ANSWERS STRUCTURE QUESTIONS Before that, if u got any complaint, please ask the Master of Chemistry (Teacher Razif)

1(a) Food stored in a refrigerator lasts longer because of the following reasons: - the temperature in a refrigerator is lower - Bacterial activity is lower, less toxin is produced by the bacteria - In a kitchen cabinet, the temperature is higher. - Therefore the rate of food spoilage is faster in a kitchen cabinet than in a refrigerator (b)(i)volume of gas released = 50 cm3 Time taken = 55s Therefore the average rate of reaction = 50 divide wif 55 = 0.91 cm3 ms-1 (ii)Experiment II has a faster rate of reaction than experiment I. The temperature for reaction II is higher. This increases : - The rate of collision between calcium carbonate particles and hydrochloric acid particles. - The kinetic energy of the reacting particles. - The rate of effective collision. Therefore the rate of reaction is faster. The rate of reaction of experiment III is faster than that of experiment II. This is due to the fact that the size of the calcium carbonate in reaction III is smaller than that in experiment II. The smaller size. - increases the total reacting surface - increases the chance of collision between the calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid particles. - increases the chance of effective collision - This will increase the rate of reaction in experiment III as compared to experiment II. (iii) Number of moles of hydrochloric acid = 0.5 divide wif 1000 and X 30 = 0.015 moles 2 moles of HCL produce 1 mol of CO2. Therefore 0.015 mole of HCL produces = x 0.015 = 0.0075 mole 1 mole of CO2 occupies 24000cm3 Therefore 0.0075 mole will occupy 0.0075 x 24000 = 0.18 dm3 2(a) Total surface area of the calcium carbonate. (b)(i) Carbon dioxide , CO2 (ii) The volume of carbon dioxide released per unit time can be easily measured. (c) 1. The temperature of the reacting mixture. 2. The concentration of Hydrochloric Acid (d)(i) The graph obtained from experiment II is much steeper that the gradient obtained from experiment I. (ii) One of the reactants or both the reactants has completely reacted. (iiii) the mass of calcium carbonate or the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used is the same in both experiments. This resulted in the same volume of carbon dioxide being released. (e)The bigger the total surface area is, the higher rate of reaction will be. (f) Concentration of Hydrochloric acid

Time taken to collect a fixed of quantity product

3(a) CaCO4(s) + 2HCL CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) (b) Volume of carbon dioxide released every 30 seconds (c) 60 divide wif (3 x 60) = 0.333cm3 ms-1 (d)(i)The rate of reaction in set 2 is faster than the rate of reaction in set 1. This is because the concentration of HCL in reaction in set 2 is higher than that reaction in set 1. The higher the concentration, the higher the reaction will be. (ii) A higher concentration of HCL contains more particles of H+ and CL- per unit volume. The more particles there are, the higher the effective of collision of H+ and will be. This increases the rate of formation of CO2. (e) Volume of CO2 (cm3) 120 set 2 set 1 60

Time/min 3 4(a) Time (s) 90 120 Burette reading (cm3) 25.50 22.00 Volume (cm3) 24.50 28.00

(b) The volume of the gas increases when the time increases from 0 to 210s and then remains constant until the end of the experiment. (c) The rate of reaction is the volume of gas evolved per unit time or the volume of gas in cm3 evolved per second.

5(a)(i) Rate of reaction is the change of volume of hydrogen gas per unit time. - Temperature and concentration of hydrogen ion (ii) Zn + 2HCL ZnCL2 + H2 (b) Number of moles = MV divide 1000 = (0.5 x 50) divide 1000 = 0.025 0.025 divide 2 =0.0125 mol ; Total volume = 0.0125 x 24 = 0.3 dm3 (c) (i) 1. Rate of reaction of Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. 2. Concentration of hydrogen ions is in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. 3. Thus, the number of hydrogen ions per unit volume in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. 4. Frequency of collisions between zinc and hydrogen ions in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I.

5. Frequency of effective collisions in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I. (ii) Add a catalyst such as copper(II) sulphate. 1. The catalyst lowers the activation energy. 2. More particles collide with each other to achieve activation energy. 3. Frequency of effective collisions between zinc and hydrogen ions increases. 4. Frequency of effective collisions between particles increases. (iii) The acid used in Experiment II is diprotic whereas in Experiment I is monoprotic. 6. (a) Rate of reaction is the speed at which reactants are converted into products in a chemical reaction. (b) CaCO3 + 2HCL CaCL2 + H2O + CO2

(c) The gas is colourless and odourless. (d) Test the gas with limewater. The carbon dioxide gas will turn the limewater cloudy. (e)

(f)(i) Average rate of reaction in 180 s = 60180 = 0.33cm ms (ii) The rate of reaction at time t = 30s = gradient of graph at 30s = =4880 = 0.6cm ms (g) The mass of calcium carbonate and concentration of hydrochloric acid decreases with time. (h) Number of moles = = 0.05 mol. From the equation, 2 moles of HCL equals to 1 mole of CO2 .CO2 = 0.052= 0.025 mol Volume of CO2 = 0.025 X 24ooo = 600 cm (i) The carbon dioxide gas may have dissolve in water or escaped during the experiment.

Essay Answers *sorry if any wrong answers given >.< 1(a)(i) Experiment I, Hydrochloric acid Zn(s) + 2HCL(aq) (ii) ZnCL2(aq) + H(g)

The reaction is exothermic. The total heat content of the products is lower than that of the reactants. Therefore heat is given off. The difference in energy between the reactants and the products is known as the heat of reaction. The energy difference between the maximum energy of the curve and the energy of the reactant is called the activation energy. This is the energy barrier that must be overcome before the reaction can occur. When a catalyst is added, the activation energy is lowered. The reaction goes through an easy path. The rate of reaction increases because more effective collisions between the reactant particles can occur to produce the products faster. (b)(i) Experiment I 960cm3 divide 240s = 4 cm3 ms-1 (ii) The acid used in Experiment I is hydrochloric acid. It is a monoprotic acid. The acid produces one hydrogen ion per molecule. The acid used in Experiment II is sulphuric acid. It is a diprotic acid. The acid produces two hydrogen one per molecule. If the concentration are the same, diprotic acid will have more hydrogen ions per unit volume than a monoprotic acid. The frequency of effective collision between reactant particles are higher. This will result in a higher rate of reaction in Experiment II. 2. (a) Catalyst is a chemical substance that can alter the rate of reaction but the catalyst itself does not experience any chemical change at the end of the reaction. - Examples of catalyst used in industries: (i) Iron powder is used as a catalyst in the Haber process to produce ammonia (ii) Vanadium(V) oxide is used as a catalyst in the Contact process to produce sulphuric aicd. (b)- Manganese(IV) oxide is used as a catalyst for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. - Manganese(IV) oxide can speed up the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. - With the presence of this catalyst, the reaction can create an alternative route which has a lower activation energy.

-As a result, more reacting particles posses sufficient energy to overcome the lower activation energy required for effective collision. -Hence, the frequency of effective collisions increases and the rate of reaction increases. (c)(i) The changes to be made are as follows: - Use powdered magnesium to replace magnesium coil - Use a higher concentration of hydrochloric acid - Increase the temperature of the reaction. (ii) The use of powdered magnesium - The smaller the size of the reactant will increase the total surface area that is exposed. This will increase the frequency of collision and produces a higher rate of reaction. The use of higher concentration of hydrochloric acid -The higher concentration of hydrochloric acid increases the number of particles per unit volume. Hence, more collisions between the particles occur. This increases the frequency of effective collision and the rate of reaction. The use of higher temperature - The higher temperature results in the faster movement of particles. The higher kinetic energy of the particles increases the frequency of collision and results in a higher rate of reaction.

Amali Answers !@#$%^ 3 (a) Aim of experiment : To investigate the effect of a catalyst on the rate of reaction between meal and acid. (b) Manipulated variable : The presence of copper(II) sulphate solution Responding variable : Rate of reaction Constant variable : Concentration of sulphuric acid, mass of zinc (c) Hypothesis : The presence of copper(II) sulphate sulphate solution increases the rate of reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid. (d) Substances : Zinc strip, o.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid, 0.5 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution, water Apparatus : Conical flask, sandpaper, ruler, stopwatch, measuring cylinder (e) Procedure: 1. 5 cm3 of zinc strip is measured and is cleaned by using sandpaper. 2. Zinc strip is then placed in a conical flask. 3. 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid solution is measured with a measuring cylinder. 4. The sulphuric acid is then poured into the conical flask and the stopwatch is started quickly. 5. The time taken for zinc strip to react completely with the acid is recorded. 6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated by adding 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution. (f) Tabulation of data : Experiment 5 cm zinc + 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid 5 cm zinc + 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm3 sulphuric acid + 20 cm3 of 0.5mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution Time taken / s

2. (a) Would different quantities of catalyst affect the rate of reaction and the quantity of product formed ? (b) Variables : Manipulated: Mass of Manganese(IV) oxide Responding : Rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the quantity of oxygen gas released Controlled : Volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the physical state of the catalyst, temperature (c) Material : Manganese(IV) oxide, hydrogen peroxide Apparatus : Conical flask, delivery tube, beaker, burette, retort stand, stopwatch, measuring cylinder, electronic balance. (d)

Procedure : 1. The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. 2. 50 cm of hydrogen peroxide is poured into a conical flask. Then, 1.0g of Manganese(IV) oxide powder is added to the hydrogen peroxide. 3. The conical flask is immediately closed by the rubber bung carrying a delivery tube and at the same time, the stopwatch is started. 4. The gas evolved is collected in the burette and the volume of oxygen is recorded at 30-seconds intervals until no further change is observed in the reading of the burette. 5. The experiment is repeated by using 2.0g of Manganese(IV) oxide powder. (e) Time/s Volume of O2 Experiment I (1 g of MnO2 powder) Experiment II (2.0g of MnO2 powder) 0 30 60 9 0 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390