllable). Many Romance languages use a scheme that is somewhat similar but where the position of only one particular stressed syllable (e.g. the last) needs to be fixed. The meter of the old Germanic poetry of languages such as Old Norse and Old English was radically different, but still was based on stress patterns. Many classical languages, however, use a different scheme known as quantitative meter, where patterns are based on syllable weight rather than stress. In dactylic hexameter of Classical Latin and Classical Greek, for example, each of the six feet making up the line was either a dactyl (longshort-short) or spondee (long-long), where a long syllable was literally one that took longer to

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as pronounce than a short syllable: specifically, a syllable consisting of a long vowel or diphthong or followed by two consonants. The stress pattern of the words made no difference to the meter. A number of other ancient languages also used quantitative meter, such as Sanskrit and Classical Arabic (but not Biblical Hebrew). [edit]

Feet
In most Western classical poetic traditions, the meter of a verse can be described as a sequence of feet,[1] each foot being a specific sequence of syllable types such as unstressed/stressed (the norm for English poetry) or long/short (as in most classical Latin and Greek poetry). Iambic pentameter, the most common meter in English poetry, is a sequence of five iambic feet or iambs, each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one ("da-DUM") : So So long long as lives men this, can and breathe, this or gives eyes life can to see, thee.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM

This approach to analyzing and classifying meters originates from ancient Greek tragedians and poets such as Homer, Pindar, Hesiod, and Sappho. Note that some meters have an overall rhythmic pattern to the line that cannot easily be described using feet. This occurs in Sanskrit poetry; see Vedic meter and Sanskrit meter). (Although this poetry is in fact specified using feet, each "foot" is more or less equivalent to an entire line.) However, it also occurs in some Western meters, such as the hendecasyllable favored by Catullus, which can be described approximately as "DUM-DUM-DUM-da-da-DUM-da-DUM-da-DUM-da", with some variation allowed in the first two syllables. [edit]

Half-lines
In place of using feet, alliterative verse of old Germanic languages such as Old English and Old Norse divided each line into two half-lines. Each half-line had to follow one of five or so patterns, each of which defined a sequence of stressed and unstressed syllables, typically with two stressed syllables per line. Unlike typical Western poetry, however, the number of unstressed syllables

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as could vary somewhat. For example, the common pattern "DUM-da-DUM-da" could allow between one and five unstressed syllables between the two stresses. The following is a famous example, taken from The Battle of Maldon: Hige sceal e heardra, || heorte e c nre, m d sceal e m re, || sw re mgen l tla ("Will must be the harder, courage the bolder, spirit must be the more, as our might lessens.") In the quoted section, the stressed syllables have been underlined. (Normally, the stressed syllable must be long if followed by another syllable in a word. However, by a rule known as syllable resolution, two short syllables in a single word are considered equal to a single long syllable. Hence, sometimes two syllables have been underlined, as in hige and mgen.) The first three halflines have the type A pattern "DUM-da-(da-)DUM-da", while the last one has the type C pattern "da-(da-da-)DUM-DUM-da", with parentheses indicating optional unstressed syllables that have been inserted. Note also the pervasive pattern of alliteration, where the first and/or second stress alliterate with the third, but not with the fourth. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Caesurae
Another component of a verse's meter are the caesurae (literally, cuts), which are not pauses but compulsory word boundaries which occur after a particular syllabic position in every line of a poem. In Latin and Greek poetry, a caesura is a break within a foot caused by the end of a word. For example, in the verse below, each odd line has a caesura (shown by a slash /) after the fourth syllable (daily, her, won'dring, mother) while each even line is without a caesura: Daily, daily, / sing to Mary, Sing my soul her praises due: All her feasts, her / actions honor, With the heart's devotion true. Now in wond'ring / contemplation, Be her majesty confessed; Call her Mother / call her Virgin, Happy Mother, Virgin blest. A caesura would split the word "devotion" in the fourth line or the word "majesty" in the sixth line. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Metric variations
Poems with a well-defined overall metric pattern often have a few lines that violate that pattern. A common variation is the inversion of a foot, which turns an iamb ("da-DUM") into a trochee ("DUMda"). Another common variation is a headless verse, which lacks the first syllable of the first foot. Yet a third variation is catalexis, where the end of a line is shortened by a foot, or two or part thereof - an example of this is at the end of each verse in Keats' 'La Belle Dame sans Merci': And on thy cheeks a fading rose (4 feet) Fast withereth too (2 feet) Foot type Style Stress pattern Iamb Trochee Spondee Iambic Trochaic Spondaic Unstressed + Stressed Stressed + Unstressed Stressed + Stressed

Syllable count Two Two Two

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Anapest Anapestic Unstressed + Unstressed + Three Stressed Dactyl Dactylic Stressed + Unstressed + Unstressed Unstressed + Stressed + Unstressed Unstressed + Unstressed Three

Amphibrach

Amphibrachic

Three

Pyrrhic

Pyrrhic

Two

Source: Cummings Study Guides[1] If there is one foot, it's called monometer; two feet, dimeter; three is trimeter; four is tetrameter; five is pentameter; six is hexameter, seven is heptameter and eight is octameter. For example, if the feet are iambs, and if there are five feet to a line, then it's called iambic pentameter.[1] If the feet are primarily dactyls and there are six to a line, then it's dactylic hexameter.[1]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Meter in various languages

[edit]

Sanskrit
Main article: Sanskrit prosody Main article: Vedic meter Classical Sanskrit and Vedic Sanskrit use meters for most ancient treatises that are set to verse. Prominent Vedic meters include Gayatri, Ushnik, Anushtupa, Brhati, Pankti, Tristubh and Jagati. The basic meter for epic verse is the Sloka. Sanskrit meter is quantitative, similar in general principles to classical Greek and Latin meter. The Bhagavad Gita is mainly written in anustupa (with some vasanta-tilaka sections) interspersed with some Tristubh. For example, when Krishna reveals his divinity to Arjuna the meter changes to Tristubh. Tristubh is the most prevalent meter of the ancient Rigveda, accounting for roughly 40% of its verses. [edit]

Greek and Latin

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The metrical "feet" in the classical languages were based on the length of time taken to pronounce each syllable, which were categorized according to their weight as either "long" syllables or "short" syllables (indicated as daa and duh below). These are also called "heavy" and "light" syllables, respectively, to distinguish from long and short vowels. The foot is often compared to a musical measure and the long and short syllables to whole notes and half notes. In English poetry, feet are determined by emphasis rather than length, with stressed and unstressed syllables serving the same function as long and short syllables in classical meter. The basic unit in Greek and Latin prosody is a mora, which is defined as a single short syllable. A long syllable is equivalent to two moras. A long syllable contains either a long vowel, a diphthong, or a short vowel followed by two or more consonants. Various rules of elision sometimes prevent a grammatical syllable from making a full syllable, and certain other lengthening and shortening rules (such as correption) can create long or short syllables in contexts where one would expect the opposite. The most important Classical meter is the dactylic hexameter, the meter of Homer and Virgil. This form uses verses of six feet. The word dactyl comes from the Greek word daktylos meaning finger, since there is one long part followed by two short stretches.[2] The first four feet are dactyls (daaduh-duh), but can be spondees (daa-daa). The fifth foot is almost always a dactyl. The sixth foot is either a spondee or a trochee (daa-duh). The initial syllable of either foot is called the ictus, the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as basic "beat" of the verse. There is usually a caesura after the ictus of the third foot. The opening line of the neid is a typical line of dactylic hexameter: Arm v | rumqu c | n , Troi | ae qu | pr m s b | r s ("I sing of arms and the man, who first from the shores of Troy. . . ") In this example, the first and second feet are dactyls; their first syllables, "Ar" and "rum" respectively, contain short vowels, but count as long because the vowels are both followed by two consonants. The third and fourth feet are spondees, the first of which is divided by the main caesura of the verse. The fifth foot is a dactyl, as is nearly always the case. The final foot is a spondee. The dactylic hexameter was imitated in English by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in his poem Evangeline: This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the hemlocks, Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight, Stand like Druids of old, with voices sad and prophetic, Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms. Notice how the first line: This is the | for-est pri | me-val. The | mur-muring | pines and the | hem-locks Follows this pattern:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as dum diddy | dum diddy | dum diddy | dum diddy | dum diddy | dum dum Also important in Greek and Latin poetry is the dactylic pentameter. This was a line of verse, made up of two equal parts, each of which contains two dactyls followed by a long syllable, which counts as a half foot. In this way, the number of feet amounts to five in total. Spondees can take the place of the dactyls in the first half, but never in the second. The long syllable at the close of the first half of the verse always ends a word, giving rise to a caesura. Dactylic pentameter is never used in isolation. Rather, a line of dactylic pentameter follows a line of dactylic hexameter in the elegiac distich or elegiac couplet, a form of verse that was used for the composition of elegies and other tragic and solemn verse in the Greek and Latin world, as well as love poetry that was sometimes light and cheerful. An example from Ovid's Tristia: Verg l | um v | d tan | tum, n c | m r T | bull Temp s | m c t | ae || f t d | d r m | ae. ("I saw only Vergil, greedy Fate gave Tibullus no time for me.") The Greeks and Romans also used a number of lyric meters, which were typically used for shorter poems than elegiacs or hexameter. In Aeolic verse, one important line was called the hendecasyllabic, a line of eleven syllables. This meter was used most often in the Sapphic stanza, named after the Greek poet Sappho, who wrote many of her poems in the form. A hendecasyllabic is a line with a never-varying structure: two trochees, followed by a dactyl, then two more trochees.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In the Sapphic stanza, three hendecasyllabics are followed by an "Adonic" line, made up of a dactyl and a trochee. This is the form of Catullus 51 (itself an homage to Sappho 31): Ill | m p r | ess d | v | d t r; ill , | s f s | est, s p | r r | d v s, qu s | d ns ad | vers s | dent | dem t spect t t | aud t ("He seems to me to be like a god; if it is permitted, he seems above the gods, he who sitting across from you gazes at you and listens to you.") The Sapphic stanza was imitated in English by Algernon Charles Swinburne in a poem he simply called Sapphics: Saw the white implacable Aphrodite, Saw the hair unbound and the feet unsandalled Shine as fire of sunset on western waters; Saw the reluctant... [edit]

Classical Arabic
See also: Arabic prosody

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The metrical system of Classical Arabic poetry, like those of classical Greek and Latin, is based on the weight of syllables classified as either "long" or "short". A short syllable contains a short vowel with no following consonants. For example, the word kataba, which syllabifies as ka-ta-ba, contains three short vowels. A long syllable contains either a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by a consonant as is the case in the word makt bun which syllabifies as mak-t -bun. These are the only syllable types possible in Arabic phonology which, by and large, does not allow a syllable to end in more than one consonant or a consonant to occur in the same syllable after a long vowel. In other words, with very few exceptions, syllables of the type - k- or -akr- are not found in classical Arabic. Each verse consists of a certain number of metrical feet (taf ` l or ajz ') and a certain combination of possible feet constitutes a meter (ba r.) The traditional Arabic practice for writing out a poem's meter is to use a concatenation of various derivations of the verbal root F-`-L ( ). Thus, the following hemistich qif nabki min dhikr ab bin wamanzil

Would be traditionally scanned as

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Fa` lun maf ` lun fa` lun maf `ilun Which, according to the system more current in the west, can be represented as: u-- u--- u-- u-u[edit]

The Arabic Meters

Classical Arabic has sixteen established meters. Though each of them allows for a certain amount of variation, their basic patterns are as follows, using "-" for a long syllable, "u" for a short one, "x" for a syllable that can be long or short and "o" for a position that can either contain one long or two shorts: The aw l ( ): u-x u-x- u-x u-uThe Mad d ( xuxu- xu):

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Bas ( ):

x-u- xu- x-u- uuThe K mil ( o-u- o-u- o-uThe W fir ( u-o- u-o- u-The Hajaz ( u--x u--x The Rajaz ( ): ): ): ):

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as x-u- x-u- x-uThe Ramal ( xuxuxuThe Sar ` ( xxu- xxu- -uThe Munsari ( x-u- -x-u -uuThe Khaf f ( xux-u- xu The Mu ri` ( ): ): ): ): ):

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as u-x x-u-The Muqta ib ( xu- u- uuThe Mujtathth ( x-u- xu The Mutad rik ( ): o- o- o- o- (Here, each "o" can also be "xu") The Mutaq rib ( u-x u-x u-x u[edit] ): ): ):

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Old English
The metric system of Old English poetry was different from that of modern English, and more related to the verse forms of most of older Germanic languages. It used alliterative verse, a metrical pattern involving varied numbers of syllables but a fixed number (usually four) of strong stresses in each line. The unstressed syllables were relatively unimportant, but the caesurae played a major role in Old English poetry.[3] [edit]

Modern English
Most English meter is classified according to the same system as Classical meter with an important difference. English is an accentual language, and therefore beats and offbeats (stressed and unstressed syllables) take the place of the long and short syllables of classical systems. In most English verse, the meter can be considered as a sort of back beat, against which natural speech rhythms vary expressively. The most common characteristic feet of English verse are the iamb in two syllables and the anapest in three. (See Foot (prosody) for a complete list of the metrical feet and their names.) [edit]

Metrical systems

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The number of metrical systems in English is not agreed upon.[4] The four major types[5] are: accentual verse, accentual-syllabic verse, syllabic verse and quantitative verse.[6] The alliterative verse of Old English could also be added to this list, or included as a special type of accentual verse. Accentual verse focuses on the number of stresses in a line, while ignoring the number of offbeats and syllables; accentual-syllabic verse focuses on regulating both the number of stresses and the total number of syllables in a line; syllabic verse only counts the number of syllables in a line; quantitative verse regulates the patterns of long and short syllables (this sort of verse is often considered alien to English).[7] It is to be noted, however, that the use of foreign meters in English is all but exceptional.[8] [edit]

Frequently-used meters
The most frequently encountered meter of English verse is the iambic pentameter, in which the metrical norm is five iambic feet per line, though metrical substitution is common and rhythmic variations practically inexhaustible. John Milton's Paradise Lost, most sonnets, and much else besides in English are written in iambic pentameter. Lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter are commonly known as blank verse.[9] Blank verse in the English language is most famously represented in the plays of William Shakespeare and the great works of Milton, though Tennyson (Ulysses, The Princess) and Wordsworth (The Prelude) also make notable use of it.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A rhymed pair of lines of iambic pentameter make a heroic couplet,[10] a verse form which was used so often in the eighteenth century that it is now used mostly for humorous effect (although see Pale Fire for a non-trivial case). The most famous writers of heroic couplets are Dryden and Pope. Another important meter in English is the ballad meter, also called the "common meter", which is a four-line stanza, with two pairs of a line of iambic tetrameter followed by a line of iambic trimeter; the rhymes usually fall on the lines of trimeter, although in many instances the tetrameter also rhymes. This is the meter of most of the Border and Scots or English ballads. In hymnody it is called the "common meter", as it is the most common of the named hymn meters used to pair many hymn lyrics with melodies, such as Amazing Grace:[11] Amazing Grace! how sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me; I once was lost, but now am found; Was blind, but now I see. Emily Dickinson is famous for her frequent use of ballad meter: Great streets of silence led away To neighborhoods of pause Here was no notice no dissent

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as No universe no laws. [edit]

French
In French poetry, meter is determined solely by the number of syllables in a line, because it is considered as less important than rhymes. A silent 'e' counts as a syllable before a consonant, but is elided before a vowel (where h aspir counts as a consonant). At the end of a line, the "e" remains unelided but is hypermetrical (outside the count of syllables, like a feminine ending in English verse), in that case, the rhyme is also called "feminine", whereas it is called "masculine" in the other cases. The most frequently encountered meter in Classical French poetry is the alexandrine, composed of two hemistiches of six syllables each. Two famous alexandrines are La fille de Minos et de Pasipha (Jean Racine) (the daughter of Minos and Pasiphae), and Waterloo ! Waterloo ! Waterloo ! Morne plaine! (Victor Hugo) (Waterloo! Waterloo! Waterloo! Gloomy plain!)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Classical French poetry also had a complex set of rules for rhymes that goes beyond how words merely sound. These are usually taken into account when describing the meter of a poem. [edit]

Spanish
In Spanish poetry the meter is determined by the number of syllables the verse has. Still it is the phonetic accent in the last word of the verse that decides the final count of the line. If the accent of the final word is at the last syllable, then the poetic rule states that one syllable shall be added to the actual count of syllables in the said line, thus having a higher number of poetic syllables than the number of grammatical syllables. If the accent lies on the second to last syllable of the last word in the verse, then the final count of poetic syllables will be the same as the grammatical number of syllables. Furthermore, if the accent lies on the third to last syllable, then one syllable is subtracted from the actual count, having then less poetic syllables than grammatical syllables. Spanish poetry uses poetic licenses, unique to Romance languages, to change the number of syllables by manipulating mainly the vowels in the line. Regarding these poetic licenses one must consider three kinds of phenomena: (1) syneresis, (2) umlaut and (3) hiatus

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as 1. Syneresis. It is the phenomenon that occurs when inside a word has two vowels together are generally not diphthong: poe-ta, loyal-ty. 2. Umlaut. It is the opposite phenomenon of syneresis because it consists of separate two vowels which are usually diphthong: su-to-see, ru-i-ing. 3. Hiatus. It is the opposite phenomenon to pronounce sinalefa separately because it consists of two vowels, although belonging to different words, they should act together for sinalefa: mu-si-tion of a-the. Normally in this example would be five syllables of poetry, but the poet used the hiatus for the six syllables that the rhythm of his verse needs. For example: Cuando sal de Collores, fue en una jaquita baya, por un sendero entre mayas, arrops de cundiamores... This stanza from Valle de Collores by Luis Llorens Torres, uses eight poetic syllables. Given that all words at the end of each line have their phonetic accent on the second to last syllables, no syllables in the final count is either added or subtracted. Still in the second and third verse the grammatical count of syllables is nine. Poetic licenses permit the union of two vowels that are next to each other but in different syllables and count them as one. "Fue en..." has actually two syllables, but applying this license both vowels unite and form only one, giving the final count of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as eight syllables. "Sendero entre..." has five grammatical syllables, but uniting the "o" from "sendero" and the first "e" from "entre", gives only four syllables, permitting it to have eight syllables in the verse as well. This license is called a synalepha (Spanish: sinalefa). There are many types of licenses, used either to add or subtract syllables, that may be applied when needed after taking in consideration the poetic rules of the last word. Yet all have in common that they only manipulate vowels that are close to each other and not interrupted by consonants. Some common meters in Spanish verse are: Septenary: A line with the seven poetic syllables Octosyllable: A line with eight poetic syllables. This meter is commonly used in romances, narrative poems similar to English ballads, and in most proverbs. Hendecasyllable: A line with eleven poetic syllables. This meter plays a similar role to pentameter in English verse. It is commonly used in sonnets, among other things. Alexandrine: A line consisting of fourteen syllables, commonly separated by two hemistiches of seven syllables each (In Anglo-Saxon or French contexts this term refers to twelve syllables lines, but not in a Spanish context). [edit]

Italian

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In Italian poetry, meter is determined solely by the position of the last accent in a line. Syllables are enumerated with respect to a verse which ends with a paroxytone, so that a Septenary (having seven syllables) is defined as a verse whose last accent falls on the sixth syllable: it may so contain eight syllables (Ei fu. Siccome immobile) or just six (la terra al nunzio sta). Moreover, when a word ends with a vowel and the next one starts with a vowel, they are considered to be in the same syllable: so Gli anni e i giorni consists of only four syllables ("Gli an" "ni e i" "gior" "ni"). Evensyllabic verses have a fixed stress pattern. Because of the mostly trochaic nature of the Italian language, verses with an even number of syllables are far easier to compose, and the Novenary is usually regarded as the most difficult verse. Some common meters in Italian verse are: Sexenary: A line whose last stressed syllabe is on the fifth, with a fixed stress on the second one as well (Al Re Travicello / Piovuto ai ranocchi, Giusti) Septenary: A line whose last stressed syllable is the sixth one. Octosyllable: A line whose last accent falls on the seventh syllable. More often than not, the secondary accents fall on the first, third and fifth syllable, especially in nursery rhymes for which this meter is particularly well-suited. Hendecasyllable: A line whose last accent falls on the tenth syllable. It therefore usually consists of eleven syllables; there are various kinds of possible accentations . It is used in

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as sonnets, in ottava rima, and in many other works. The Divine Comedy, in particular, is composed entirely of hendecasyllables, whose main stress pattern is 4th and 10th syllable.[citation needed] [edit]

Ottoman Turkish
In the Ottoman Turkish language, the structures of the poetic foot ( tef'ile) and of poetic meter ( vezin) were indirectly borrowed from the Arabic poetic tradition through the medium of the Persian language. Ottoman poetry, also known as Dvn poetry, was generally written in quantitative, mora-timed meter. The moras, or syllables, are divided into three basic types: Open, or light, syllables (a k hece) consist of either a short vowel alone, or a consonant followed by a short vowel Examples: a-dam ("man"); zir-ve ("summit, peak") Closed, or heavy, syllables (kapal hece) consist of either a long vowel alone, a consonant followed by a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by a consonant Examples: -dem ("Adam"); k-fir ("non-Muslim"); at ("horse")

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Lengthened, or superheavy, syllables (meddli hece) count as one closed plus one open syllable and consist of a vowel followed by a consonant cluster, or a long vowel followed by a consonant Examples: krk ("fur"); b ("water") In writing out a poem's poetic meter, open syllables are symbolized by "." and closed syllables are symbolized by "". From the different syllable types, a total of sixteen different types of poetic footthe majority of which are either three or four syllables in lengthare constructed, which are named and scanned as follows: fa () fe ul (. ) f i ln ( . ) fe ln (. ) f i l tn ( . ) f i l t ( . .) me f l (. .) fa ln ( ) fe i ln (. . ) mef l ( .) fe i l tn (. . ) me f i ln (. . ) me f ln (. )

mf te i ln ( . . ) ms tef i ln ( . m te f i ln (. . . ) ) These individual poetic feet are then combined in a number of different ways, most often with four feet per line, so as to give the poetic meter for a line of verse. Some of the most commonly used meters are the following:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as me f ln / me f ln / me f ln / me f ln ./././. Ezelden hOh beloved, since the origin we have been the slaves of the shah of a u bende-i love ferm n yz c n Oh beloved, we are the famed sultan of the heart's domain[12] Ma abbet mlkin sul n l - n yz c n

Bk (15261600) me f i ln / fe i l tn / me f i ln / fe i ln ../../../..

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as a o nerkis-i Though I may fail to please with my matchless verse ehl dad r The fault lies in those languid eyes and not my words szmde degil Egeri her s anim b -bedel be endiremem eyh Glib (17571799) f i l tn / f i l tn / f i l tn / f i ln ./././. Bir eker and ile At the gathering of desire you made me a wine-cup with your sugar bezm-i ev a smile c m etti beni Oh saki, give me only half a cup of wine, you've made me drunk N m un enough[13] peym neyi s tam m etti beni

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Nedm (1681?1730) fe i l tn / fe i l tn / fe i l tn / fe i ln ../../../.. Men ne cet ki What use in revealing my sickness of heart to my love lam derd-i dilm I know my love knows the whole of my sickness of heart y ra ay n amu derd-i dilmi y r bilbdr bilbem

Fuzl (1483?1556) mef l / me f l / me f l / f ln ./../../.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as ev uz ki dem-i We are desire hidden in the love-crazed call of the nightingale blbl-i eyd da We are blood hidden in the crimson heart of the unbloomed rose[14] nih nuz nuz ki dil-i one-i amr da nih nuz

Ne t (?1674) [edit]

Brazilian Portuguese
Meters were extensively explored in Brazilian literature, notably during Parnassianism. The most notable ones were: Redondilha menor: composed of 5 syllables. Redondilha maior: composed of 7 syllables. Decasyllable (decasslabo): composed of 10 syllables. Mostly used in Parnassian sonnets. Heroic (herico): stresses on the sixth and tenth syllables.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Sapphic (sfico): stresses on the fourth, eighth and tenth syllables. Martelo: stresses on the third, sixth and tenth syllables. Gaita galega or moinheira: stresses on the fourth, seventh and tenth syllables. Hendecasyllable (dodecasslabo): composed of 12 syllables. Alexandrine (alexandrino): divided into two hemistiches. Barbarian (brbaro): composed of 13 or more syllables. Lucasian (lucasiano): composed of 16 feet, divided into two hemistiches of 8 syllables each. [edit]

History
Further information: History of poetry Metrical texts are first attested in early Indo-European languages. The earliest known unambiguously metrical texts, and at the same time the only metrical texts with a claim of dating to the Late Bronze Age, are the hymns of the Rigveda. That the texts of the Ancient Near East (Sumerian, Egyptian or Semitic) should not exhibit meter is surprising, and may be partly due to the nature of Bronze Age writing. There were, in fact, attempts to reconstruct metrical qualities of the poetic portions of the Hebrew Bible, e.g. by Gustav Bickell[15] or Julius Ley,[16] but they remained

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as inconclusive[17] (see Biblical poetry). Early Iron Age metrical poetry is found in the Iranian Avesta and in the Greek works attributed to Homer and Hesiod. Latin verse survives from the Old Latin period (ca. 2nd c. BC), in the Saturnian meter. Persian poetry arises in the Sassanid era. Tamil poetry of the early centuries AD may be the earliest known non-Indo-European Medieval poetry was metrical without exception, spanning traditions as diverse as European Minnesang, Trouvre or Bardic poetry, Classical Persian and Sanskrit poetry, Tang dynasty Chinese poetry or the Japanese Heian period Man'y sh . Renaissance and Early Modern poetry in Europe is characterized by a return to templates of Classical Antiquity, a tradition begun by Petrarca's generation and continued into the time of Shakespeare and Milton. [edit]

Dissent
Not all poets accept the idea that meter is a fundamental part of poetry. 20th-century American poets Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, and Robinson Jeffers, were poets who believed that meter was imposed into poetry by man, not a fundamental part of its nature. In an essay titled "Robinson Jeffers, & The Metric Fallacy" Dan Schneider echoes Jeffers' sentiments: "What if someone actually said to you that all music was composed of just 2 notes? Or if someone claimed that there were just 2 colors in creation? Now, ponder if such a thing were true. Imagine the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as clunkiness & mechanicality of such music. Think of the visual arts devoid of not just color, but sepia tones, & even shades of gray." Jeffers called his technique "rolling stresses". Moore went even further than Jeffers, openly declaring her poetry was written in syllabic form, and wholly denying meter. These syllabic lines from her famous poem "Poetry" illustrate her contempt for meter, and other poetic tools (even the syllabic pattern of this poem does not remain perfectly consistent): nor is it valid to discriminate against "business documents and school-books": all these phenomena are important. One must make a distinction however: when dragged into prominence by half poets, the result is not poetry Williams tried to form poetry whose subject matter was centered on the lives of common people. He came up with the concept of the variable foot. Williams spurned traditional meter in most of his poems, preferring what he called "colloquial idioms." Another poet that turned his back on traditional concepts of meter was Britain's Gerard Manley Hopkins. Hopkins' major innovation was what he called sprung rhythm. He claimed most poetry was written in this older rhythmic structure inherited from the Norman side of the English literary heritage, based on repeating groups of two or three syllables, with the stressed syllable falling in the same place on each repetition. Sprung

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as rhythm is structured around feet with a variable number of syllables, generally between one and four syllables per foot, with the stress always falling on the first syllable in a foot. he foot is the basic metrical unit that generates a line of verse in most Western traditions of poetry, including English accentual-syllabic verse and the quantitative meter of classical ancient Greek and Latin poetry. The unit is composed of syllables, the number of which is limited, with a few variations, by the sound pattern the foot represents. The most common feet in English are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, and anapest. The English word "foot" is a translation of the Latin term pes, plural pedes; the equivalent term in Greek, sometimes used in English as well, is metron, plural metra, which means "measure." The foot might be compared to a measure in musical notation. The foot is a purely metrical unit; there is no inherent relation to a word or phrase as a unit of meaning or syntax, though the interplay among these is an aspect of the individual poet's skill and artistry.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1 Contents [hide] 1 The poetic feet in classical meter 1 1.1 Disyllables 2 1.2 Trisyllables 3 1.3 Tetrasyllables 2 External links

[edit]

The poetic feet in classical meter

Below are listed the names given to the poetic feet by classical metrics. The feet are classified first by the number of syllables in the foot (disyllables have two, trisyllables three, and tetrasyllables four) and secondarily by the pattern of vowel lengths (in classical languages) or syllable stresses (in English poetry) which they comprise. The following lists describe the feet in terms of vowel length (as in classical languages). Translated into syllable stresses (as in English poetry), 'long' becomes 'stressed' ('accented'), and 'short' becomes 'unstressed' ('unaccented'). For example, an iamb, which is short-long in classical meter, becomes unstressed-stressed, as in the English word "betray."

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Disyllables
= long syllable, = short syllable (macron and breve notation) pyrrhus, dibrach iamb trochee, choree (or choreus)

spondee [edit]

Trisyllables
tribrach dactyl amphibrach anapest, antidactylus

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as bacchius [edit] antibacchius cretic, amphimacer molossus

Tetrasyllables
tetrabrach, proceleusmatic primus paeon secundus paeon tertius paeon quartus paeon

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as major ionic, double trochee minor ionic, double iamb ditrochee diiamb choriamb antispast first epitrite second epitrite third epitrite fourth epitrite

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as dispondee A pyrrhic is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. It consists of two unaccented, short syllables.[1] It is also known as a dibrach. Tennyson used pyrrhics and spondees quite frequently, for example, in In Memoriam: "When the blood creeps and the nerves prick." "When the" and "and the" in the second line may be considered as pyrrhics (also analyzable as ionic meter). Pyrrhics alone are not used to construct an entire poem due to the monotonous effect.[2] Poe observed that many experts rejected it from English metrics and concurred: The pyrrhic is rightfully dismissed. Its existence in either ancient or modern rhythm is purely chimerical, and the insisting on so perplexing a nonentity as a foot of two short syllables, affords, perhaps, the best evidence of the gross irrationality and subservience to authority which characterise our Prosody Iambus was a genre of ancient Greek poetry which could include but was not restricted to the iambic meter and whose origins modern scholars have traced to the cults of Demeter and

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Dionysus. The genre featured insulting and obscene language.[1][2] For Alexandrian editors, however, iambus signified any poetry of an informal kind that was intended to entertain and which lacked the decorum of genres such as elegy.[3] Archilochus, Semonides and Hipponax were its most famous exponents. An iamb (/ a m/ or iambus) is a metrical foot used in various types of poetry. Originally the term referred to one of the feet of the quantitative meter of classical Greek prosody: a short syllable followed by a long syllable (as in delay). This terminology was adopted in the description of accentual-syllabic verse in English, where it refers to a foot comprising an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (as in a-bove).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1 2 3 Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 Accentual-syllabic use 3 Types of Meter 1 3.1 Tetrameter 2 3.2 Pentameter 3 3.3 Heptameter 4 References

[edit]

Etymology
Main article: Iambus (genre)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The word iamb comes from Iambe, a Greek minor goddess of verse, especially scurrilous, ribald humour. In ancient Greece iambus was mainly a satirical poem, a lampoon, which did not automatically imply a particular metrical type. Iambic metre took its name from being characteristic of iambi, not vice versa.[1] [edit]

Accentual-syllabic use

A metrical tree representation of an iamb. W = weak syllable, S = strong syllable

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

An alternate metrical tree representation of an iamb. F = foot, = syllable. The head of the foot constituent, i.e. the stressed syllable, is indicated with a vertical line

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

A bracketed grid representation of an iamb. The x's in the lower grid are syllables, the x in the upper grid indicates the position of the stressed syllable

In accentual-syllabic verse we could describe an iamb as a foot that goes like this: da DUM

Using the 'ictus and x' notation (see systems of scansion for a full discussion of various notations) we can write this as:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as x / The word 'attempt' is a natural iamb: x / at- tempt In phonology, an iambic foot is notated in a flat representation as ( ' ) or as foot tree with two branches W and S where W = weak and S = strong. Iambic pentameter is one of the most commonly used measures in English and German poetry. A line of iambic pentameter comprises five consecutive iambs. Iambic trimeter is the metre of the spoken verses in Greek tragedy and comedy, comprising six iambs - as one iambic metrum consisted of two iambs. In English accentual-syllabic verse, iambic trimeter is a line comprising three iambs. Another common iambic form is ballad verse, in which a line of iambic tetrameter is succeeded by a line of iambic trimeter, usually in quatrain form. A. B. "Banjo" Paterson wrote much of his poetry in iambic heptameter (which is sometimes called the 'fourteener'), and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner also conforms to

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as this stress pattern (although it is usually written as though it were composed of lines alternating between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter). The reverse of an iamb is called a trochee. [edit]

Types of Meter
[edit]

Tetrameter
Main article: Iambic tetrameter Iambic tetrameter is a meter referring to a line consisting of four iambic feet: Lo, thus I triumph like a king, Content with that my mind doth bring. (Edward Dyer, "My Mind to Me A Kingdom Is") 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe. (Lewis Carroll, "Jabberwocky") [edit]

Pentameter

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Main article: Iambic pentameter Iambic Pentameter is a meter referring to a line consisting of five iambic feet: To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. (Alfred Tennyson, "Ulysses") Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? (William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18) (Although, it could be argued that this line in fact reads: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Meter is often broken in this way, sometimes for intended effect and sometimes simply due to the sound of the words in the line. Where the stresses lie can be debated, as it depends greatly on where the reader decides to place the stresses. Although in this meter the foot ceases to be iambs but trochees.) A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse! (William Shakespeare, Richard III) [edit]

Heptameter
Iambic Heptameter is a meter referring to a line consisting of seven iambic feet: I s'pose the flats is pretty green up there in Ironbark. (A. B. Paterson, The Man from Ironbark) Key: Non-bold = unstressed syllable

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Bold = stressed syllable

Iambic pentameter is a commonly used metrical line in traditional verse and verse drama. The term describes the particular rhythm that the words establish in that line. That rhythm is measured in small groups of syllables; these small groups of syllables are called "feet". The word "iambic" describes the type of foot that is used (in English, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable). The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet." These terms originally applied to the quantitative meter of classical poetry. They were adopted to describe the equivalent meters in English accentual-syllabic verse. Different languages express rhythm in different ways. In Ancient Greek and Latin, the rhythm is created through the alternation of short and long syllables. In English, the rhythm is created through the use of stress, alternating between unstressed and stressed syllables. An English unstressed syllable is equivalent to a classical short syllable, while an English stressed syllable is equivalent to a classical long syllable. When a pair of syllables is arranged as a short followed by a long, or an unstressed followed by a stressed, pattern, that foot is said to be "iambic". The English word "trapeze" is an example of an iambic pair of syllables, since the word is made up of two syllables ("trapeze") and is pronounced with the stress on the second syllable ("traPEZE", rather than "TRApeze"). Iambic pentameter is a line made up of five such pairs of short/long, or unstressed/stressed, syllables.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contents [hide] 1 Simple example 2 Rhythmic variation 3 History 4 Reading in drama 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References

Simple example
An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as da DUM

The da-DUM of a human heartbeat is the most common example of this rhythm. A line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row: da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM

The tick-TOCK rhythm of iambic pentameter can be heard in the opening line of Shakespeare's Sonnet 12: When I do count the clock that tells the time It is possible to notate this with a '' (breve) mark representing an unstressed syllable and a '/' (slash or ictus) mark representing a stressed syllable.[1] In this notation a line of iambic pentameter would look like this: / / / / / The following line from John Keats' Ode to Autumn is a straightforward example:[2]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells The scansion of this can be notated as follows: To / swell the / gourd, and / plump the / ha zel / shells

The divisions between feet are marked with a |, and the caesura (a pause) with a double vertical bar ||. / | the / gourd, || and / plump | the / / shells

To swell

ha- | zel

Rhythmic variation
Although strictly speaking, iambic pentameter refers to five iambs in a row (as above), in practice, poets vary their iambic pentameter a great deal, while maintaining the iamb as the most common foot. There are some conventions to these variations, however. Iambic pentameter must always

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as contain only five feet, and the second foot is almost always an iamb. The first foot, on the other hand, is the most likely to change by the use of inversion, which reverses the order of the syllables in the foot. The following line from Shakespeare's Richard III begins with an inversion: / Now / win / / | con/ tent

is | the

| ter of | our dis-

Another common departure from standard iambic pentameter is the addition of a final unstressed syllable, which creates a weak or feminine ending. One of Shakespeare's most famous lines of iambic pentameter has a weak ending:[3] / / / / || that / ques tion

To be | or not | to be,

is | the

This line also has an inversion of the fourth foot, following the caesura. In general a caesura acts in many ways like a line-end: inversions are common after it, and the extra unstressed syllable of the feminine ending may appear before it. Shakespeare and John Milton (in his work before Paradise Lost) at times employed feminine endings before a caesura.[4]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Here is the first quatrain of a sonnet by John Donne, which demonstrates how he uses a number of metrical variations strategically: / Bat / heart / | three/ per | soned / God, / |

ter | my

| for you

/ | breathe,

/ shine

| and

/ seek

/ |

as yet

| but knock,

| to mend.

That

/ rise

| and

/ stand

| me

and

/ bend |

I | may

| o'er throw

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Your / force / / | blow, / burn | and / make | me / new. | | to break,

Donne uses an inversion (DUM da instead of da DUM) in the first foot of the first line to stress the key verb, "batter", and then sets up a clear iambic pattern with the rest of the line (da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM). In the second and fourth lines he uses spondees in the third foot to slow down the rhythm as he lists monosyllabic verbs. The parallel rhythm and grammar of these lines highlights the comparison Donne sets up between what God does to him "as yet" ("knock, breathe, shine and seek to mend"), and what he asks God to do ("break, blow, burn and make me new"). Donne also uses enjambment between lines three and four to speed up the flow as he builds to his desire to be made new. To further the speed-up effect of the enjambment, Donne puts an extra syllable in the final foot of the line (this can be read as an anapest (dada DUM) or as an elision). As the examples show, iambic pentameter need not consist entirely of iambs, nor need it have ten syllables. Most poets who have a great facility for iambic pentameter frequently vary the rhythm of their poetry as Donne and Shakespeare do in the examples, both to create a more interesting overall rhythm and to highlight important thematic elements. In fact, the skillful variation of iambic

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as pentameter, rather than the consistent use of it, may well be what distinguishes the rhythmic artistry of Donne, Shakespeare, Milton, and the 20th century sonneteer Edna St. Vincent Millay. Linguists Morris Halle and Samuel Jay Keyser developed a set of rules (English Stress: Its Forms, Its Growth, and Its Role in Verse, Harper and Row, 1971) which correspond with those variations which are permissible in English iambic pentameter. Essentially, the Halle-Keyser rules state that only "stress maximum" syllables are important in determining the meter. A stress maximum syllable is a stressed syllable surrounded on both sides by weak syllables in the same syntactic phrase and in the same verse line. In order to be a permissible line of iambic pentameter, no stress maxima can fall on a syllable that is designated as a weak syllable in the standard, unvaried iambic pentameter pattern. In the Donne line, the word God is not a maximum. That is because it is followed by a pause. Similarly the words you, mend, and bend are not maxima since they are each at the end of a line (as required for the rhyming of mend/bend and you/new.) Rewriting the Donne quatrain showing the stress maxima (denoted with an 'M') results in the following: / Bat M heart | threeM per | soned / God, / |

ter | my

| for you

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as M / / | breathe, / shine | and M seek / | as yet | but knock, | to mend.

That

M rise

| and

/ stand

| me

and

/ bend |

I | may

| o'er throw

Your

M force

/ | blow,

/ burn

| and

M make

| me

/ new. |

| to break,

The Halle-Keyser system has been criticized because it can identify passages of prose as iambic pentameter.[5] Other scholars have revised Halle-Keyser, and they, along with Halle and Keyser, are known collectively as generative metrists.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Later generative metrists pointed out that poets have often treated non-compound words of more than one syllable differently from monosyllables and compounds of monosyllables. Any normally weak syllable may be stressed as a variation if it is a monosyllable, but not if it is part of a polysyllable except at the beginning of a line or a phrase. Thus Shakespeare wrote in The Merchant of Venice, Act I, Scene 2: For the / four / winds blow / / ev ery / coast

in from

but wrote no lines of the form of "As gazelles leap a never-resting brook". The stress patterns are the same, and in particular, the normally weak third syllable is stressed in both lines; the difference is that in Shakespeare's line the stressed third syllable is a one-syllable word, "four", whereas in the un-Shakespearean line it is part of a two-syllable word, "gazelles". (The definitions and exceptions are more technical than stated here.) Pope followed such a rule strictly, Shakespeare fairly strictly, Milton much less, and Donne not at allwhich may be why Ben Jonson said Donne deserved hanging for "not keeping of accent".[6] Derek Attridge has pointed out the limits of the generative approach; it has not brought us any closer to understanding why particular metrical forms are common in English, why certain

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as variations interrupt the metre and others do not, or why metre functions so powerfully as a literary device.[7] Generative metrists also fail to recognize that a normally weak syllable in a strong position will be pronounced differently, i.e. promoted and so no longer "weak." Several scholars have argued that iambic pentameter has been so important in the history of English poetry by contrasting it with the one other important meter (Tetrameter), variously called four-beat, strong-stress, native meter, or four-by-four meter.[8] Four-beat, with four beats to a line, is the meter of nursery rhymes, childrens jump-rope and counting-out rhymes, folk songs and ballads, marching cadence calls, and a good deal of art poetry. It has been described by Attridge as based on doubling: two beats to each half line, two half lines to a line, two pairs of lines to a stanza. The metrical stresses alternate between light and heavy.[9] It is a heavily regular beat that produces something like a repeated tune in the performing voice, and is, indeed, close to song. In fact, a great many songs and almost all jazz music are four-beat. Because of its odd number of metrical beats, iambic pentameter, as Attridge says, does not impose itself on the natural rhythm of spoken language.[10] Thus iambic pentameter frees intonation from the repetitiveness of four-beat and allows instead the varied intonations of significant speech to be heard. Pace can be varied in iambic pentameter, as it cannot in four-beat, as Alexander Pope demonstrated in his An Essay on Criticism:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as When Ajax strives some rocks vast weight to throw, The line, too, labours and the words move slow. Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, Flies oer thunbending corn, and skims along the main. Moreover, iambic pentameter, instead of the steady alternation of lighter and heavier beats of fourbeat, permits principal accents, that is accents on the most significant words, to occur at various points in a line as long as they are on the evennumbered syllables, or on the first syllable, in the case of an initial trochaic inversion. It is not the case, as is often alleged, that iambic pentameter is natural to English; rather it is that iambic pentameter allows the varied intonations and pace natural to significant speech to be heard along with the regular meter.[11]

History
Latin verse included lines of ten syllables. It is widely thought that some line of this length, perhaps in the Alcmanian meter, led to the ten-syllable line of some Old French chansons de geste such as The Song of Roland. Those Old French lines invariably had a caesura after the fourth syllable. This line was adopted with more flexibility by the troubadours of Provence in the 12th century, notably Cercamon, Bernart de Ventadorn, and Bertran de Born.[12] In both Old French and Old Provenal, the tenth syllable of the line was accented and feminine endings were common, in which case the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as line had eleven syllables. Italian poets such as Giacomo da Lentini, Boccaccio, Petrarch, and Dante adopted this line, generally using the eleven-syllable form (endecasillabo)[12] because most Italian words have feminine endings.[13]:91 They often used a pattern where the fourth syllable (typically accented) and the fifth (typically unaccented) were part of the same word, the opposite of the Old French line with its required pause after the fourth syllable. This pattern came to be considered typically Italian. Geoffrey Chaucer followed the Italian poets in his ten-syllable lines, placing his pauses freely and often using the "Italian" pattern, but he deviated from it by introducing a strong iambic rhythm and the variations described above. This was an iambic pentameter.[13]:8788 Chaucer's friend John Gower used a similar meter in his poem "In Praise of Peace."[13]:91 Chaucer's meter depended on the pronunciation of final e's that even by his time were probably silent. It was soon forgotten that they were ever pronounced, so later readers could not recognize his meter and found his lines rough.[14] His Scottish followers of the century from 1420 to 1520 King James I, Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and Gavin Douglasseem to have understood his meter (though final e had long been silent in Scots) and came close to it. Dunbar, in particular, wrote poems in true iambic pentameter.[13]:105112 In England, the poems of the 15th and early 16th centuries are in a wide variety of meters. Thomas Wyatt, for example, often mixed iambic pentameters with other lines of similar length but different

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as rhythm. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, on the other hand, used a strict ten-syllable line that was similar to the Old French line, with its pause after the fourth syllable, but typically had a regular iambic pattern, and had many of the modern types of variation. Thomas Sackville, in his two poems in the Mirror for Magistrates, used a similar line but with few caesuras. The result was essentially the normal iambic pentameter except for the avoidance of the "Italian" line. It was Philip Sidney, apparently influenced by Italian poetry, who used large numbers of "Italian" lines and thus is often considered to have reinvented iambic pentameter in its final form. He was also more adept than his predecessors in working polysyllabic words into the meter. However, Sidney avoided feminine endings. They appear more often in the work of such masters of iambic pentameter as Edmund Spenser and Shakespeare.[13]:119127 Iambic pentameter became the prevalent meter in English. It was estimated in 1971 that at least three-quarters of all English poetry since Chaucer was in this meter.[15] One of the most notable modern poems to be written in iambic pentameter is Philip Larkin's bleak 'Aubade'.[16][unbalanced
opinion]

Reading in drama

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as There is some debate over whether works such as Shakespeare's were originally performed with the rhythm prominent, or whether the rhythm was embedded in the patterns of contemporary speech. In either case, when read aloud, such verse naturally follows a beat. The rhythm of iambic pentameter was emphasised in Kenneth Branagh's 2000 production of Love's Labour's Lost, in a scene where the protagonists tap-dance to the "Have at you now, affection's men-at-arms" speech. In this case, each iamb is underscored with a flap step. An anapaest (also spelled anapst or anapest, also called antidactylus) is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. In classical quantitative meters it consists of two short syllables followed by a long one; in accentual stress meters it consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable. It may be seen as a reversed dactyl. This word comes from the Greek , anpaistos, literally "struck back" (a dactyl reversed), from 'ana-' + '-paistos', verbal of , paein: to strike. Because of its length and the fact that it ends with a stressed syllable and so allows for strong rhymes, anapaest can produce a very rolling, galloping feeling verse, and allows for long lines with a great deal of internal complexity. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Examples
Trimeter Here is an example from William Cowper's "Verses Supposed to be Written by Alexander Selkirk" (1782), composed in anapaestic trimeter: I must finish my journey alone Tetrameter An example of anapaestic tetrameter is the anonymously published A Visit From St. Nicholas: Twas the night before Christmas and all through the house The following is from Byron's The Destruction of Sennacherib: The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the fold And his cohorts were gleaming in purple and gold And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee. Hexameter An even more complex example comes from Yeats's The Wanderings of Oisin. He intersperses anapests and iambs, using six-foot lines (rather than four feet as above). Since the anapaest is already a long foot, this makes for very long lines.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Fled foam underneath us and 'round us, a wandering and milky smoke As high as the saddle-girth, covering away from our glances the tide And those that fled and that followed from the foam-pale distance broke. The immortal desire of immortals we saw in their faces and sighed. The mixture of anapaests and iambs in this manner is most characteristic of late-19th-century verse, particularly that of Algernon Charles Swinburne in poems such as The Triumph of Time and the choruses from Atalanta in Calydon. Swinburne also wrote several poems in more or less straight anapaests, with line-lengths varying from three feet ("Dolores") to eight feet ("March: An Ode"). However, the anapaest's most common role in English verse is as a comic metre, the foot of the limerick, of Lewis Carroll's poem The Hunting of the Snark, Edward Lear's nonsense poems, T. S. Eliot's Book of Practical Cats, a number of Dr. Seuss stories, and innumerable other examples. Apart from their independent role, anapaests are sometimes used as substitutions in iambic verse. In strict iambic pentameter, anapaests are rare, but they are found with some frequency in freer versions of the iambic line, such as the verse of Shakespeare's last plays, or the lyric poetry of the 19th century. References: Shakespeare Biography (BOOK)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Dactylic pentameter is a form of meter in poetry. It is normally found in the second line of the classical Latin or Greek elegiac couplet, following the first line of dactylic hexameter. The meter consists of two halves, both shaped around the dactylic hexameter line up to the main caesura. That is, it has two dactyls (for which spondees can be substituted), following by a longum, followed by two dactyls (which must remain dactyls), followed by a longum. Thus the line most normally looks as follows (note that - is a long syllable, u a short syllable and U either one long or two shorts): - U | - U | - || - u u | - u u | As in all classical verse forms, the phenomenon of brevis in longo is observed, so the last syllable can actually be short or long. Also, the line manifests a diaeresis, a place where word-boundary must occur, after the first half-line, here marked with a ||. "Pentameter" is a slightly strange term for this meter, as it seems to have six parts, but this name comes from the fact that the two halves of the line, broken here by the ||, each have two and a half feet. Two and a half plus two and a half equals five, hence pentameter (penta, "five"). The two halflines are each called a hemiepes (half-epic), from the fact that they resemble half a line of epic dactylic hexameter. The pentameter is notable for its very structured quality: no substitutions are allowed except in the first two feet

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A trochee (/ tro ki /) or choree, choreus, is a metrical foot used in formal poetry consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one. Trochee comes from the Greek , trokhs, wheel, and choree from , khors, dance; both convey the "rolling" rhythm of this metrical foot. [edit]

Examples
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha is written almost entirely in trochees, barring the occasional substitution (iamb, spondee, pyrrhic, etc.). Should you ask me, whence these stories? Whence these legends and traditions, With the odours of the forest, With the dew and damp of meadows, In the second line, "and tra-" is a Pyrrhic substitution, as are "With the" in the third and fourth lines, and "of the" in the third. Even so, the dominant foot throughout the poem is the trochee.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Apart from the famous case of Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha, this metre is rarely found in perfect examples, at least in English. This is from Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven": Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Trochaic meter is also seen among the works of William Shakespeare: Double, double, toil and trouble; Fire burn and cauldron bubble.[1] Perhaps owing to its simplicity, though, trochaic meter is fairly common in children's rhymes: Peter, Peter pumpkin-eater Had a wife and couldn't keep her. Often a few trochees will be interspersed among iambs in the same lines to develop a more complex or syncopated rhythm. Compare (William Blake): Tyger, Tyger, burning bright In the forests of the night These lines are primarily trochaic, with the last syllable dropped so that the line ends with a stressed syllable to give a strong rhyme or masculine rhyme. By contrast, the intuitive way that the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as mind groups the syllables in later lines in the same poem makes them feel more like iambic lines with the first syllable dropped: Did he smile his work to see? In fact the surrounding lines by this point have become entirely iambic: When the stars threw down their spears And watered Heaven with their tears ... Did he who made the lamb make thee? Trochaic verse is also well-known in Latin poetry, especially of the medieval period. Since the stress never falls on the final syllable in Medieval Latin, the language is ideal for trochaic verse. The dies irae of the Requiem mass is a perfect example: Dies irae, dies illa Solvet saeclum in favilla Teste David cum Sybilla. The Finnish national epic Kalevala, like much old Finnish poetry, is written in a variation of trochaic tetrameter. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as iambic trimeter is a meter of poetry consisting of three iambic units per line. In ancient Greek poetry, iambic trimeter is a quantitative meter, in which a line consisted of three iambic metra and each metron consisted of two iambi. In the dramatic forms of tragedy and comedy, It was used mainly for the verses "spoken" by a character, that is, the dialogue rather than the choral passages. In the accentual-syllabic verse of English, German, and other languages, iambic trimeter is a meter consisting of three iambs (disyllabic units with rising stress) per line.
1 Contents [hide] 1 Greek 1 1.1 Basic form 2 1.2 Caesura and Bridge 3 1.3 Resolution and Substitution 2 Accentual-syllabic iambic trimeter 1 2.1 As a component of common meter 3 External links

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Greek
[edit]

Basic form
The iambic trimeter derives its name from its essential shape, which is three metrical units (hence "trimeter") which are each basically iambic in form. The iambic metron has the following shape (where the "x" is an anceps, the "-" is a longum, and the "u" is a brevis): x-uThe long-short-long structure is known as a cretic, so the basic metrical unit of the iambic trimeter may be said to be the following: anceps-cretic. The trimeter simply repeats this structure three times, with the resulting shape as follows: x-u-x-u-x-uNote that, as always, the final syllable can observe the phenomenon of brevis in longo, so it may actually be short or long. A straightforward example of the structure:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as u-u---u---u(Euripides, Hippolytus 1053) [edit]

Caesura and Bridge

A caesura is usually found after the fifth or seventh element of the line, or, in other words, after the second anceps or the brevis of the second cretic. In the example above, it is found after the fifth element, as so (with || representing the caesura): u - u - - || - u - u - u Finally, Porson's Law is observed, which means here that if the first or third anceps is long, there cannot be a word-break after that anceps. The second anceps is free from this constraint, because a word-break at that point would be a main caesura. [edit]

Resolution and Substitution

The trimeter also observes the phenomena of resolution and substitution, allowing a greater variety of possibilities. In tragedy, resolution is fairly uncommon, and substitution occurs almost exclusively to accommodate personal names that otherwise could not fit the meter. In comedy, which is closer to casual speech, resolution and substitution are fairly common.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In both tragedy and comedy, though, the third metron is usually left alone; resolution and substitution in the final metron of the line is rare. Also, in tragedy, resolution and substitution are virtually never consecutive, and two instances of either in the same line is extremely rare. Finally, as usual, when resolution or substitution occurs, the two shorts standing in place of a long, an anceps, or one short are almost always within the same word-unit. [edit]

Accentual-syllabic iambic trimeter

In English similar accentual-syllabic metrical systems, a line of iambic trimeter consists of three iambic feet. The resulting six-syllable line is very short, and few poems are written entirely in this meter. The 1948 poem "My Papa's Waltz" by Theodore Roethke uses the trimeter: ...We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother's countenance Could not unfrown itself. William Blake's "Song ('I Love the Jocund Dance')" (1783) uses a loose iambic trimeter that sometimes incorporates additional weak syllables:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as I love the jocund dance, The softly breathing song, Where innocent eyes do glance, And where lisps the maiden's tongue. I love the laughing gale, I love the echoing hill, Where mirth does never fail, And the jolly swain laughs his fill. [edit]

As a component of common meter

The English iambic trimeter is much more frequently encountered as one-half of the common meter, which consists of alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter lines: To Mercy, Pity, Peace, and Love, All pray in their distress: And to these virtues of delight Return their thankfulness. William Blake, "The Divine Image," Songs of Innocence, 1789 [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

An alexandrine is a line of poetic meter comprising 12 syllables. Alexandrines are common in the German literature of the Baroque period and in French poetry of the early modern and modern periods. Drama in English often used alexandrines before Marlowe and Shakespeare, by whom it was supplanted by iambic pentameter (5-foot verse). In non-Anglo-Saxon or French contexts, the term dodecasyllable is often used.
1 2 3 4 5 Contents [hide] 1 Syllabic verse 2 Modern references 3 Accentual-syllabic verse 4 Origin 5 References

[edit]

Syllabic verse

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as In syllabic verse, such as that used in French literature, an alexandrine is a line of twelve syllables. Most commonly, the line is divided into two equal parts by a caesura between the sixth and seventh syllables. Alternatively, the line is divided into three four-syllable sections by two caesuras. The dramatic works of Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine are typically composed of rhyming alexandrine couplets. (The caesura after the 6th syllable is here marked || ) Nous partmes cinq cents ; || mais par un prompt renfort Nous nous vmes trois mille || en arrivant au port (Corneille, Le Cid Act IV , scene 3) Baudelaire's Les Bijoux (The Jewels) is a typical example of the use of the alexandrine in 19thcentury French poetry : La trs-chre tait nue, || et, connaissant mon c ur, Elle n'avait gard || que ses bijoux sonores, Dont le riche attirail || lui donnait l'air vainqueur Qu'ont dans leurs jours heureux || les esclaves des Mores. Even a 20th-century Surrealist, such as Paul luard, used alexandrines on occasion, such as in these lines from L'galit des sexes (in Capitale de la douleur) (note the variation between caesuras after the 6th syllable, and after 4th and 8th): Ni connu la beaut || des yeux, beaut des pierres,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Celle des gouttes d'eau, || des perles en placard, Des pierres nues || et sans squelette, || ma statue [edit]

Modern references
In the comic book Asterix and Cleopatra, the author Goscinny inserted a pun about alexandrines: when the Druid Panoramix ("Getafix" in the English translation) meets his Alexandrian (Egyptian) friend the latter exclaims Je suis, mon cher ami, || trs heureux de te voir at which Panoramix observes C'est un Alexandrin ("That's an alexandrine!"/"He's an Alexandrian!"). The pun can also be heard in the theatrical adaptations. The English translation renders this as "My dear old Getafix || How good to see you here", with the reply "Aha, an Alexandrine". [edit]

Accentual-syllabic verse
In accentual-syllabic verse, it is a line of iambic hexameter - a line of six feet or measures ("iambs"), each of which has two syllables with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. It is also usual for there to be a caesura between the sixth and seventh syllables (as the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as examples from Pope below illustrate). Robert Bridges noted that in the lyrical sections of Samson Agonistes, Milton significantly varied the placement of the caesura. In the poetry of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene 8 lines of pentameter are followed by an alexandrine, the 6-foot line slowing the regular rhythm of the 5-foot lines. After Spenser, alexandrine couplets were used by Michael Drayton in his Poly-Olbion. Alexander Pope famously characterized the alexandrine's potential to slow or speed the flow of a poem in two rhyming couplets consisting of an iambic pentameter followed by an alexandrine: A needless alexandrine ends the song that like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. A few lines later Pope continues: Not so, when swift Camilla scours the Plain, Flies o'er th'unbending corn and skims along the Main. Alexandrines are sometimes introduced into predominantly pentameter verse for the sake of variety. The Spenserian stanza, for instance, is eight lines of pentameter followed by an alexandrine. Alexandrines appear rarely in Shakespeare's blank verse. In the Restoration and eighteenth century, poetry written in couplets is sometimes varied by the introduction of a triplet in which the third line is an alexandrine, as in this example from Dryden, which introduces a triplet after two couplets:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as But satire needs not those, and wit will shine Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line: A noble error, and but seldom made, When poets are by too much force betrayed. Thy generous fruits, though gathered ere their prime, Still showed a quickness; and maturing time But mellows what we write to the dull sweets of rhyme. Alexandrines also formed the first line of the couplet form Poulter's Measure (the second line being a fourteener) as exemplified in Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey's poem, Complaint of the Absence of her lover, being upon the sea (1547). [edit]

Origin
There is some doubt as to the origin of the name; but most probably it is derived from a collection of Alexandrine romances, collected in the 12th century, of which Alexander the Great was the hero, and in which he was represented, somewhat like the British Arthur, as the pride and crown of chivalry. Before the publication of this work most of the trouvre romances appeared in octosyllabic verse. There is also a theory that the form was invented by the 12th-century poet Alexander of Paris. The new work, which was henceforth to set the fashion to French literature, was written in

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as lines of twelve syllables, but with a freedom of pause which was afterwards greatly curtailed. The new fashion, however, was not adopted all at once. The metre fell into disuse until the reign of Francis I, when it was revived by Jean-Antoine de Baf, one of the seven poets known as La Pliade. [edit]

The sonnet is one of several forms of poetry originating in Europe mainly Great Britain and Italy and commonly have 14 lines. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song" or "little sound". By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history. The writers of sonnets are sometimes referred to as "sonneteers," although the term can be used derisively. One of the best-known sonnet writers is William Shakespeare, who wrote 154 of them (not including those that appear in his plays). A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of 14 lines, each line containing ten syllables and written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is ab-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Traditionally, English poets employ iambic pentameter when writing sonnets, but not all English sonnets have the same metrical structure: the first sonnet in Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophel and Stella, for example, has 12 syllables: it is iambic hexameters, albeit with a turned first foot in several lines. In the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used metres.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1 2 3 4 5 6 Contents [hide] 1 Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet 1 1.1 Dante's variation 2 Occitan sonnet 3 English (Shakespearean) sonnet 4 Spenserian sonnet 5 Modern sonnet 6 See also 1 6.1 Types of sonnets 2 6.2 Groups of sonnets 3 6.3 Forms commonly associated with sonnets 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links

7 8 9

[edit]

Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet

Main article: Petrarchan sonnet

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Italian sonnet was created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School under Frederick II.[1] Guittone d'Arezzo rediscovered it and brought it to Tuscany where he adapted it to his language when he founded the Neo-Sicilian School (12351294). He wrote almost 250 sonnets.[2] Other Italian poets of the time, including Dante Alighieri (12651321) and Guido Cavalcanti (c. 12501300) wrote sonnets, but the most famous early sonneteer was Petrarca (known in English as Petrarch). Other fine examples were written by Michelangelo. The structure of a typical Italian sonnet of this time included two parts which together formed a compact form of "argument". First, the octave (two quatrains), forms the "proposition" which describes a "problem", followed by a sestet (two tercets), which proposes a resolution. Typically, the ninth line creates what is called the "turn" or "volta" which acts to signal the move from proposition to resolution. Even in sonnets that don't strictly follow the problem/resolution structure, the ninth line still often marks a "turn" by signaling a change in the tone, mood, or stance of the poem. In the sonnets of Giacomo da Lentini, the octave rhymed a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b; later, the a-b-b-a, a-b-ba pattern became the standard for Italian sonnets. For the sestet there were two different possibilities: c-d-e-c-d-e and c-d-c-c-d-c. In time, other variants on this rhyming scheme were introduced such as c-d-c-d-c-d.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The first known sonnets in English, written by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, used this Italian scheme, as did sonnets by later English poets including John Milton, Thomas Gray, William Wordsworth and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Early twentieth-century American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay also wrote most of her sonnets using the Italian form. This example, On His Blindness By Milton, gives a sense of the Italian rhyming scheme; When I consider how my light is spent (a) Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b) And that one talent which is death to hide, (b) Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a) To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a) My true account, lest he returning chide; (b) "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b) I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a) That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c) Either man's work or his own gifts; who best (d) Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e) Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And post o'er land and ocean without rest; (d) They also serve who only stand and wait." (e) [edit]

Dante's variation
Most Sonnets in Dante's La Vita Nuova are Petrarchan, but some - Chapter VII [3] gives sonnet O voi che per la via. Ch. VIII Morte villana. - in quatrains (which thus have a total of six verses) and in the two tercets which get a total of four lines. This complicates the rhyme scheme. [edit]

Occitan sonnet
The sole confirmed surviving sonnet in the Occitan language is confidently dated to 1284, and is conserved only in troubadour manuscript P, an Italian chansonnier of 1310, now XLI.42 in the Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence.[4] It was written by Paolo Lanfranchi da Pistoia and is addressed to Peter III of Aragon. It employs the rhyme scheme a-b-a-b, a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d-c-d. This poem is historically interesting for its information on north Italian perspectives concerning the War of the Sicilian Vespers, the conflict between the Angevins and Aragonese for Sicily.[4] Peter III and the Aragonese cause was popular in northern Italy at the time and Paolo's sonnet is a celebration of his victory over the Angevins and Capetians in the Aragonese Crusade:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Valenz Senher, rei dels Valiant Lord, king of the Aragonese Aragones to whom honour grows every day closer, a qi prez es honors tut remember, Lord, the French king[5] iorn enansa, that has come to find you and has left France remembre vus, Senher, With his two sons[6] and that one of Artois;[7] del Rei franzes but they have not dealt a blow with sword or lance qe vus venc a vezer e and many barons have left their country: laiset Fransa but a day will come when they will have some to remember. Ab dos sos fillz es ab Our Lord make yourself a company aqel d'Artes; in order that you might fear nothing; hanc no fes colp d'espaza that one who would appear to lose might win. ni de lansa Lord of the land and the sea, e mainz baros menet de as whom the king of England[8] and that of Spain[9] lur paes: are not worth as much, if you wish to help them. jorn de lur vida said n'auran menbransa. Nostre Senhier faccia a vus compagna per qe en ren no vus qal[la] duptar; tals quida hom qe perda qe gazaingna. Seigner es de la terra e de la mar, per qe lo Rei Engles e sel

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as An Occitan sonnet, dated to 1321 and assigned to one "William of Almarichi", is found in Jean de Nostredame and cited in Giovanni Crescembeni, Storia della volgar Poesia. It congratulates Robert of Naples on his recent victory. Its authenticity is dubious. There are also two poorly-regarded sonnets by the Italian Dante de Maiano. [edit]

English (Shakespearean) sonnet

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, c.1542 by Hans Holbein

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

William Shakespeare, in the famous "Chandos" portrait. Artist and authenticity unconfirmed. National Portrait Gallery (UK).

See also: Shakespeare's sonnets When English sonnets were introduced by Thomas Wyatt in the early 16th century, his sonnets and those of his contemporary the Earl of Surrey were chiefly translations from the Italian of Petrarch and the French of Ronsard and others. While Wyatt introduced the sonnet into English, it was

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Surrey who gave it a rhyming meter, and a structural division into quatrains of a kind that now characterizes the typical English sonnet. Having previously circulated in manuscripts only, both poets' sonnets were first published in Richard Tottel's Songes and Sonnetts, better known as Tottel's Miscellany (1557). It was, however, Sir Philip Sidney's sequence Astrophel and Stella (1591) that started the English vogue for sonnet sequences: the next two decades saw sonnet sequences by William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, Fulke Greville, William Drummond of Hawthornden, and many others. These sonnets were all essentially inspired by the Petrarchan tradition, and generally treat of the poet's love for some woman; with the exception of Shakespeare's sequence. The form is often named after Shakespeare, not because he was the first to write in this form but because he became its most famous practitioner. The form consists of fourteen lines structured as three quatrains and a couplet. The third quatrain generally introduces an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic "turn"; the volta. In Shakespeare's sonnets, however, the volta usually comes in the couplet, and usually summarizes the theme of the poem or introduces a fresh new look at the theme. With only a rare exception, the meter is iambic pentameter, although there is some accepted metrical flexibility (e.g., lines ending with an extrasyllable feminine rhyme, or a trochaic foot rather than an iamb, particularly at the beginning of a line). The usual rhyme scheme is end-rhymed a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as This example, Shakespeare's Sonnet 116, illustrates the form (with some typical variances one may expect when reading an Elizabethan-age sonnet with modern eyes): Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a) Admit impediments, love is not love (b)* Which alters when it alteration finds, (a) Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)* O no, it is an ever fixd mark (c)** That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)*** It is the star to every wand'ring bark, (c)** Whose worth's unknown although his height be taken. (d)*** Love's not time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e) Within his bending sickle's compass come, (f)* Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e) But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)* If this be error and upon me proved, (g)* I never writ, nor no man ever loved. (g)*

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as * PRONUNCIATION/RHYME: Note changes in pronunciation since composition. ** PRONUNCIATION/METER: "Fixed" pronounced as two-syllables, "fix-ed." *** RHYME/METER: Feminine-rhyme-ending, eleven-syllable alternative. The Prologue to Romeo and Juliet is also a sonnet, as is Romeo and Juliet's first exchange in Act One, Scene Five, lines 104-117, beginning with "If I profane with my unworthiest hand" (104) and ending with "Then move not while my prayer's effect I take." (117).[10] In the 17th century, the sonnet was adapted to other purposes, with John Donne and George Herbert writing religious sonnets, and John Milton using the sonnet as a general meditative poem. Both the Shakespearean and Petrarchan rhyme schemes were popular throughout this period, as well as many variants. The fashion for the sonnet went out with the Restoration, and hardly any sonnets were written between 1670 and Wordsworth's time. However, sonnets came back strongly with the French Revolution. Wordsworth himself wrote hundreds of sonnets, of which the best-known are "The world is too much with us" and the sonnet to Milton; his sonnets were essentially modelled on Milton's. Keats and Shelley also wrote major sonnets; Keats's sonnets used formal and rhetorical patterns inspired partly by Shakespeare, and Shelley innovated radically, creating his own rhyme scheme for the sonnet "Ozymandias". Sonnets were written throughout the 19th century, but, apart from Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese and the sonnets of Dante Gabriel

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Rossetti, there were few very successful traditional sonnets. In Canada during the last decades of the century, the Confederation Poets and especially Archibald Lampman were known for their sonnets, which were mainly on pastoral themes. Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote several major sonnets, often in sprung rhythm, such as "The Windhover", and also several sonnet variants such as the 10-line curtal sonnet "Pied Beauty" and the 24-line caudate sonnet "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire." By the end of the 19th century, the sonnet had been adapted into a generalpurpose form of great flexibility. This flexibility was extended even further in the 20th century. Among the major poets of the early Modernist period, Robert Frost, Edna St. Vincent Millay and E. E. Cummings all used the sonnet regularly. William Butler Yeats wrote the major sonnet Leda and the Swan, which used half rhymes. Wilfred Owen's sonnet Anthem for Doomed Youth was another sonnet of the early 20th century. W. H. Auden wrote two sonnet sequences and several other sonnets throughout his career, and widened the range of rhyme-schemes used considerably. Auden also wrote one of the first unrhymed sonnets in English, "The Secret Agent" (1928). Robert Lowell wrote five books of unrhymed "American sonnets," including his Pulitzer Prize-winning volume The Dolphin (1973). Half-rhymed, unrhymed, and even unmetrical sonnets have been very popular since 1950; perhaps the best works in the genre are Seamus Heaney's Glanmore Sonnets and Clearances, both of which use half rhymes, and Geoffrey Hill's mid-period sequence 'An Apology for the Revival of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Christian Architecture in England'. The 1990s saw something of a formalist revival, however, and several traditional sonnets have been written in the past decade. [edit]

Spenserian sonnet
A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser (c.1552 1599) in which the rhyme scheme is, abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee. In a Spenserian sonnet there does not appear to be a requirement that the initial octave sets up a problem that the closing sestet "answers", as is the case with a Petrarchan sonnet. Instead, the form is treated as three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet. The linked rhymes of his quatrains suggest the linked rhymes of such Italian forms as terza rima. This example is taken from Amoretti. Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hands Happy ye leaves! whenas those lily hands, (a) Which hold my life in their dead doing might, (b) Shall handle you, and hold in love's soft hands, (a) Like captives trembling at the victor's sight. (b)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as And happy lines on which, with starry light, (b) Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look,(c) And read the sorrows of my dying sprite, (b) Written with tears in heart's close bleeding book. (c) And happy rhymes! bathed in the sacred brook (c) Of Helicon, whence she derived is, (d) When ye behold that angel's blessed look, (c) My soul's long lacked food, my heaven's bliss. (d) Leaves, lines, and rhymes seek her to please alone, (e) Whom if ye please, I care for other none. (e) [edit]

Modern sonnet
With the advent of free verse, the sonnet came to be seen as somewhat old-fashioned and fell out of use for a time among some schools of poets.[citation needed] However, a number of modern poets, including Wilfred Owen, John Berryman, George Meredith, Edwin Morgan, Robert Frost, Rupert Brooke, George Sterling, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Federico Garca Lorca, E.E. Cummings, Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, Robert Lowell, Joan Brossa, Vikram Seth, Rainer Maria Rilke, Jan Kal, Ernest Hilbert, Kim Addonizio, and Seamus Heaney continued to use the form. Elizabeth Bishop's

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as inverted "Sonnet" was one of her last poems. Ted Berrigan's book, THE SONNETS, is an arresting and curious take on the form. Paul Muldoon often experiments with 14 lines and sonnet rhymes, though without regular sonnet meter. The advent of the New Formalism movement in the United States has also contributed to contemporary interest in the sonnet. A caudate sonnet is an expanded version of the sonnet. It consists of 14 lines in standard sonnet forms followed by a coda (Latin cauda meaning "tail", from which the name is derived). The invention of the form is credited to Francesco Berni. According to the Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry, the form is most frequently used for satire, such as the most prominent English instance, John Milton's "On the New Forcers of Conscience Under the Long Parliament."[1] Gerard Manley Hopkins used the form in a less satirical mood in his "That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire."[2] The poem is one of many in which Hopkins experimented with variations on sonnet form. However, unlike the curtal sonnet, a Hopkins invention which is a 10-line form with precisely the same proportions as a Petrarchan sonnet, his caudate sonnet is a full sonnet unmodified but with an extra six lines. Hopkins heightens the effect of the extension with an enjambment from the 14th line to the 15th.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Hopkins explored the possibility of such a coda in a series of letters exchanged with Robert Bridges, from whom he learned of the centrality of Milton's example in the form.[3] Though the intent of his example is distinct from Milton's satirical use, the effect of the codato add stability to the poem's closeis comparable.[

Onegin stanza (sometimes "Pushkin sonnet"[1]) refers to the verse form invented by Alexander Pushkin for his interpersonal epic Eugene Onegin. The work is (almost wholly) written in verses of iambic tetrameter with the unusual rhyme scheme "aBaBccDDeFFeGG", where the lowercase letters represent feminine endings (i.e., with an additional unstressed syllable) and the uppercase representing masculine ending (i.e. stressed on the final syllable). Unlike other traditional forms, such as the Petrarchan sonnet or Shakespearean sonnet, the Onegin stanza does not divide into smaller stanzas of four lines or two in an obvious way. There are many different ways the sonnet can be divided: for example, the first four lines can form a quatrain, or instead join with the "cc" to form a set. The form's flexibility allows the author more scope to change how the semantic sections are divided from sonnet to sonnet, while keeping the sense of unity provided by following a fixed rhyme scheme. Also, being written in iambic tetrameter

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as imparts a stronger sense of motion than other sonnets, which use the more common iambic pentameter. Jon Stallworthy's 1987 "The Nutcracker" used this stanza form, and Vikram Seth's 1986 novel The Golden Gate is written wholly in Onegin stanzas. The Onegin stanza is also used in the verse novel Equinox by Australian writer Matthew Rubinstein, serialized daily in the Sydney Morning Herald and currently awaiting publication; in the biography in verse Richard Burgin by Diana Burgin; in the verse novel Jack the Lady Killer by HRF Keating (title borrowed from a line in Golden Gate in Onegin stanza rhymes but not always preserving the metric pattern); and in several poems by Australian poet Gwen Harwood, for instance the first part of "Class of 1927" and "Sea Eagle" (the first employs a humorous Byronic tone, but the second adapts the stanza to a spare lyrical mood, which is good evidence of the form's versatility). The curtal sonnet is a form invented by Gerard Manley Hopkins, and used in three of his poems. It is an eleven-line (or, more accurately, ten-and-a-half-line) sonnet, but rather than the first eleven lines of a standard sonnet it consists of precisely of the structure of a Petrarchan sonnet shrunk proportionally. The octave of a sonnet becomes a sestet and the sestet a quatrain plus an

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as additional "tail piece." That is, the first eight lines of a sonnet are translated into the first six lines of a curtal sonnet and the last six lines of a sonnet are translated into the last four and a half lines of a curtal sonnet. Hopkins describes the last line as half a line, though in fact it can be shorter than half of one of Hopkins's standard sprung rhythm lines. In the preface to his Poems (1876-89), Hopkins describes the relationship between the Petrarchan and curtal sonnets mathematically; if the Petrarchan sonnet can be described by the equation 8+6=14 then, he says, the curtal sonnet would be:

.[1] Hopkins's only examples of the form are "Pied Beauty," "Peace," and "Ash Boughs." "Pied Beauty" is as follows, showing the proportional relation to the Petrarchan sonnet (not included in the original: the only indication of the form is in the preface). Accents indicate stressed syllables:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Glory be to God for dappled things For skies of couple-colour as a brinded cow; For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim; Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings; Landscape plotted and piecedfold, fallow, and plough; And ll trdes, their gear and tackle and trim.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as All things counter, original, spare, strange; Whatever is fickle, freckled (who knows how?) With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him.

Hopkins's account of the form comes from the preface to his Poems (1876-89). Critics are generally in agreement that the curtal sonnet does not so much constitute a new form as an interpretation of sonnet form as Hopkins believed it to be; as Elisabeth Schneider argues, the curtal sonnet reveals Hopkins's intense interest in the mathematical proportions of all sonnets.[2] For an in-depth treatment of all three poems, see Lois Pitchford.[3] The form has been used occasionally since, but primarily as a novelty, in contrast to Hopkins's quite serious use.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A quatorzain (from French quatorze, fourteen) is a poem of fourteen lines. Historically the term has often been used interchangeably with the term 'sonnet'. Various writers have tried to draw distinctions between 'true' sonnets, and quatorzains. Nowadays the term is seldom used, and when it is, it usually is used to distinguish fourteen line poems that do not follow the various rules that describe the sonnet. [edit]

The Sicilian octave (Italian: ottava siciliana or ottava napoletana, lit. "Neapolitan octave") is a verse form consisting of eight lines of eleven syllables each, called a hendecasyllable. The form is common in late medieval Italian poetry. In English poetry, iambic pentameter is often used instead of syllabics. The form has a prescribed rhyme scheme of four rhymed couplets (A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B). Although only the final two rhymes are different from the much more common ottava rima, the two eight-line forms evolved completely separately. According to the Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, scholars disagree on the origin of the Sicilian octave, but all agree that it is related to the development of the first eight lines of the sonnet (called the octave). It is not clear whether the octave emerged first and influenced the sonnet or vice versa.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The form is a variant of the strambotto, which is one of the earliest verse forms in the Italian language. The strambotto was used in Sicily and Tuscany, and consisted of either six or eight hendecasyllables. The rhyme scheme varied, but the Tuscan was form generally did not use the Sicilian octave scheme; the most common was A-B-A-B-C-C-D-D. The Sicilian octave is rare in Italian after the Renaissance and has seldom been used in English except as an illustration of the form. Before the 15th century, however, it was used often by poets in southern Italy, and was an important influence for Petrarch in his sonnets. Boccaccio, who popularized and may have invented the unrelated ottava rima, used the Sicilian octave a total of once, in his early romance Filocolo. The epitaph of Giulia Topazia is a Sicilian octave: Qui, d'Atropos il colpo ricevuto, giace di Roma Giulia Topazia, dell'alto sangue di Cesare arguto discesa, bella e piena d'ogni grazia, che, in parto, abbandonati in non dovuto modo ci ha: onde non fia gi mai sazia l'anima nostra il suo non conosciuto Dio biasimar che f s gran fallazia. English (non-rhyming translation):

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Here, having received Atropos's blow, lies Giulia Topazia of Rome descended from the high bloodline of witty Caesar, beautiful, and full of every grace, who, in childbirth, abandoned us in a manner that ought not be: thus, our minds will never have enough of cursing her God, unknowable, who might make such a great error. [edit]

Sprung rhythm is a poetic rhythm designed to imitate the rhythm of natural speech. It is constructed from feet in which the first syllable is stressed and may be followed by a variable number of unstressed syllables.[1] The British poet Gerard Manley Hopkins claimed to have discovered this previously-unnamed poetic rhythm in the natural patterns of English in folk songs, spoken poetry, Shakespeare, Milton, et al. He used diacritical marks on syllables to indicate which should be drawn out (acute e.g. ) and which uttered quickly (grave e.g. ).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Some critics believe he merely coined a name for poems with mixed, irregular feet, like free verse. However, while sprung rhythm allows for an indeterminate number of syllables to a foot, Hopkins was very careful to keep the number of feet he had per line consistent across each individual work, a trait that free verse does not share. Sprung rhythm may be classed as a form of accentual verse, due to it being stress-timed, rather than syllable-timed,[2] and while sprung rhythm did not become a popular literary form, Hopkins's advocacy did assist in a revival of accentual verse more generally.[3] [edit]

Example
Pied Beauty Glory be to God for dappled things For skies of couple-colour as a brinded cow; For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim; Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings; Landscape plotted and piecedfold, fallow, and plough; And ll trades, their gear and tackle and trim.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as All things counter, original, spre, strange; Whatever is fickle, freckld (who knows how?) With swft, slw; sweet, sur; adzzle, dm; He fathers-forth whose beauty is pst change: Prise hm. Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889) Proposed scansion: |Glory|be to|God for|dappled|things For|skies of|couple-|colour as a|brinded|cow; For|rose-moles|all in|stipple upon|trout that|swim; Fresh-|firecoal|chestnut-|falls;|finches'|wings; |Landscape|plotted and|piecedfold,|fallow, and|plough; And|all|trades, their|gear and|tackle and|trim. |All things|counter, o|riginal,|spare,|strange;

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as What|ever is|fickle,|freckled|(who knows|how?) With|swift,|slow; sweet,|sour; a|dazzle,|dim; He|fathers-|forth whose|beauty is|past|change: |Praise|him.| [edit]

Il Canzoniere (English: Song Book), also known as the Rime Sparse (English: Scattered Rhymes), is a poetical collection by the Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. Though the majority of Petrarch's output was in Latin, the Canzoniere was written in the vernacular, a language of trade, despite Petrarch's view that Italian was less adequate for expression.[1] Of its 366 Rime , the vast majority are in sonnet form (317), though the sequence contains a number of canzoni (29), sestine (9), madrigals (4), and ballate (7). Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon. Though disputed, the inscription in his copy of Virgil records this information. Petrarch's meticulous dating of his manuscripts has allowed scholars to deduce that the poems were written over a period of forty years, with the earliest dating from shortly after 1327, and the latest around 1368. The transcription and ordering of the sequence itself went on until 1374, the year of the poet's

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as death. [2] The two sections of the sequence which are divided by Laura's death have traditionally been labelled 'In vita' (In life') and 'In morte' (In death) respectively, though Petrarch made no such distinction. His work would go on to become what Spiller calls 'the single greatest influence on the love poetry of Renaissance Europe until well into the seventeenth century'. [3]
1 2 3 Contents [hide] 1 Central ideas 2 Influences on the Canzoniere 3 Influence of the Rime 1 3.1 In England 2 3.2 In France 4 Further reading 5 References

4 5

[edit]

Central ideas
The most evident purpose of the Canzoniere is to praise Laura, yet questions concerning the virtue of love in relation to the Christian religion and desire are always present. Antithesis are also key to the sequence and in one sense represent Petrarch's search for balance; these would later be

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as exploited by Petrarchists in Europe but represent only one aspect of the Rimes. This leads on to the essential paradox of Petrarchan love, where love is desired yet painful: fluctuation between states is a means of expressing this instability. The changing mind of man and the passing of time are also central themes, as is the consideration of the art of poetic creation itself. Some other themes are desire, isolation, unrequited love, and vanity of youth. The central theme in the Canzoniere is the love for Laura, whom Petrarch fell in love with at first sight. Laura was already married and turned down all of Petrarch's advances. It is unknown if the two ever spoke. They met on Good Friday and Laura allegedly died on Good Friday. In any case, it would be improper to see Canzoniere as uniquely inspired by love for Laura. Other themes are important: religion, poetry, politics, time, glory. The love theme itself should be considered as the nucleus around which Petrarca develops his deep psychological analysis: thanks to his poems inspired by Laura (laurus is the symbol for poetry) the poet aspires to reach glory, which in turn can fight the all-destroying power of time. Even glory, however, cannot guarantee real eternity, because in Christian ideology, only faith in Christian salvation does grant this. [edit]

Influences on the Canzoniere

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Petrarch uses the Metamorphoses of Ovid to convey themes of instability, and also sources Virgil's Aeneid. Petrarch inherited aspects of artifice and rhetorical skill from Sicilian courtly poetry, including that of the inventor of the sonnet form, Giacomo da Lentini. [4] In addition, the troubadour poets who wrote love poems concerned with chivalry in Provencal (in the canso or canzone form) are likely to have had an influence, primarily because of the position of adoration in which they placed the female figure. Dante, and the school of the 'dolce stil nuovo' or sweet new style, developed this placement of the female and proposed that the pursuit of love was a noble virtue. [edit]

Influence of the Rime

[edit]

In England
In 1380, Chaucer adopted part of the Canzoniere to form three stanzas of rhyme royal in Troilus and Criseyde, Book I. [5] Over 150 years would pass until Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, would translate several Rimes in the court environment of Henry VIII. Their translations are largely credited with making the ten-syllable line normative in English, and in George Puttenham's 1589 Art of English Poesie are credited with reforming the English language:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as As novices newly crept out of the schooles of Dante, Arioste and Petrarch, they greatly polished our rude and homely manner of vulgar poesie, from that it had bene before, and for that cause may justly be sayd the first reformers of our English meetre and stile.[6] Thus, their translations of Rimes from the Canzoniere paved the way for the sonnet sequences of Sidney and Shakespeare. [edit]

In France
Early French soneteers included Clement Marot and Mellin Saint Gelais. The latter spent nine years in Italy before returning to France to spread knowledge of Petrarch and Serafino. The first sonnet sequence to be published in France came in 1549 in the form of Joachim du Bellay's L'Olive. When first published it contained 50 sonnets but the next year Bellay added more poems and raised the total number to 115 - references to Petrarch are made in fourteen of these sonnets.[7] Pierre de Ronsard also took up Petrarch's influence and his sonnets are credited for their originality. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The hendecasyllable is a line of eleven syllables, used in Ancient Greek and Latin quantitative verse as well as in medieval and modern European poetry.
Contents [hide] 1 In quantitative verse 2 2 In Italian poetry 3 3 In English poetry 4 4 References 1

[edit]

In quantitative verse
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Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The classical hendecasyllable is a quantitative meter used in Ancient Greece in Aeolic verse and in scolia, and later by the Roman poet Catullus. Each line has eleven syllables; hence the name, which comes from the Greek word for eleven. The heart of the line is the choriamb (- u u -). The pattern (also known as the Phalaecian) is as follows (using "-" for a long syllable, "u" for a short and "x" for an "anceps" or variable syllable): xx -uu- u-u-(where x x is either - u or - - or u -) Another form of hendecasyllabic verse is the "Sapphic" (so named for its use in the Sapphic stanza), with the pattern: -x- x -uu- u-Of the polymetric poems of Catullus, forty-three are hendecasyllabic. The metre has been imitated in English; the most important examples are by Alfred Tennyson and Swinburne and Robert Frost, cf. "For Once Then Something." In English, the long/short pattern becomes a stress/unstress pattern, although Tennyson maintained the quantitative features of the metre: O you chorus of indolent reviewers, Irresponsible, indolent reviewers, Look, I come to the test, a tiny poem All composed in a metre of Catullus...

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as ("Hendecasyllabics") For an example, see Catullus 1. [edit]

In Italian poetry
The hendecasyllable (in Italian endecasillabo) is also used in Italian poetry. In this form, its defining feature is a constant stress on the tenth syllable, so that the number of syllables in the verse may vary, equaling eleven in the usual case where the final word is stressed on the penultimate syllable. The verse also has a stress preceding the caesura, on either the fourth or sixth syllable. The most usual stress schemes for the Italian hendecasyllable are stresses on sixth and tenth syllables (for example, "Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita," Dante Alighieri, first line of The Divine Comedy), and on the fourth, seventh and tenth syllables ("Un incalzar di cavalli accorrenti," Ugo Foscolo, Dei sepolcri). Most classical Italian poems are composed of hendecasyllables; for example, the major works by Dante, Francesco Petrarca, Ludovico Ariosto, and Torquato Tasso. They differ greatly in the rhyme system (from terza rima to ottava, from sonnet to canzone. In later poems, since 1800, hendecasyllables are often used without a strict system, with few or no rhymes at all. Examples

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as can be found in Giacomo Leopardi's Canti. The effect of "endecasillabi sciolti" (loose hendecasyllables) is similar to English blank verse. It has a role in Italian poetry, and a formal structure, comparable to the iambic pentameter in English or the alexandrine in French. [edit]

In English poetry
The term "hendecasyllable" is sometimes used in English poetry to describe a line of iambic pentameter with an extra short syllable at the end, as in the first line of John Keats's Endymion: "A thing of beauty is a joy for ever."

Abbot of Tivoli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Abbot of Tivoli (Italian: Abate di Tivoli) was an Italian poet of the thirteenth century, who most certainly lived between 1230 and 1250.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Only three of his sonnets are known, written as an exchange in tenzone with Giacomo da Lentini, concerning the nature of love.[1][2] The abbot argues a conventional perspective on love: "the abbot predictably complains of unrequited love and pledges his fidelity to the god of love in the hope that the lady, like himself, will be stricken by love's arrow."[3] They were probably composed in Tivoli in 1241, the year that the emperor Frederick II resided there. Some believe that his real name was Walter, laicus de urbe, who was loyal to Pope Innocent IV (who mentions him in a letter dated 1250 as a "pious" supporter).[4] Amoretti was a sonnet cycle written by Edmund Spenser in the 16th century. The cycle describes his courtship and eventual marriage to Elizabeth Boyle. Amoretti was first published in 1595 in London by William Ponsonby. It was printed as part of a volume entitled Amoretti and Epithalamion. Written not long since by Edmunde Spenser. The volume included the sequence of 89 sonnets, along with a series of short poems called Anacreontics and an Epithalamion, a public poetic celebration of marriage.[1]. The volume memorializes Spensers courtship of Elizabeth Boyle, a young, well-born Anglo Irish woman, and the couples wedding on June 11, 1594 [2]. In fact, in the sonnets of Amoretti Spenser succeeds in "immortalizing the name of his bride to be ... by devices of word play", as Fred Blick demonstrated for the first time in 2008. [3]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Amoretti has been largely overlooked and unappreciated by critics, who see it as inferior to other major Renaissance sonnet sequences in the Petrarchan tradition. In addition, it has been overshadowed by Spensers other works, most notably The Faerie Queene, his epic allegorical masterpiece. C. S. Lewis, among the most important twentieth century Spenser scholars said that Spenser was not one of the great sonneteers [4]. However, other critics consider Spensers sonnets to be innovative and to express a range of tones and emotions, and are much more skillful and subtle than generally recognized.
1 2 3 4 Contents [hide] 1 Petrarchan Context 2 Liturgical Sources 3 Works cited 4 References

[edit]

Petrarchan Context
The sonnets of Amoretti draw heavily on authors of the Petrarchan tradition, most obviously Torquato Tasso and Petrarch himself[5]. In Amoretti, Spenser often uses the established topoi, for

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as his sequence imitates in its own way the traditions of Petrarchan courtship and its associated NeoPlatonic conceits [6]. Apart from the general neo-platonic conceit of spiritual love in opposition to physical love, he borrows specific images and metaphors, including those that portray the beloved or love itself as cruel tormenter. Many critics, in light of what they see as his overworking of old themes, view Spenser as being a less original and important sonneteer than contemporaries such as Shakespeare and Sir Philip Sidney. However, Spenser also revised the tradition that he was drawing from. Amoretti breaks with conventional love poetry in a number of ways. In most sonnet sequences in the Petrarchan tradition, the speaker yearns for a lover who is sexually unavailable. Not only is there a conflict between spiritual and physical love, but the love object is often already married; it is an adulterous love. Spensers innovation was to dedicate an entire sequence to a woman he could honorably win [7]. Elizabeth Boyle was an unmarried woman, and their love affair eventually ended in marriage. In addition, the Petrarchan tradition tends to be obsessed with the instability and discontinuity of the love situation. The speakers feelings, thoughts, and motives continually change and shift. The love situation is fraught with egotism, conflict, and continual transformations within the speaker. These conflicts are never resolved, but continue on endlessly as the poet is continually frustrated by the rejection of his beloved or his inability to reconcile spiritual and physical love.[8]. While

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Petrarch finds some semblance of resolution in rejection of physical love and the subsequent death of his beloved, and Renaissance Petrarchism tends to ignore resolution and glorify the state of indeterminacy, Spenser finds his own unique solution. He eventually moves away from the constant transformation and self-absorption of the Petrarchan love situation, and towards the peace and rest Spenser finds in the sacred world of marriage [9]. He represents the Protestant conception of marriage, celebrating it as a sanctuary in which two people can find peace and rest in a mutual love covenant, in which spiritual and physical love can exist in harmony rather than as contraries [10]. [edit]

Liturgical Sources
The eighty-nine sonnets of the Amoretti were written to correspond with the scriptural readings prescribed by the Book of Common Prayer for specific dates in 1594. Their conceits, themes, ideas, imagery, words, and sometimes their rhetorical structure consistently and successively match like particulars in these daily readings [11]. Of the scriptural selections from a particular day, Spenser generally made use of the daily psalms or New Testament readings, often drawing upon the Gospel or Epistle for Sundays or feast days [12].

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The sonnets begin on January 23 and end on May 17, and appear to be written for the period leading up to Spensers wedding to Elizabeth Boyle on June 11. Sonnet 22 corresponds to Ash Wednesday. Sonnet 68 corresponds to Easter Sunday, and the 46 intervening sonnets generally match up with the scripture readings prescribed for the 46 days of the feast of Lent in 1594.[13]. The Pre-Lenten and Lenten sonnets, while somewhat conventional on the surface, contain multilayers of humor, salaciousness, irony, parody, and ultimately travesty [14]. beneath the surface. The Easter sonnets take on a more serious, devotional tone, climaxing with a celebration of marriage as a covenant of grace in which the betrothed overcome the difficulties of lust and passion and are united in grace and mutual love [15]. The sequence of correspondences to daily scripture readings is not perfectly consecutive or uninterrupted, though. Sonnets 28-33 are an exception in that they bear no resemblance to the scripture readings from the days to which they could correspond. Larsen suggests that perhaps Spenser was not at home during the days 19-24 of February and had no access to scriptural resources because most bibles published at this time were not very portable. These sonnets tend to make more blatant and unoriginal use of Petrarchan conceits, and are more conventional and flat than the other poems.[16]. Sonnets 52-53 are not related to a scriptural source either. Larsen points out that Sonnet 53 suggests travel through its explicit descriptions of absence from the beloved: from presence of my

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as dearest deare exylde and So I her absens will my penaunce make. This seems to support his claim that lack of correspondence might be explained by Spensers travels [17]. With these exceptions, the correspondences run through sonnet 75, which falls on April 7, the Sunday after Easter. Sonnets 76-89 correspond to the period from May 3 May 17, the beginning of a new cycle of second lessons at morning prayer through the day before the Vigil of the feast of Pentecost, which fell on May 19. These sonnets tend to draw even more heavily on daily scriptural readings than the preceding 75. For example, Sonnet 82, which was written for the feast of the Ascension is full of allusions to the Ascension, especially in its final couplet: Whose loft argument vplifting me, / shall lift you vp vnto an high degree. [18] The sonnets from the period before Pentecost are characterized by a painful and anxious sense of expectation. With the happiness of marriage in view, the speaker still suffers from the current state of separation. This feeling is appropriate to the liturgical season, in which Christians eagerly await unification with Gods spirit, which he sends down to them on Pentecost. Sonnet 87 contains the line, Thus I the time with expectation spend. When the sonnets of Amoretti are viewed in this liturgical context, one sees that Spensers Petrarchan allusions and use of Petrarchan precedents cannot be reduced run-of-the-mill imitation. He adapts Petrarchan models and uses them to create connections to the days scripture themes and imagery. In addition, he treats them with a smooth cadence and flow that tends to blur the

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as distinctions within Petrarchan paradox rather than sharply separating the contraries [19]. This correlates well with Spensers goal of moving beyond the paradoxes and conflicts of love to the reconciliation and harmony embodied in marriage. Spensers working together of allusions and attitudes from both Petrarchist sources and scriptural loci intimates a poetic and a personal harmony, which in Amoretti becomes his ultimate preoccupation and goal [20]. This provides a sharp contrast to the focus of other Renaissance sonneteers, who tend to dwell on the indeterminacy and conflict of the lovers plight. Examining the underlying structure of the sequence and its religious parallels provides one key to appreciating the richness and complexity of Amoretti and establishing Spenser as one of the most important sixteenth century sonneteers. [edit]

Classical Chinese poetry forms are those poetry forms, or modes, which typify the traditional Chinese poems written in Literary or Classical Chinese, the characteristics of which as a language are inextricably linked to the qualities of Classical Chinese poetry and in its various forms. Some of these forms are attested to as early as the publication of the Classic of Poetry, dating from a traditionally, and roughly, estimated time of around BCE 500, in what is now China, but at that time was composed of various independent states. The term "forms" refers to various formal and

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as technical aspects applied to poems: this includes such poetic characteristics as meter (such as, line length and number of lines), rhythm (such as, presence of caesuras, end-stopping, and tone contour), and other considerations such as vocabulary and style. These forms and modes are generally, but not always, independent of the Classical Chinese poetry genres. Many or most of these were developed by the Tang Dynasty and use and development of Classical Chinese poetry and genres actively continued up to until the May Fourth Movement, and are not totally extinct even today in the 21st century.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1 Contents [hide] 1 Formal Elements 1 1.1 Scansion 1 1.1.1 Meter 2 1.1.2 Line length 1 1.1.2.1 Fixed line length poems 2 1.1.2.2 Variable line length poems 3 1.1.3 Couplets 4 1.1.4 Poem length 5 1.1.5 Old, new, regulated, unregulated 6 1.1.6 Tone 7 1.1.7 Rhythm 8 1.1.8 Rhyme 2 1.2 Vocabulary 2 Forms[4] 1 2.1 Classic of Poetry (Shijing) 2 2.2 Songs of the South (Chuci) 3 2.3 Nineteen Poems 4 2.4 Fu 5 2.5 Old Style Poetry (Gushi) 6 2.6 Fixed Rhythm Songs 1 2.6.1 Ballad and Folktunes Based Poems (Ci) 2 2.6.2 Opera Style (Yuanqu) 7 2.7 Yuefu 1 2.7.1 Old Music Bureau Lyrics (old Yuefu)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Formal Elements
[edit]

Scansion
Various factors are considered in scanning Classical Chinese verse in order to determine the meter. [edit]

Meter
For the purpose of metrically scanning Classical Chinese verse, the basic unit corresponds to one character, or what is considered one syllable: an optional consonant or glide (or in some versions of reconstructed Old or Middle Chinese a consonantal cluster), an obligatory vowel or vowel cluster (with or without glides), and an optional final consonant. Thus a seven-character line is identical with a seven-syllable line; and, barring the presence of compound words, which were rare in Classical Chinese compared to Modern Chinese (and even people's names would often be abbreviated to one character), then the line would also be a seven word itself. Classical Chinese tends toward a one-to-one correspondence between word, syllable, and a written character.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Counting the number of syllables (which could be read as varying lengths, according to the context), together with the caesuras, or pauses within the line, and a stop, or long pause at the end of the line, generally established the meter.[1] The characters (or syllables) between the caesuras or end stops can be considered to be a metric foot. The caesuras tended to both be fixed depending upon the formal rules for that type of poem and to match the natural rhythm of speech based upon units of mean spanning the characters. [edit]

Line length
Line length could be fixed or variable, and was based on the number of syllables/characters. In more formal poetry it tended to be fixed, and varied according to specific forms. Lines were generally combined into couplets. Lines tended to be end-stopped; and, line couplets almost always. Line length is the fundamental metrical criterion in classifying Classical Chinese poetry forms. Once the line length is determined, then the most likely division(s) of the line by caesuras is also known, since they are as a rule fixed in certain positions. Thus, specifying the line-length of a Chinese poem is equivalent to specifying both the type of feet and the number of feet per line in poetry using quantitative meter. [edit] Fixed line length poems

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A three-character line is known from the Three Character Classic, a book for children written in three-character eight-line verse in rhymed couplets. Four-character lines are encountered in the popular form of verse matching, where two verses are matched, often with rhyme, and often traditional four-character idioms, frequently drawn from classical poetry. For instance, two four-character lines may be written on matching scrolls, in Chinese calligraphy, and each decoratively hung on either side of a door or entrance way, these are known as Duilian. Some ancient style poetry was also four-line. Six-character line lengths are relatively rare in fixed-length poems, but are found for example in the work of Wang Jian. Five, Seven, and eight (or doubled four character lines) character lines are standard for serious, fixed-length poetry. [edit] Variable line length poems Some poems have lines of variable lengths within a single poem, either experimentally, as unique specimens, or in certain fixed formats. For example, the poems written according to fixed patterns based, or originally based. upon song lyrics such as the ci form or upon folk ballads such as the yuehfu. The "tune", or tonal structure of these poems was also fixed within each specific pattern.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as This resulted eventually in quite a few fixed-forms with variable line lengths within each piece, with hundreds of named models identified. Often the name of the model used features in the title of the poem. [edit]

Couplets
Most Classical Chinese verse consists of multiple couplets or pairs of lines, which are considered to be somehow especially related to each other by such considerations as meaning, tone-structure, parallelism. [edit]

Poem length
Because of the tendency to write poetry as groups of couplets, most poems had an even number of lines. Generally four lines (two couplets) were considered to be the minimum length for a poem. In the case of curtailed-verse (jueju), the poem was limited to this length. Other types of poems were limited to eight lines (four couplets). If the over all length of some form of poetry was not limited, then that the poems tended to be written using four or eight line stanzas, and thus the poem lengths would accordingly work out to multiples of four or eight. Some poems were quite long. The length poems based upon specific song and ballad forms depended upon the specific tune or form selected as the model. Th fu type of poem, which sometimes even incorporated

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as sections of prose had few limitations on line length, other than that within a section of verse the line lengths tended to be of equal length.[2] A specific poem's length for those forms in which this was a restriction, is another basic classifying criterion (as in Seven-character eight-line verse). [edit]

Old, new, regulated, unregulated

Poems of the same length in terms of line-length and poem-length and/or poems within the same general type were often distinguished by using the concepts "new", "old", "regulated", or "unregulated". "Old" and new were generally used to denote a basic change of form within a mode or form, like "old" Yuefu and "new" Yuehfu. "Regulated" verse has very strict and often complex formal limitations, such as mandatory tonal alterations between adjacent positions within a line, or in regards to the same line-positions between couplets. [edit]

Tone
The existence of tone in Old through early Tang Chinese is debatable.[3] Certainly by the major period of poetic flourishing in Tang, syllable tones were divided into level an not-level. These variations were or became an important aspect of poetry, sometimes in an esoteric way. The presence or absence of formal tonal constraints varies according to the poetic form of a specific poem. Sometimes it was quite strict, as in the case of Regulated Verse.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Rhythm
Rhythm was mostly a matter of tonal variation, line length, caesaras within lines, and end stopping. Variations of rhythm were subtly played off in between the various lines within a poem. [edit]

Rhyme
Rhyme, or rime, was important in some forms of poetry. However, it was often based on a formal and traditional schema, such as is in a Rime table or rime dictionary, and not necessarily upon actual vernacular speech. Also, generally level tones only rhymed with level tones, and non-level tones with non-level tones. The original rhymes of a poem can be difficult to detect, especially in Modern Mandarin Chinese pronunciation (including tone) tends to be quite different than in the older, historical types of Chinese language. [edit]

Vocabulary
Certain restrictions or associations of particular words were often typical of certain poetic forms, and for some forms of poetry there were rules restricting or encouraging the repetition of the same word within a poem, a stanza, or a line or couplet. Sometimes a deliberately archaic or traditional

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as poetic vocabulary was used. Often the use of common words such as pronouns and "empty words" like particles and measure words were deprecated. Certain standard vocabulary substitutions were standard where a certain word would not fit into the metrical pattern. [edit]

Forms[4]
Classical Chinese poems are typified by certain formal structures. Some of these can be considered closed categories, such as the categories of belonging to the Classic of Poetry (Shijing), the Songs of the South (Chuci), or the Nineteen Poems: These corpi were closed categories, one could not add to these classics, although one might write poems in the similar style, as in Old Style Poetry (Gushi). Further, one might follow the new styles that were introduced over succeeding dynasties, or make up one's own style, which may or may not catch on. [edit]

Classic of Poetry (Shijing)

Main article: Book of Songs (Chinese) This is the style of those poems which compose this collection, the Shijing, or Shi Jing, known variously in English such as The Book of Songs, the Classic of Poetry, the "Book of Odes", or just The Odes. Although out of material some of which may have been quite a bit older, the Classic of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Poetry was compiled sometime after BCE 600, supposedly by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn period, who is thus said to have chosen approximately 300 out of a collection of around 3000.[5] Although some of these may have been collected as folk-songs, they show signs of editorial reworking.[5] The original musical scores and choreography meant to be performed together with them have all been lost.[5] In following dynasties, especially with the Han Dynasty deification of Confucius and the incorporation of the Classic of Poetry into the mandatory material for testing under the imperial examination system, the poems within it became subject to much artificial and moralistic reinterpretation.[6] Especially the sexual elements came to be officially viewed as parables for love of the Confucian rites and social order, especially the love of the subject for his political lord and master. Although of historical interest and importance, such interpretations are not in line with modern scholarship. All of the Classic of Poetry's poems are anonymous. The style of the poems represent the first examples of Chinese regular verse; that is verse with fixed-length lines, generally of four characters, with these mostly as syntactic couplets.[7] Its poems also feature a good deal of rhythmic repetition and variation and many of the songs or poems are arranged into stanzas of similar metrical structure.[8] The poems use end rhyme and internal rhyme, occasional parallelism, and a vocabulary of identical and matching words.[7] [edit]

Songs of the South (Chuci)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Main article: Chu Ci Chuci (traditional Chinese: ; simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Ch c; literally: "Songs of Chu"), also known as Songs of the South and as Ch'u Tz'u, refers to the poems and the style of those poems which compose this collection. The name literally refers to the state of Chu, which was to the south of the area from which the poems of the Classic of Poetry were collected, and south of the main area populated by people of Chinese culture in China at the time of its composition and for many centuries afterwards (in fact, until the great population change in the time of the Song Dynasty, or, perhaps more accurately, the time of the Tang-Song transition). [edit]

Nineteen Poems
Main article: Nineteen Old Poems This is the style of those poems which compose this collection. These nineteen poems in the ballad or old yuefu style were collected during the Han Dynasty. [edit]

Fu
An extended form of poetry, so extended as to be almost prose. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Old Style Poetry (Gushi)

This is the style based upon older forms, but allowing new additions to the corpus. Includes Literary Yuefu. [edit]

Fixed Rhythm Songs

Poems based on traditional structures, originally meant as lyrics to go along with music. [edit]

Ballad and Folktunes Based Poems (Ci)

Poems based on traditional structures, originally meant as lyrics to go along with music. [edit]

Opera Style (Yuanqu)

Poems from Yuan dramas. [edit]

Yuefu
[edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Old Music Bureau Lyrics (old Yuefu)

This is the style of the official Han Dynasty Music Bureau, which once existed. [edit]

New Yuefu
This is the style, consisting of several subdivisions, of those poems based upon the poems and the style of the poems of the former Music Bureau, after it had ceased to exist. [edit]

New Pattern Poems (Jintishi)

A group of various forms. [edit]

Five-character eight-line regulated verse (Wulu)

A form of regulated verse with eight lines of five characters each. [edit]

Seven-character eight-line regulated verse (Qilu)

A form of regulated verse with eight lines of seven characters each.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Five-character four-line curtailed verse (Wujue)

Also known as the Five-character-quatrain, this form of regulated verse is characterized by four lines of five characters each. [edit]

Seven-character four-line curtailed verse (Qijue)

Also known as the Seven-character-quatrain, this is a form of regulated verse with four lines of seven characters each. [edit]

Fu (Chinese: pinyin: f "Descriptive poem") is a kind of prose-poem popular in ancient China, especially during the Han Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, the Chu Ci-type of lyrics evolved into fu. It is a type of prose-poem with introductory, concluding, or other interspersed passages that are in prose, typically in the form of questions and answers. The fu is usually called rhapsody in English, but has also been called "rhyme-prose," "exposition," and sometimes "poetical essay."

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A Han fu is typically very long, describes a subject exhaustively from every possible angle, and is usually meant to display the poet's rhetorical and lexical skill rather than express personal feeling. Since it is meant to impress and display, the Han fu is termed the "epideictic fu." One of the most "Rhapsody on the Son of well-known Han fu is Sima Xiangru's Tianzi Youlie Fu ( Heaven on a Leisurely Hunt"). The philosopher Yang Xiong, historian Ban Gu, and astronomer Zhang Heng also wrote important rhapsodies during Han. During the Six Dynasties, fu remained a major poetic genre, and together with shi formed the twin generic pillars of Chinese poetry until shi began to dominate in the Tang dynasty. The typical Six Dynasties fu is very different than those of the Han, being much shorter, and often personal, expressive, and lyrical. Many have no prose appendages, consisting entirely of rhymed verse in regular, usually hexametric, metre. A fine early example of this "short lyrical fu" (shuqing ) "Rhapsody on the Zither). Another representative xiao fu ) is Xi Kang's Qin Fu ( work of this kind is Yu Xin's Ai Jiangnan Fu ( "Rhapsody in Lament of the South"). In Chinese literature, qu (Chinese: ), or yuanqu ( ) consists of sanqu ( ) and zaju ( ). Along with shi and ci, the former comprises Chinese poetry. The latter is a form of Chinese opera.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Qu became popular during the late Southern Song Dynasty, and reached its highest popularity in Yuan Dynasty, therefore it is often called yuanqu ( ). Both sanqu and ci are lyrics written to fit a particular melody, but sanqu differs from ci in that it is more colloquial, and is allowed to contain chenzi ( "filler words" which are additional words to make a more complete meaning). Sanqu can be further divided into xiaoling ( ) and santao ( ), with the latter containing more than one melody. In poetry, a Ballad stanza is the four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, most often found in the folk ballad. This form consists of alternating four- and three-stress lines. Usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme (in an a/b/c/b pattern). Assonance in place of rhyme is common. Samuel Taylor Coleridge adopted the ballad stanza in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, alternating eight and six syllable lines. All in a hot and copper sky! The bloody Sun, at noon, Right up above the mast did stand, No bigger than the Moon. Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 111 114

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The longer first and third lines are rarely rhymed, although at times poets may use internal rhyme in these lines. In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud, It perched for vespers nine; Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white, Glimmered the white Moon-shine. Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, lines 75 78

Bob and wheel is the common name for a metrical device most famously used by the Pearl Poet in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The feature is found mainly in Middle English and Middle Scots poetry, where the bob and wheel occur typically at the end of a stanza. The "bob" is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the "wheel," longer lines with internal rhyme. There are at least forty known examples of bob and wheel use, but the origin of the form is obscure. It seems to predate the Pearl Poet.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Pearl Poet uses the bob and wheel as a transition or pivot between his alliterative verse and a summary/counterpoint rhyming verse, as in this example from the first stanza of the poem: "On mony bonkkes ful brode Bretayn he settes with wynne, Where werre and wrake and wonder Bi sythes has wont therinne, And oft bothe blysse and blunder Ful skete has skyfted synne." The "with wynne" is an alliterative "bob," and the rhyming "wheel" (which summarizes the action) follows in the next four lines. The matter of the bob and wheel varies, but, generally, it functions as a refrain or, at least as often, a summary or ironic counterpoint to the stanza that preceded it. Both the Anglo-Saxon use of litotes and the French-inspired refrain show up in the bob and wheel. Some Modern English poets and contemporary poets have revived the use of the bob and wheel. Because of the Pearl Poet's use of the bob and wheel, numerous contemporary critical discussions treat it as a wholly regular metrical form (suggesting that it is always as the Pearl Poet uses it). In fact, in Middle English, there is great variation.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The Burns stanza is a verse form named after the Scottish poet Robert Burns. It was not, however, invented by Burns, and prior to his use of it was known as the standard Habbie, after the poet Habbie Simpson (1550-1620). It is also sometimes known as the Scottish stanza or six-line stave. The first notable poem written in this stanza was the "Lament for Habbie Simpson" by Robert Sempill of Beltrees. The stanza was used frequently by major 18th century Lowland Scots poets such as Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns, and has also been used by subsequent poets. Major poems in the stanza include Burns's To a Louse, Address to the Deil and Death and Doctor Hornbook. The stanza is six lines in length and rhymes aaabab, with tetrameter a lines and dimeter b lines. The second b line may or may not be repeated. Although the "Lament for Habbie" itself is strictly lyrical, subsequent uses have tended to be comic and satirical. The stanza is naturally suited to comic rhymes, as the quoted passage from Burns shows: O THOU! whatever title suit thee Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie, Wha in yon cavern grim an sootie, Closd under hatches, Spairges about the brunstane cootie, To scaud poor wretches!

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Hear me, auld Hangie, for a wee, An let poor damned bodies be; Im sure sma pleasure it can gie, Evn to a deil, To skelp an scaud poor dogs like me, An hear us squeel! --"Address to the Deil" A variation on the Burns stanza employs the rhyme scheme aabcccb, with foreshortened third and seventh lines. This form is deployed, for example, in W. H. Auden's poem "Brother, who when the sirens roar" (also known as "A Communist to Others"): Brothers, who when the sirens roar From office, shop and factory pour 'Neath evening sky; By cops directed to the fug Of talkie-houses for a drug, Or down canals to find a hug Until you die: (lines 1-7)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Auden uses similar verse forms in other poems in the collection Look, Stranger! (also known as On This Island), such as "The Witnesses" and "Out on the lawn I lie in bed" (also known as "Summer Night"). A more recent example can be seen in W. N. Herbert's "To a Mousse". The Rondelet (or roundelay) is a brief French form of poetry. It is hardly used in French Poetry at all nowadays for a long time. It consists of one stanza, made up of seven lines. It contains a refrain, a strict rhyme scheme and a distinct meter pattern. The word is the diminutive of rondel, a similar, longer verse form. This is the basic structure: Line 1 :: Afour syllables Line 2 :: beight syllables Line 3 :: Arepeat of line one Line 4 :: aeight syllables Line 5 :: beight syllables Line 6 :: beight syllables Line 7 :: Arepeat of line one The refrained lines should contain the same words, however substitution or different use of punctuation on the lines has been common.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Etymology
The term roundelay originates from 1570, from Modern French rondelet, a diminutive of rondel meaning "short poem with a refrain," literally "small circle". From Old French rondel, a diminutive of rond meaning "circle, sphere," originally an adjective from roont. The spelling developed by association with lay (noun) "poem to be sung."[1] [edit] The Sapphic stanza, named after Sappho, is an Aeolic verse form spanning four lines (more properly three, in the poetry of Sappho and Alcaeus, where there is no word-end before the final Adonean). The form is two hendecasyllabic verses, and a third verse beginning the same way and continuing with five additional syllables (given as the stanza's fourth verse in ancient and modern editions, and known as the Adonic or adonean line). Using "-" for a long syllable, "u" for a short and "x" for an "anceps" (or free syllable): -u- x -uu- u--

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as -u- x -uu- u--u- x -uu- u--uu-u While Sappho used several metrical forms for her poetry, she is most famous for the Sapphic stanza. Her poems in this meter (collected in Book I of the ancient edition) ran to 330 stanzas, a significant part of her complete works (and of her surviving poetry: fragments 1-42). It is not clear if she created it or if it was already part of the Aeolic tradition; according to Marius Victorinus (Ars grammatica 6.161 Keil), it was invented by Alcaeus but then used more frequently by, and so more strongly associated with, Sappho. [edit]

Use by other poets

Sappho's contemporary and countryman, Alcaeus of Mytilene, also used the Sapphic stanza. A few centuries later, the Roman poet Catullus admired Sappho's work and used the Sapphic meter in two poems, Catullus 11 and Catullus 51. The latter is a rough translation of Sappho 31. Sapphics were also used by Horace in several of his Odes, including Ode 1.22: Integer uitae scelerisque purus non eget Mauris iaculis neque arcu

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as nec uenenatis grauida sagittis, Fusce, pharetra... (The man who is upright in life and free of wickedness, he needs no Moorish spears nor bow nor quiver heavy with envenomed arrows, Fuscus...) The Sapphic stanza was imitated in English by Algernon Charles Swinburne in a poem he simply called Sapphics: So the goddess fled from her place, with awful Sound of feet and thunder of wings around her; While behind a clamour of singing women Severed the twilight. Rudyard Kipling wrote a fine tribute to William Shakespeare in Sapphics called "The Craftsman", beginning: Once, after long-drawn revel at The Mermaid, He to the overbearing Boanerges Jonson, uttered (if half of it were liquor Blessed be the vintage!)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Allen Ginsberg also experimented with the form: Red cheeked boyfriends tenderly kiss me sweet mouthed under Boulder coverlets winter springtime hug me naked laughing & telling girl friends gossip til autumn Isaac Watts penned "The Day of Judgment" subtitled An Ode Attempted in English Sapphic (here are the third and fourth stanzas): Such shall the noise be and the wild disorder, (If things eternal may be like these earthly) Such the dire terror, when the great Archangel Shakes the creation, Tears the strong pillars of the vault of heaven, Breaks up old marble, the repose of princes; See the graves open, and the bones arising, Flames all around 'em! [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A sestina (also, sextina, sestine, or sextain) is a highly structured poem consisting of six six-line stanzas followed by a tercet (called its envoy or tornada), for a total of thirty-nine lines. The same set of six words ends the lines of each of the six-line stanzas, but in a different order each time; if we number the first stanza's lines 123456, then the words ending the second stanza's lines appear in the order 615243, then 364125, then 532614, then 451362, and finally 246531. This organization is referred to as retrogradatio cruciata ("retrograde cross"). These six words then appear in the tercet as well, with the tercet's first line usually containing 6 and 2, its second 1 and 4, and its third 5 and 3 (but other versions exist, described below).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Sestina system. Graphic showing the system used to switch line endings.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as An alternative form exists using a couplet, instead of a tercet, with the word orders 123 and 456 or 135 and 246. An even rarer form exists using a haiku, instead of a tercet, in the traditional 575 structure. Yet other rare alternate forms either reverses the closing word order of the six stanzas before the tercet, yielding 123456, 246531, 451362, 532614, 364125, and 615243, or restructure the order into a different "retrograde cross" form such as 123456, 435261, 256314, 361542, 514623, 642135.
From "Two Lorries" Its raining on black coal and warm wet ashes. There are tyre-marks in the yard, Agnews old lorry Has all its cribs down and Agnew the coalman With his Belfast accents sweet-talking my mother. Would she ever go to a film in Magherafelt? But its raining and he still has half the load To deliver further on. This time the lode Our coal came from was silk-black, so the ashes Will be the silkiest white. The Magherafelt (Via Toomebridge) bus goes by. The half-stripped lorry With its emptied, folded coal-bags moves my mother: The tasty ways of a leather-aproned coalman!

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

The first two stanzas (of seven) from the sestina "Two Lorries" Seamus Heaney (1996)[1]

The sestina was invented in the late 12th century by the Provenal troubadour Arnaut Daniel. Elements of it were quickly imitated by other troubadours, such as Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz. The oldest British example of the form is a pair of sestinas (frequently referred to as a double sestina), "Ye Goat-Herd Gods", written by Philip Sidney. Writers such as Dante, Petrarca, A. C. Swinburne, Rudyard Kipling, Ezra Pound, W. H. Auden, John Ashbery, Joan Brossa, Miller Williams, Elizabeth Bishop, Paul Muldoon and Joe Haldeman are all noted for having written sestinas of some fame. What some consider a "double sestina" is similar in structure to a sestina, but uses a pattern of twelve repeating end-words, reordered through twelve stanzas, with a six-line envoi. Applying the retrogradatio cruciata organization to twelve line end-words to obtain a double sestina pattern produces 12 1 11 2 10 3 9 4 8 5 7 6 in the second stanza, 6 12 7 1 5 11 8 2 4 10 9 3 in the third, and so on. The end-word order returns to the starting sequence in the eleventh stanza; thus it does not, unlike the single sestina, allow for every end-word to occupy each of the stanza ends; end-

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as words 5 and 10 fail to couple between stanzas. (Similar problems arise if the retrogradatio cruciata is applied to most other stanza lengths; but not all, e.g. 9, 11 and 14 lines). It is difficult to devise a retrogradatio cruciata-type dodecazain pattern which has all the virtues of the sestina. In the Complaint of Lisa Swinburne employs six rhyming pairs of end-words across 12 dodecazains; reusing them, however, whenever it was convenient, and thus departing from the retrogradatio cruciata pattern. A sestina-purist approach to producing a 12 dodecazain double sestina might be to work within whatever is thrown up by the retrogradatio cruciata pattern. A Nonnet is a type of poem which has the following requirements: It has nine lines The first line has 9 syllables, the second 8 syllables, the third 7 syllables until the ninth line which has one syllable. Has an iambic meter (stress every other syllable) [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Cadae is an experimental Western poetry form similar to the Fib. While the Fib is based on the Fibonacci sequence, the cadae is based on the number Pi. The word "cadae" is the alphabetical equivalent of the first five digits of Pi, 3.1415.[1] The form of a cadae is based on Pi on two levels. There are five stanzas, with 3, 1, 4, 1, and 5 lines each, respectively for a total of fourteen lines in the poem. Each line of the poem also contains an appropriate number of syllables. The first line has three syllables, the second has one, the third has four, and so on, following the sequence of Pi as it extends infinitely. [2] Rachel Hommel wrote an untitled "Cadaeic Cadae", which uses the cadae form as explained above, and adds a level of complexity to it wherein the number of letters in each word represents a digit of Pi. [3] Michael Keith wrote a "Cadaeic Cadenza", called "Near a Raven" in the Cadenza poetry form (also sometimes called Cadence), where the number of letters in each word represents a digit of Pi.[1]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as , pronounced [ s t u k ]) is a traditional Russian or Chastshka (Russian: Ukrainian folk poem which makes use of a simple rhyming scheme to convey humorous or ironic content. The signing and recitation of such rhymes were an important part of peasant popular culture both before and after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.
Contents [hide] 1 1 Form 2 2 Content 3 3 Examples 4 4 Footnotes 5 5 Further reading

[edit]

Form
A chastushka (plural: chastushki) is a simple rhyming poem which would be characterized derisively in English as doggerel. The name originates from the Russian word ("chastit"), meaning "to speak rapidly."

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The basic form is a simple four-line verse making use of an ABAB, ABCB, or AABB rhyme scheme. An analogous example of such poetry in English might be the familiar children's rope-skipping rhyme: Lizzie Borden took an axe And gave her mother forty whacks. When she saw what she had done She gave her father forty-one. Usually humorous, satirical, or ironic in nature, chastushki are often put to music as well, usually with balalaika or accordion accompaniment. The rigid, short structure (and, to a lesser degree, the type of humor used) parallels the poetic genre of limericks in British culture. Sometimes several chastushki are delivered in sequence to form a song. After each chastuska, there is a full musical refrain without lyrics to give the listeners a chance to laugh without missing the next one. Originally chastushki were a form of folk entertainment, not intended to be performed on stage. Often they are sung in turns by a group of people. Sometimes they are used as a medium for a back-and-forth mocking contest. Improvisation is highly valued during chastuska singing. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Content
Chastushki cover a very wide spectrum of topics, from lewd jokes to political satire, including such diverse themes as love songs and Communist propaganda. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, chastushki varied considerably in content from region to region. In some areas hit particularly hard by the grain requisitioning of the Soviet regime during the Civil War, such as Riazan, peasant chastushki tended to be bitterly hostile.[1] In other places, particularly those in close proximity to Moscow, "Soviet chastushki" favorable to the Bolshevik government were sung and recited.[1] In the early 1920s chastushki were used by Young Communists in organized village gatherings as a form of anti-religious propaganda, subjecting the church and the rural clergy to ridicule using the traditional rural poetic form.[2] Scholar Lynne Viola provides one such example of a anti-religious Soviet rhyme, rendered here in literal English translation: All the pious are on a spree, They see god is not at home. He got drunk on homebrewed liquor, And left to go abroad.[2]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Given the difficult economic circumstances of the Soviet peasantry in the late 1920s and 1930s, chastushki overwhelmingly took an anti-government form, with the singing of anti-Soviet couplets a common practice at peasant festivals of the period.[3] Following the assassination of Communist Party leader Sergei Kirov late in 1934, chastushki sprung up relating the killing to a recent decision to terminate bread rationing, including this literal translation of one example provided by scholar Sheila Fitzpatrick: When Kirov was killed, They allowed free trade in bread. When Stalin is killed, They will disband all the collective farms.[4] [edit]

Examples
Many folk chastushki are lewd or laden with vulgarities. The following are some relatively printable examples, with slightly loose English translations that attempt to give an approximate feeling of the chastushka's rhyme and meter, and the general meaning: Kolkhoz life: ,

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as . , . Here we have a chicken farm, The hens keep busy hour by hour, But the only "eggs" the farmhand sees Are between his legs in the shower! (NB: In Russian, the word yaitsa, "eggs", is rude slang for testicles, similar to "nuts" or "balls" in English.) Bolshevik political and anti-religious propaganda: . , . Lenin's words still ring today: The Kulaks and priests tell evil lies! But we shall make our enemies pay Wherever the Bolshevik's red flag flies. Parody of Soviet peace propaganda:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as , , . Out of the sky a star fell down, Right into my boyfriend's pants, But let his junk be all torn up, Just don't let a war break out. Cinquain (pronounced / s ke n/) is a class of poetic forms that employ a 5-line pattern. Earlier used to describe any five-line form, it now refers to one of several forms that are defined by specific rules and guidelines.[1]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
1 Contents [hide] 1 Crapsey cinquain 1 1.1 Variatio ns 2 Didactic cinquain 3 Other cinquains 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

2 3 4 5 6

[edit]

Crapsey cinquain

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as American poet Adelaide Crapsey invented the modern form,[2] inspired by Japanese haiku and tanka.[3][4] In her 1915 collection titled Verse, published one year after her death, Crapsey included 28 cinquains.[5] Crapsey's cinquains utilized an increasing syllable count in the first four lines, namely two in the first, four in the second, six in the third, and eight in the fourth, before returning to two syllables on the last line. In addition, though little emphasized by critics, each line in the majority of Crapsey cinquains has a fixed number of stressed syllables, as well, following the pattern one, two, three, four, one.[citation needed] The most common metrical foot in her twenty-eight published examples is the iamb, though this is not exclusive. Lines generally do not rhyme. In contrast to the Eastern forms upon which she based them, Crapsey always titled her cinquains, effectively utilizing the title as a sixth line. The form is illustrated by Crapsey's "November Night":[6] Listen... With faint dry sound, Like steps of passing ghosts, The leaves, frost-crisp'd, break from the trees And fall. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Variations
The Crapsey cinquain has subsequently seen a number of variations by modern poets, including: Variation Description

Reverse a form with one 5-line stanza in a syllabic pattern of two, eight, six, four, two. cinquain

Mirror a form with two 5-line stanzas consisting of a cinquain followed by a reverse cinquain. cinquain Butterfly a nine-line syllabic form with the pattern two, four, six, eight, two, eight, six, four, two. cinquain

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Crown a sequence of five cinquain stanzas functioning to construct one larger poem. cinquain Garland a series of six cinquains in which the last is formed of lines from the preceding five, cinquain typically line one from stanza one, line two from stanza two, and so on.

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Didactic cinquain
Main article: didactic cinquain The didactic cinquain is closely related to the Crapsey cinquain. It is an informal cinquain widely taught in elementary schools and has been featured in, and popularized by, children's media resources, including Junie B. Jones and PBS Kids. This form is also embraced by young adults and older poets for its expressive simplicity. The prescriptions of this type of cinquain refer to word count, not syllables and stresses. Ordinarily, the first line is a one-word title, the subject of the poem; the second line is a pair of adjectives describing that title; the third line is a three word phrase that gives more information about the subject; the fourth line consists of four words

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as describing feelings related to that subject; and the fifth line is a single word synonym or other reference for the subject from line one. [edit]

Other cinquains
Form Description

Tank is a five-line form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, totalling 31 moras structured in a 5-7-5-7a 7 pattern. Tetra is five-line poem of 20 syllables with a title, arranged in the following order: 1,2,3,4,10, with ctys each line standing as a phrase on its own. It can be inverted, doubled, etc. and was created by the late English poet Ray Stebbings. Cinqk is a five line blending of the Cinquain and Tanka forms, created by American poet Denis u Garrison. It consists of five lines with a total of 17 syllables.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Lante is an untitled five line quintain verse with a syllabic pattern of one, two, three, four, one. rne Each line is usually able to stand on its own.

The alba ("sunrise") is a subgenre of Occitan lyric poetry. It describes the longing of lovers who, having passed a night together, must separate for fear of being discovered by their respective spouses. A common figure found in the alba is the guaita ("sentry" or "guard"), a female friend who alerts the lovers when the hour has come to separate. The lovers often accuse the guaita of dozing, being inattentive or separating them too early. The lovers fear not just the lady's husband but also the lauzengiers, the jealous rival. The following example, composed by an anonymous troubadour, describes the longing of a knight for his lady as they part company after a night of forbidden love. Though generally representative of the style, this particular verse uses an atypical strophic pattern.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Quan lo rosinhols escria While the nightingale sings, ab sa part la nueg e.l dia, both night and day, yeu suy ab ma bell'amia I am with my beautiful jos la flor, beneath the flowers, tro la gaita de la tor until our sentry from the tower escria: "Drutz, al levar! cries: "Lovers, get up! Qu'ieu vey l'alba e.l jorn for I clearly see the sunrise and the day. clar.

Under the influence of the Occitan troubadours, the Minnesingers developed a similar genre, the Tagelied, in Germany, and in northern France the trouvres developed an equivalent aube genre. The alba itself was imported into the Galician-Portuguese trovadorismo movement, but only one example of it, by Nuno Fernandes Torneol, survives. [edit]

List of Occitan albas

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Composer Incipit Type Notes Bernart de Venzac Raimbaut de Vaqueiras Guiraut de Bornelh Folquet de Marselha Lo Paire el Filh el sant Espirital Gaita be gaiteta del castel Reis glorios, verais lums e clartatz religious profane profane

Vers Dieus el vostre nom e religious de Sainta Maria En sui tan cortesa gaita Deus aidatz Us cavalier si jazia profane profane profane

Cadenet Raimon de las Salas Bertran d'Alamanon or Gaucelm Faidit

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Guilhem d'Autpol Esperansa de totz ferms religious esperans Guiraut Riquier Guiraut Riquier Uc de la Bacalaria Peire Espanhol Berenguer d'Anoia Anonymous Anonymous Ab plazer Qui vuelha ses plazer Per grazir la bon'estrena Ar levatz sus, franca cortesa gen Gaita, be gardatz En un vergier, sotz folha d'albespi Ab la gensor que sia profane religious profane religious religious profane profane

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Anonymous Quan lo rossinhol escria profane cobla esparsa Anonymous Dreitz que vol dreitamen amar profane cobla esparsa

An aubade is a morning love song (as opposed to a serenade, which is in the evening), or a song or poem about lovers separating at dawn.[1] It has also been defined as "a song or instrumental composition concerning, accompanying, or evoking daybreak".[2] In the strictest sense of the term, an aubade is a song from a door or window to a sleeping woman.[3] Aubades are generally conflated with what are strictly called albas, which are exemplified by a dialogue between parting lovers, a refrain with the word alba, and a watchman warning the lovers of the approaching dawn.[3] Aubades were in the repertory of troubadours in Europe in the Middle Ages. An early English example is in Book III of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde. The love poetry of the 16th century dealt mostly with unsatisfied love, so the aubade was not a major genre in Elizabethan lyric.[original
research?][citation needed]

The aubade gained in popularity again with the advent of the metaphysical fashion; John Donne's poem "The Sunne Rising" is an example of the aubade in English. Aubades were written from time

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as to time in the 18th and 19th century, although none of them were quite up to metaphysical standards.[clarification needed] There have been several notable aubades in the 20th century, such as a major poem titled "Aubade" by Philip Larkin[4] in which the lover can be seen as either life or death[citation needed]. French composers of the turn of the 20th century wrote a number of aubades. In 1883, the French composer Emmanuel Chabrier composed an "Aubade" for piano solo, inspired by a four-month visit to Spain.[5] Maurice Ravel included a Spain-inspired aubade entitled Alborada del gracioso in his 1906 piano suite Miroirs.[6] The composer Francis Poulenc later wrote (in concerto form) a piece titled Aubade; it premiered in 1929.[7] An awdl is a long poem written in Welsh in one of the twenty-four strict metres, using cynghanedd. Such poems are considered among the finest work that a poet can aim to produce, and prizes are given at eisteddfodau for the best awdl. A famous example is the awdl Yr Arwr, by Hedd Wyn. A gab or gap is an Occitan boasting song of the High Middle Ages (11001350), when the troubadours were popular. It is often considered related to the tenso and partimen, two types of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as debate poem. Sometimes the gab is not considered a separate genre of poetry but simply a boast found within another genre, commonly the sirventes.[1] The Occitan word gab (or gap) means "boast" and comes from the verb gabar (to open the mouth wide, i.e. gape).[1] The song is innately competitive and the boast is often presented as a challenge, which may generate poetical responses. The boasting, however, is made in good fun and typically follows a formula ensuring it will be well-received (unlike a real boast). Often it is heavily ironic and the boasts are intended specifically to entertain the audience that knows better. The first gab was "Ben vuelh", composed by William IX of Aquitaine (died 1126).[2] The sirventes "De mots ricos no tem Peire Vidal" by Uc de Lescura begins with a gab proclaiming the composer's superiority to eight of his contemporary troubadours, including the man of the title, Peire Vidal, who was himself a famous composer of gabs. One of his more widely disseminated opens like this:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Drogoman senher, s'ieu Lord Interpreter, if I had a good war-horse, agues bon destrier, my enemies would be in difficulty: en fol plag foran intrat for no sooner had they heard the mention of my name tuich mei guerrier: they would fear me more than the quail fears the hawk, qu'acqui mezeis quant and they would value their life no more than a farthing, hom lor mi mentau for they would know how fierce, wild and ferocious I am.[3] mi temon plus que cailla esparvier, e non prezon lur vida un denierm tan mi sabon fer e salvatg'e brau.

[edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as The gran(d) chan(t) (courtois) or, in modern French, (grande) chanson courtoise or chanson d'amour, often abbreviated chanson, was a genre of Old French lyric poetry devised by the trouvres. It was adopted from the Occitan canso of the troubadours, but scholars stress that it was a distinct genre. The predominant theme of the grand chant was courtly love, but topics were more broad than in the canso, especially after the thirteenth century. The monophonic grand chant of the High Middle Ages (12th13th centuries) was in many respects the predecessor of the polyphonic chanson of the Late Middle Ages (14th15th centuries).

Kyrielle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The kyrielle is a poetic form that originated in troubadour poetry.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
Contents [hide] 1 1 Name and form 2 2 An example 3 3 References 4 4 External links

[edit]

Name and form

The name kyrielle derives from the Krie, which is part of many Christian liturgies. A kyrielle is written in rhyming couplets or quatrains. It may use the phrase "Lord, have mercy", or a variant on it, as a refrain as the second line of the couplet or last line of the quatrain. In less strict usage, other phrases, and sometimes single words, are used as the refrain. Each line within the poem consists of only eight syllables. There is no limit to the number of stanzas a Kyrielle may have, but three is considered the accepted minimum.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as If the kyrielle is written in couplets, the rhyme scheme will be: a-A, a-A. There are a number of possible rhyme schemes for kyrielle constructed in quatrains, including a-a-b-B, c-c-b-B and a-b-aB, c-b-c-B (uppercase letters signify the refrain). In the original French kyrielle, lines were generally octosyllabic. In English, the lines are generally iambic tetrameters. [edit]

An example
This kyrielle is by Thomas Campion. A Lenten Hymn With broken heart and contrite sigh, A trembling sinner, Lord, I cry: Thy pardning grace is rich and free: O God, be merciful to me. I smite upon my troubled breast, With deep and conscious guilt oppress, Christ and His cross my only plea: O God, be merciful to me.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Far off I stand with tearful eyes, Nor dare uplift them to the skies; But Thou dost all my anguish see: O God, be merciful to me. Nor alms, nor deeds that I have done, Can for a single sin atone; To Calvary alone I flee: O God, be merciful to me. And when, redeemed from sin and hell, With all the ransomed throng I dwell, My raptured song shall ever be, God has been merciful to me. [edit] Madrigal (Italian: madrigale) is the name of a form of poetry, the exact nature of which has never been decided in English.[1] The definition given in the New English Dictionary, "a short lyrical poem of amatory character," offers no distinctive formula; some madrigals are long, and many have nothing whatever to do with

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as love. The most important English collection of madrigals, not set to music, was published by William Drummond of Hawthornden (15851649) in his Poems of 1616. Perhaps the best way of ascertaining what was looked upon in the 17th century as a madrigal is to quote one of Drummond's:[1] The beauty and the life Of life's and beauty's fairest paragon, O tears! O grief! hung at a feeble thread, To which pale Atropos had set her knife; The soul with many a groan Had left each outward part, And now did take his last leave of the heart; Nought else did want, save death, even to be dead; When the afflicted band about her bed, Seeing so fair him come in lips, cheeks, eyes, Cried ah! and can death enter Paradise?[1] This may be taken as a type of Drummond's madrigals, of which he has left us about eighty. They are serious, brief, irregular lyrics, in which neither the amatory nor the complimentary tone is by any means obligatory. Some of these pieces contain as few as six lines, one as many as fourteen, but they average from nine to eleven. In the majority of examples the little poem opens with a line of six syllables, and no line extends beyond ten syllables. The madrigal appears to be a short canzone of the Tuscan type, but less rigidly constructed. In French the madrigal has not this Italian character. It is simply a short piece of verse, ingenious in its turn and of a gallant tendency. The idea of compliment is essential. J. F. Guichard (17301811) writes: "Orgon, poke marital, A Venus compare sa femme; C'est pour la belle un madrigal, C'est pour Venus une epigramme."[1]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as This quatrain emphasizes the fact that in French a madrigal is a trifling piece of erotic compliment, neatly turned but not seriously meant. The credit of inventing the old French verse form of madrigal belongs to Clment Marot, and one of his may be quoted in contrast to that of Drummond:[1] Un doux nenni avec un doux sourire Est tant honneste, it le vous faut apprendre; Quant est de oui, si veniez a le dire, D'avoir trop dit je voudrois vous reprendre; Non que je sois ennuye d'entreprendre D'avoir le fruit dont le desir me point; Mais je voudrois qu'en ne le laissant prendre, Vous me disiez: vous ne l'aurez point.[1] In English, when the word first occurred it has not been traced farther back than 1588 (in the preface to Nicholas Yonge's Musica transalpina) it was identified with the chief form of secular vocal music in the 16th century. In 1741, John Immyns (17001764) founded the Madrigal Society, which met in an ale-house in Bride Lane, Fleet Street; this association still exists, and is the oldest musical society in Europe.[1] The word "madrigal" is frequently also used to designate a sentimental or trifling expression in a half-contemptuous sense.[1]

Canso (song)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The cans or can is a song style used by the troubadours. It consists of three parts. The first stanza is the exordium, where the composer explains his purpose. The main body of the song occurs in the following stanzas, and usually draw out a variety of relationships with the exordium. The canso can end with either a tornada or envoi. This part usually bring the piece to some form of resolution. A tornada is a shortened stanza, containing only a latter part of the standard stanza used up to that point. Some canss contain more than one tornada. The cans became, in Old French, the grand chant. [edit]

Chanson de toile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Chanson de toile (also called chanson d'histoir) was a genre of narrative Old French lyric poetry devised by the trouvres which flourished in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Some fifteen of them remain; five were written by Audefroi le Bastart, the others are anonymous. Typically, they are set to music (though only four chansons remain with musical annotation) and tell the story of a young, often married woman pining for a lover, with a happy ending. The genre's name derives from toile; that is, they are supposed to have been sung by women who were weaving,[1] and the female main characters also sew as they relate their stories.[2] The Harvard Dictionary of Music says around 20 remain, but it includes several which were incorporated in larger works such as Jean Renart's Guillaume de Dole (which incorporates no fewer than six chansons de toile[3]); it also suggests that since the woman's voice in the chanson de toile is so prominent some of them may have been composed by women. Musically some of them are quite ornate, considering the relatively simple narrative.[4] In most cases, the song begins with a brief and sympathetic history of a woman: she is either absent from her lover or married unhappily to an older nobleman and in love with a knight. All but one end happily--the one exception is Bele Doette, who learns that her lover has died and then founds a monastery into which she retreats. The women sometimes appear careless, but their charm and demeanor are attractive. The chansons de toile are considered some of the most beautiful poems produced in Old French, and their importance was such that some of them were included in romances, in which they were sung by the heroines.[1]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as A cobla ([ kubbl ]) is a stanza in Occitan lyric poetry, the art form of the troubadours. Though not usually standalone work in itself, in many instances a cobla or two is all that survives of what was once a complete poem. Each cobla of a song was usually played to the same melody, but a few songs were through-composed. A standalone cobla was called a cobla esparsa.[1] When stanzas follow the same rhyming pattern but the actual sounds differ, they are called coblas alternadas (lit. "alternated stanzas"). When the last rhyme sound of one cobla becomes the first of the next they are called coblas capcaudadas (lit. "head-tailed"). When the last rhyme word of one stanza appears in the first line of the next they are called coblas capfinidas (lit. "head-finished"). When the rhyming scheme and rhyming sounds are the same each stanza, they are coblas unissonans (lit. "unison"). When the rhyming scheme never changes but the sounds of each stanza are different they are coblas singulars (lit. "singular"). When the rhyming scheme never changes but the sounds do every two stanzas it is called coblas doblas (lit. "double"). When the rhyming scheme never changes but the sounds do every three stanzas it is called coblas ternas. When the rhymes change position in accordance with an algorithm they are called coblas retrogradadas (lit. "retrograded").[1] A cobla exchange (or exchange of coblas) is a form of tens or partimen in which one troubadour writes a single cobla to another, who responds in kind.[2] Whether such exchanges should be regarded as a "genre" unto themselves, as a type of short tenso, or as cobls esparsas, one of

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as which happens to be written in response to the other, is debated. The Canoneret de Ripoll distinguishes between the cobles d'acuyndamens, which bonds of vassallage, love, or fidelity, and cobles de qestions, which posed dilemmas. The acuyndamentum was a special bond of vassallage-fidelity in medieval Catalonia.[2] A dansa or dana was an Occitan form of lyric poetry developed in the late thirteenth century among the troubadours. It is related to the English term "dance" and was often accompanied by dancing. A closely related form, the balada or balaresc, had a more complex structure, and is related to the ballade but unrelated to the ballad. Both terms derive from Occitan words for "to dance": dansar and balar/ballar. A dansa begins with a respos of one or two lines, whose rhyme scheme matches that of the first line or two of each subsequent cobla. The actual respos may have been repeated between stanzas, of which there were usually three, as a refrain. The few surviving melodies of dansas seem like incipient virelais. The verses of the dansa were sung by a soloist while the refrain was sung by a choir. A dansa lacking a vuelta is called a danseta. In a balada each stanza is divided into three parts. The first part and second part are identical, each ending with the same rhyme as the first line of the poem. The third part of the stanza is

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as identical to the refrain (refranh) in form. The refrain, which begins the song, is repeated after each stanza. In a balada the lines of the choir and the soloist could mix. A desdansa (or desdana) was the opposite of a dansa, not in form but in content. Whereas a dansa had joyful lyrics and lively music, a desdansa was sad and lamenting, much like a planh designed for dance. The desdansa is defined, and exemplified, in the Canoneret de Ripoll. The Tagelied (dawn song) is a particular form of mediaeval German language lyric, taken and adapted from the Provenal troubadour tradition (in which it was known as the alba) by the German Minnesinger. Often in three verses, it depicts the separation of two lovers at the break of day. An especially popular version of the Tagelied was the Wchterlied, or watchman's song, in which a trusted watchman warns the knight to depart. This form was introduced into German use by Wolfram von Eschenbach. The form was popular in German-speaking regions from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The form of the Wechsel (alternating verses by the knight and the lady, but not addressed directly to each other, so not quite a dialogue as now understood) was introduced by Dietmar von Aist and Heinrich von Morungen. The tagelied's form and prosody varies over time and with individual poet. The tagelied does not even consistently use refrains. However, the subject matter of the song

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as made it a very popular one, and the form's conventions showed up in other lyric poetry and dramatic poetry. Important motifs of the Tagelied are the depiction of daybreak, the warning to depart, the lament at parting and the lady's final permission to the knight to go (the urloup). Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, V iii, shows the influence of the dawn song as well, as the two lovers argue over the dawn and the need for departure. Particular exponents of the genre were among others Heinrich von Morungen, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Walther von der Vogelweide and later Oswald von Wolkenstein. Modern poets who have drawn on the tradition of the Tagelied include Rainer Maria Rilke, Ezra Pound and Peter Rhmkorf. A tens, tenson, or ten (Occitan pronunciation: [ten s ]) is a style of Occitan song favoured by the troubadours. It takes the form of a debate in which each voice defends a position on a topic relating to love or ethics. Closely related genres include the partimen and the cobla exchange. Another close variant, wherein the two debaters were judged by a third is called the contenson or conten, from the Occitan word for contest. In Italian literature, the tens was adapted as the tenzon(e).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Trobar clus (Occitan pronunciation: [t u ba klys]), or closed form, was a complex and obscure style of poetry used by troubadours for their more discerning audiences, and it was only truly appreciated by an elite few. It was developed extensively by Marcabru, but by 1200 its inaccessibility led to its disappearance. Among the imitators of Marcabru were Alegret and Marcoat, who claimed himself to write vers contradizentz (contradictory verses), indicative of the incomprehensibility of the trobar clus style.[1] Below is a sample of the style from Marcoat's sirventes Mentre m'obri eis huisel, wherein the poet himself remarks on his moz clus (closed words): Mon serventes no val plus, que faitz es de bos moz clus apren lo, Domeing Sarena.[2] Among the late twelfth-century practitionars of trobar clus was Peire d'Alvernhe, an imitator of Marcabru, while Raimbaut d'Aurenga of the trobar ric style was influenced by Marcoat. The only trobairitz (female troubadour) to use the trobar clus with mastery was Lombarda around 1216. The trobar leu (Occitan pronunciation: [t u ba l w]), or light style of poetry, was the most popular style used by the troubadours. Its accessibility gave it a wide audience, though modern readers may find its somewhat formulaic nature tiresome after a while. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

he trobar ric (Occitan pronunciation: [t u ba rik]), or rich form of poetry, was a trobadour style. It was distinguished by its verbal gymnastics; its best exponent was Arnaut Daniel. Despite the fact that it outlasted trobar clus it always played a secondary role to trobar leu. The pastorela ("little/young shepherdess", diminutive of pastora, feminine of pastor, meaning "shepherd") was an Occitan lyric genre used by the troubadours. It gave rise to the Old French pastourelle. The central topic was always meeting of a knight with a shepherdess, which may lead to any of a number of possible conclusions. They are usually humorous pieces. The genre was invented by Marcabru, a chronic moraliser, who portrayed the "courtly" knight as a bumbling fool and the witty shepherdess as successfully blocking his advances. The enuig or enueg (Occitan for "complaint" or "vexation") is a genre of lyric poetry practised by the troubadours. Somewhat similar to the sirventes, the enuig was generally a litany of complaints, few of them connect topically to the others. The word "enuig" appears frequently in such works. It is

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as generally regarded more as interesting than as good poetry. The Monge de Montaudon was the first master of the enuig. Raymond Hill defined an enueg as "the enumeration in epigrammatic style of a series of vexatious things". He finds the genre continued in later medieval Catalan, Italian, French, and GalicianPortuguese literature. Ernest Wilkins considered William Shakespeare's Sonnet LXVI an example of an English enuig, citing also example from Petrarch. Richard Levin considers the anonymous English poem beginning "Whear giltles men ar greuously opreste" to be an enuig. A rondeau (plural rondeaux) is a form of French poetry with 15 lines written on two rhymes, as well as a corresponding musical form developed to set this characteristic verse structure. It was one of the three formes fixes (the other two were the ballade and the virelai), and one of the verse forms in France most commonly set to music between the late 13th and the 15th centuries. Variant forms may have 10 or 13 lines. A similar form is the French rondel and its English variant called roundel, devised by the poet Algernon Charles Swinburne. The rondeau is a form of verse also used in English language poetry. It makes use of refrains, repeated according to a certain stylized pattern. It was customarily regarded as a challenge to arrange for these refrains to contribute to the meaning of the poem in as succinct and poignant a manner as possible. The rondeau consists of thirteen lines of eight syllables, plus two refrains

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as (which are half lines, each of four syllables), employing, altogether, only three rhymes. It has three stanzas and its rhyme scheme is as follows: (1) A A B B A (2) A A B with refrain: C (3) A A B B A with concluding refrain C. The refrain must be identical with the beginning of the first line. An example is We Wear the Mask by Paul Laurence Dunbar: We wear the mask that grins and lies, (A) It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes, (A) This debt we pay to human guile; (B) With torn and bleeding hearts we smile, (B) And mouth with myriad subtleties. (A) Why should the world be over-wise, (A) In counting all our tears and sighs? (A) Nay, let them only see us, while (B) We wear the mask. (C) We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries (A) To thee from tortured souls arise. (A) We sing, but oh the clay is vile (B) Beneath our feet, and long the mile; (B) But let the world dream otherwise, (A)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as We wear the mask! (C) Perhaps the best-known rondeau is the following World War I poem, In Flanders Fields, by John McCrae: In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place, and in the sky, The larks, still bravely singing, fly, Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the dead; short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe! To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high! If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

Rondeau redoubl
A more complex form is the rondeau redoubl. This is also written on two rhymes, but in five stanzas of four lines each and one of five lines. Each of the first four lines (stanza 1) get individually repeated in turn once by becoming successively the respective fourth lines of stanzas 2, 3, 4, & 5; and the first part of the first line is repeated as a short fifth line to conclude the sixth stanza. This can be represented as - A1,B1,A2,B2 - b,a,b,A1 - a,b,a,B1 - b,a,b,A2 - a,b,a,B2 b,a,b,a,(A1). The following example of the form was written from the point of view of one of the RAF officers carrying the coffin of Diana, Princess of Wales to the plane that was to carry it to England. Guard of Honour by Paul Hansford The burden I bear is more heavy than lead. The physical weight is a thing that I share, but the loss that I feel will not leave my head. Why did you have to die? Why is death so unfair? I am close to you now. Yes, touching my hair the flag with its lions of gold and of red

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as that wraps round your coffin. I know you are there. The burden I bear is more heavy than lead. My comrades move with me in slow, solemn tread. Our eyes are all fixed in an unseeing stare. Our shoulders support you in your oaken bed. The physical weight is a thing that I share. As I feel the world watching I try not to care. My deepest emotions are best left unsaid. Let others show grief like a garment they wear, but the loss that I feel will not leave my head. The flowers they leave like a carpet are spread, In the books of remembrance they have written, "Somewhere a star is extinguished because you are dead. Why did you have to die? Why is death so unfair?" The tears that we weep will soon grow more rare, the rawness of grief turn to memory instead. But deep in our hearts you will always be there, and I ask, will I ever be able to shed the burden I bear?

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as [edit]

The virelai ancien is a poetic form originating in France in the Middle Ages. It uses a tercet of two long lines and one short line rhyming a-a-b to build stanzas. Each stanza can have any number of tercets. It uses a form of chain rhyme where the long lines of each new stanza rhyme with the long lines of the preceding one, and the short lines of the final stanza rhyme with the long lines of the first one. A simple virelai ancien rhyme scheme might be: a-a-b-a-a-b, b-b-c-b-b-c, c-c-d-c-c-d, d-d-a-d-d-a.

Saturnian meter or verse is an old Latin and Italic poetic form, of which the principles of versification have become obscure. Only 132 complete uncontroversial verses survive. 95 literary verses and partial fragments have been preserved as quotations in later grammatical writings, as well as 37 verses in funerary or dedicatory inscriptions. The majority of literary Saturnians come

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as from the Odysseia (more commonly known as the Odissia or Odyssia), a translation/paraphrase of Homer's Odyssey by Livius Andronicus (ca. 3rd century BC), and the Bellum Poenicum, an epic on the First Punic War by Gnaeus Naevius (ca. 3rd century BC). The meter was moribund by the time of the literary verses and forgotten altogether by classical times, falling out of use with the adoption of the hexameter and other Greek verse forms. Quintus Ennius is the poet who is generally credited with introducing the Greek hexameter in Latin, and dramatic meters seem to have been well on their way to domestic adoption in the works of his rough contemporary Plautus. These Greek verse forms were considered more sophisticated than the native tradition; Horace called the Saturnian horridus. Consequently, the poetry in this meter was not preserved. Cicero regretted the loss in his Brutus: Atque utinam exst rent illa carmina, quae mult s saecl s ante suam aet tem in epul s esse cantit ta singul s conu u s d cl r rum uir rum laudibus in Or ginibus scr ptum rel quit Cat . 'I heartily wish those venerable Odes were still extant, which Cato informs us in his Antiquities, used to be sung by every guest in his turn at the homely feasts of our ancestors, many ages before, to commemorate the feats of their heroes.' However, it has been noted that later poets like Ennius (by extension Virgil, who follows him in both time and technique) preserve something of the Saturnian aesthetic in hexameter verse. Ennius

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as explicitly acknowledges Naevius' poem and skill (lines 2067 and 2089 in the edition of Skutsch, with translations by Goldberg): [...] scr ps re ali rem uorsibus qu s lim Faunei u tesque can bant '[...] Others have given an account in rhythms which the Fauns and seers sang.' nam neque M s rum scopul s scendit ad alt s nec dict studi sus fuit R m nus hom ante hunc. 'For no Roman scaled the Muses' lofty crags or was careful with his speech before this man.' Ancient grammarians sought to derive the verse from a Greek model, in which syllable weight or the arrangement of light and heavy syllables was the governing principle. Scholars today remain divided between two approaches: 1. The meter was quantitative (but not borrowed from Greek). 2. The meter was accentual or based on accented and unaccented syllables. Despite the division, there is some consensus regarding aspects of the verse's structure. A Saturnian line can be divided into two cola or half-lines, separated by a central caesura. The second colon is shorter than or as long as the first. Furthermore, in any half-line with seven or more

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as syllables, the last three or four are preceded by word-end. This is known as Korsch's caesura or the caesura Korschiana, after its discoverer.
1 2 3 4 5 Contents [hide] 1 The Saturnian as quantitative 1 1.1 Examples 2 The Saturnian as accentual 1 2.1 Examples 3 The Saturnian in non-Latin Italic 4 Prehistory of the Saturnian 5 References

[edit]

The Saturnian as quantitative

Mostbut not allSaturnians can be captured by the following scheme:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

= light syllable = heavy syllable = two light syllables that occupy the space of one heavy || = caesura over (x at verse-end) = position can be occupied by either light or heavy syllable over over = position can be occupied by any of the three [edit]

Examples
Numeration of literary fragments is according to Warmington's edition; translations are also by Warmington (see bibliography infra). (1) Livius Andronicus, Odissia fragment 1 Virum mih Cam na nsece uers tum

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as || || x 'Tell me, O Goddess of song, of the clever man' (2) Naevius, Bellum Poenicum fragments 24 Postquam auem aspexit in templ Anch sa sacr( ) in m ns Pen tium ordine p nuntur immol bat auream uictimam pulchram || || x || ( ) || x || || x 'After Anchises had seen a bird within the range of view, hallowed offerings were set in a row on the table of the Household Gods; and he busied himself in sacrificing a beautiul golden victim.' (3) Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (ca. 270150 BC) GNAIVODPATRE PROGNATVSFORTISVIRSAPIENSQVEQVOIVSFORMAVIRTVTEIPARISVMA FVITCONSOL CENSORAIDILISQVEIFVITAPVDVOSTAVRASIACISAVNA SAMNIOCEPITSVBIGITOMNELOVCANAOPSIDESQVEABDOVCIT In regularized orthography (note the punctuation on the stone, viz. = verse-end):

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Gnaeu patre / pr gn tus, fortis uir sapi nsque cuius f rma uirt t parissuma / fuit c nsul, c nsor, aed lis qu fuit apud u s Taur siam, Cisaunam, / Samnium c pit subigit omnem L c nam, opsid sque abd cit. || || || x * || || x || * || ** x || || x || || || x * As in early Latin poetry, if not as in later. ** Some early Latin poetry treats this as . This syllable is historically . 'Sprung from Gnaeus his father, a man strong and wise, whose appearance was most in keeping with his virtue, who was consul, censor, and aedile among you, he captured Taurasia, Cisauna, Samnium, he subdued all Lucania and led off hostages.' [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

The Saturnian as accentual

W.M. Lindsay formalizes the accentual scheme of the Saturnian as follows:

= accented syllable = unaccented Handbooks otherwise schematize the verse as 3+ || 2+ stresses. This theory assumes Classical Latin accentuation. However, there is reason to believe that the Old Latin accent may have played a role in the verse. Afterwards, Lindsay himself abandoned his theory. [edit]

Examples
Here are the same texts from above, scanned accentually. (4) Livius Andronicus, Odissia fragment 1

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as || || (Old Latin) || || (Classical Latin) (5) Naevius, Bellum Poenicum fragments 24 (Old Latin) || || || ( ) || ` || || (Classical Latin) || || || ( ) || ` || || (6) Epitaph of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (Old Latin) || || || || || || || ` || || || || ` ||

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as (Classical Latin) || || || ` || || || || || || || || ` || [edit]

The Saturnian in non-Latin Italic

Despite the obscurity of the principles of Saturnian versification in Latin, scholars have nonetheless attempted to extend analysis to other languages of ancient Italy related to Latin. (7) Faliscan (two nearly identical inscriptions on cups from Civita Castellana, 4th century BC) FOIEDVINO(PI)PAFOCRACAREFO In Latin orthography: foii d u nom (pi)paf . cr (s) car f . (||) ( ) || x (Quantitative) (||) ( ) || (Accentual) 'Today, I shall drink wine. Tomorrow, I shall go without.'

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as (8) Oscan (one of several similar inscriptions in Etruscoid script on vessels from Teano, 3rd century BC) minis:beriis:anei:upsatuh:sent:tiianei* * Sabellian inscriptional texts in native orthography are conventionally transcribed in bold-face minuscule, and those in the Latin script italicized. In Latin orthography: Minis Beris (n)nei ops t sent Te nei. (scansion of first three words uncertain) || || x (Quantitative) || || (Accentual) ' (these) were made at Teanum in Minius Berius' (workshop?).' (meaning of anei uncertain) (9) Umbrian (inscription on a bronze plate from Plestia, 4th century BC) cupras matres pletinas sacr [esu]** ** In epigraphy, graphemes transcribed with an underdot are of uncertain reading, and restorations are enclosed in square brackets. In Latin orthography: Cupr s M tris Plest n s sacrum esum.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as || || x (Quantitative) || || (Accentual) 'I am a sacred object of Mother Cupra from Plestia.' (Cupra was a Sabine goddess) (10) Paelignian (final verse in an inscription on a stone from Corfinium, 1st century BC) lifar dida uus deti hanustu herentas In Latin orthography: L far dida(t) u s deti hanust herent s. || (scansion of deti uncertain) || x (Quantitative) || || (Accentual) 'May Liber grant you ... (good?) will ....' (meanings of deti and hanustu unknown) [edit]

Prehistory of the Saturnian

A large number of the verses have a 4 || 3 || 3 || 3 syllable count and division, which scholars have been inclined to take as underlying or ideal. This has permitted comparison with meters from related Indo-European poetic traditions outside Italic, such as Celtic, and a few scholars have tried to trace the verse back to Proto-Indo-European. John Vigorita derived the 4 || 3 || 5-6 syllable Saturnian from:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

a Proto-Indo-European 7- or 8-syllable line combined with a shorter 5- or 6-syllable line, which is itself derivable from the octosyllable by undoing truncations (noted in metrical schemes by one or more ^'s, wherever in the meter the truncation has occurred). M.L. West schematized this subset of verses as:

which he then traces to two Proto-Indo-European octosyllables:

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

one giving the Saturnian's heptasyllabic half-line by acephaly (truncation of line-beginning), the other yielding the hexasyllabic colon both by acephaly and catalexis (truncation of line-end). Ultimately, owing to the difficulties of describing and analyzing the Saturnian without taking its history into account, attempts at reconstruction have not won acceptance. [edit]

References
In English, two collections of the texts are available. Warmington's Loeb contains Livius Andronicus and Naevius' Saturnians, among other poetry and poets, and Courtney's anthology with commentary includes the Scipionic epitaphs and other inscriptions. Regarding the meter, the standard quantitative treatment is still Cole. The details of the accentual approach are set out in Lindsay. A new proposal that draws from Generative Linguistics has recently been put forward by Parsons (currently under follow-up investigation by Angelo Mercado, whose analysis is available

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as on line). No recent treatment of non-Latin Italic material is available in English; see Costa, Morelli, and Poccetti. Vigorita and West discuss the Saturnian and its prehistory in connection with the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European meter. Goldberg's book is an excellent treatment of the development of Roman epic from Livius Andronicus to Ennius to Virgil. The standard edition of Ennius' Annales is that of Skutsch. See also Whitman for a comparative study of Old Latin and Old English meter (he argues for alliteration and accent as definitive for both). Cole, Thomas. "The Saturnian Verse." Yale Classical Studies 21 (1969): 373. Costa, Gabriele. Sulla preistoria della tradizione poetica italica [On the Prehistory of the Italic Poetic Tradition]. Florence: Olschki, 1998. Courtney, Edward. MUSA LAPIDARIA: A Selection of Latin Verse Inscriptions. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press, 1995. Goldberg, Sander. Epic in Republican Rome. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Lindsay, W.M. "The Saturnian Meter. Second Paper." American Journal of Philology 14.3 (1893): 305334. Morelli, Giuseppe. "Un antico saturnio popolare falisco" ["An Ancient Popular Faliscan Saturnian"]. Archeologia Classica 2526 (197374): 44052.

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Parsons, Jed. "A New Approach to the Saturnian Verse and Its Relation to Latin Prosody." Transactions of the American Philological Association 129 (1999): 117137. Poccetti, Paolo. "Elementi culturali negli epitafi poetici peligni. III: La struttura metrica" ["Cultural Elements in the Paelignian Poetic Epitaphs. III: Metrical Structure"]. [AI N] 4 (1982): 21336. Poccetti, Paolo. "Eine Spur des saturnisches Verses im Oskischen" ["A Trace of the Saturnian Verse in Oscan"]. Glotta 61 (1983): 20717. Skutsch, Otto, ed. The Annals of Quintus Ennius. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. Vigorita, John. Indo-European Comparative Metrics. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Los Angeles, 1973. Warmington, E.H. Remains of Old Latin. Volume 2. Loeb Classical Library 314. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936. West, M.L. "Indo-European Metre." Glotta 51 (1973): 161187. Whitman, F.H. A Comparative Study of Old English Metre (University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1993).

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as Silva, in Spanish poetry, a strophe, laisse (Sp. tirada) consisting of in eleven- and seven- syllable lines: hendecasyllables (endecaslabos) and heptasyllables (heptaslabos), the majority of which are rhymed although there is no fixed order or rhyme, nor is there a fixed number of lines. Silvas are used by persons of high rank, usually in soliloquies, and for highly emotional narration and description. The use of Silva can be found in Gngora's Soledades. [edit]

The Greek term elegeia ( ) originally referred to any verse written in elegiac couplets and covering a wide range of subject matter, including epitaphs for tombs. The Latin elegy of ancient Roman literature was most often erotic or mythological in nature. Because of its structural potential for rhetorical effects, the elegiac couplet was also used by both Greek and Roman poets for witty, humorous, and satiric subject matter. Other than epitaphs, examples of ancient elegy as a poem of mourning include Catullus' Carmen 101, on his dead brother, and elegies by Propertius on his dead mistress Cynthia and a matriarch of the prominent Cornelian family. Ovid wrote elegies bemoaning his exile, which he likened to a

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as death. A notable example that established the genre in English literature is Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (1750). "Elegy" (sometimes spelled elgie) may denote a type of musical work, usually of a sad or somber nature. [edit]

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Different Types of Poetry

ABC poem Analogy Poetry Type Blank Verse Canzone Poetry Type Classicism Types Alexandrine Poetry Allegory Type Ballad Poems Ballade Poetry Types Burlesque Types Carpe diem Cacophony Cinquain Poetry Type Couplet Poetry Type Elegy Epigram

Conceit Poetry Type Dactyl Poetry Type Doggerel Enjambment Epic Poems

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

Epitaph

Epithalamium Free Verse Form Haiku Poetry Type Idyll Poetry Types Imagery Poems Irony Lay Poetry Types Limericks Lyric Poetry Name Poem Narrative Poetry Odes Pastoral Poetry Quatrain Poetry Type Type Refrain Poetry Rhymes Romanticism Type Type Senryu Poetry Rhyme Royal Type Sonnets Type Tanka Terza rima Verse Prose and Prose Poetry
rhymers.com

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as rhymers.com

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as

This online rhyming dictionary offers five types of rhymes:

1. End Rhymes (blue/shoe) Words with ending rhyme have the same final vowel sound and following consonant sound(s). For example, if you enter the word laughter under this option, Rhymer retrieves a list of words with the ending sound er (e.g., admirer, doctor, pleasure, scholar, watercolor, and were). Other examples of ending rhyme include: hat/cat plate/eight marigold/buttonholed 2. This option lets you easily find exact rhymes (words in which the final vowel and consonant sounds are the same) and masculine rhymes (rhyming words with a stressed final syllable). 3. Last Syllable Rhymes (timber/harbor)

Poetry as an art form may predate literacy.[10] Epic poetry, from the Indian Vedas (17001200 BC) and Zoroaster's Gathas (1200-900 BC) to the Odyssey (800675 BC), appears to have been composed in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies.[11] Other forms of poetry developed directly from the recording of folk songs. The earliest entries in the Han Dynasty Shijing (1000 BC) were initially lyrics, preceding later entries intended to be read.[1] Poetry appears among the earliest records of most literate cultures, with poetic fragments found on early monoliths, runestones, and stelae. The oldest surviving epic poem is the Epic of Gilgamesh, from the 3rd millennium BC in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), which was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, papyrus.[12] Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey, the Old Iranian books the Gathic Avesta and Yasna, the Roman national epic, Virgil's Aeneid, and the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form , and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in "poetics"the study of the aesthetics of poetry. Some ancient societies, such as the Chinese through the Shi Jing, one of the Five Classics of Confucianism, developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bash 's Oku no Hosomichi, as