Biology Exam: Short-Note

Bilateral Symmetry
Animals (Animalia) Anterior (หัว)
Posterior (ท้าย)
• General Characteristics
Dorsal (หลัง)
o Multicellular
Ventral (หน้า หรือ ท้อง)
o Eukaryotic cells (no cell walls)
Lateral (ข้าง ซ้าย หรือ ขวา)
o Heterotrophic (non-photosynthetic)
o Nervous Coordination (except sponge)

• Animal Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry Radially Symmetrical
o Bilateral symmetry
o Radially symmetrical ร่างกายแบ่งครึ่งแล้ว ร่างกายแบ่งครึ่งแล้ว
o Asymmetrical
เหมือนกันได้แค่เส้นเดียว เหมือนกันได้หลายเส้น

*Motile creature = can move

*Sessile = permanently fixed Asymmetrical
*Sedentary = slow-moving
แบ่งไม่ได้เลย

Animalia

Cnidaria Mollusca Nematoda Platyhelminthes Annelida Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata

The only
vertebrate

Cnidarians
(Examples: Jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydras)

• General Characteristics

o Diploblastic (two cell layers [endo/ecto –derm] separated by mesogloea)

o Nematoblasts (stinging cells)
o Radially symmetrical
o Tentacles
o Most are marine
o Simple body plan (No special respiratory, circulatory, excretory systems  Uses diffusion)

• Cnidarians body plan

o Can exist as 2 forms (polymorphism)

 Polyp – เป็น ‘ต้น’ ยึดอยู่กับหิน มีท่อปล่อย medusa – asexually produces medusa

 Medusa – เป็น ‘ตัว’ ว่ายน้าได้ คล้ายแมงกะพรุน – sexual state

o Body wall encloses a mouth (no anus!)
• Coordination in cnidarians

o Tissue level of organization

o Nematoblasts occur in the ectoderm of tentacles
o Simple nerve net coordinates movement (connected to muscle fibrils)

Platyhelminths (flatworms)

• General Characteristics

o Flat, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical

o Triploblastic (3 layers : endo/ecto/meso –derm)
o Organ level of organization (including other animals except sponges and cnidarians)
o One body cavity (gut/enteron)
o Acoelomate (no coelom – place where organs suspend)
1. Ascaris– intestinal human parasite
o Diffusion (respiration)
2. Filarial worms– elephantitis
(lymphatic)
Ectoderm
3. Pinworm – large intestine parasite
Gut or enteron

Mesoderm in where gonads and excretory organs can develop

Endoderm

• Free-living flatworms

o Turbellaria (class)
 Ciliated outer surface
o Planaria (genus)
 Carnivorous (found in freshwaters)
 Simple brain (nerve clusters  nerve organs  nervous system)
 Hermaphrodite (2-in-1-sex), but can also reproduce asexually by splitting into 2 or cross
fertilization

• Parasitic flatworms

o Trematoda (flukes class)

 Endoparasites
 No cilia on outer surfaces
 Possess suckers
 Have enteron
 Primary and secondary host (sexually mature/sexually immature)
o Cestoda (tapeworms class)
 Endoparasites
 No gut cavity
 No cilia (enlonged body)
 Proglottids (sexually reproducing sections divided)
 Possess hooks/suckers (@scolex = anterior end)
• Adaptation of parasitic flatworms

o Reduced or absent locomotory structures

o Have ‘anchoring’ structures (hooks, suckers)
o Lost organ systems and functions that they no longer need [parasitic degeneration]
o High reproductive output
o Special way of getting host and defence from host

Annelida (segmented worms)

(Examples: Leeches, earthworms, ragworms)

• General Characteristics

o Worm-like that are clearly segmented

o Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical
o Second body cavity (coelom)
o Mouth+Anus

• Segmentation

o Ringed body = metameric segmentation

o Fixed number of segments at all age

• Coelom

o Provide space for growing of internal organs

o Contains fluids which can act as hydrostatic skeleton
o Allows organs to move independently

• Gaseous exchange in earthworms

o Large number of looped blood capillaries

o Diffusion
o Pseudoheart

Arthropods (largest phylum!)

• General Characteristics

o Triploblastic coelomates
o Metamerically segmented, bilaterally symmetrical
o Each segment has a pair of jointed appendages
o Exoskeleton

• Exoskeleton

o Adopt many different types of locomotion (burrowing, swimming, running, walking, jump, fly)
o Flexibility and toughness
o Can be transparent in places (providing camouflage)
o *Its weight to strength ratio decreases according to size of animal! When it comes to shedding, the body
is soft and vulnerable
• Classes

o Crustacea (examples: woodlice, crayfish, crabs, lobsters, barnacles)

 Aquatic/Damp habitat
 Head not distinct from thorax (caphalotorax)
 Lack waterproof exoskeleton
o Diplopoda (millipedes)
 Terrestrial and herbivorous
 Distinct head
 One pair of antennae and one pair of mouthparts (jaws)
 Numerous of small limbs (two pairs for each segment)
o Chilopoda (centipedes)
 Terrestrial and carnivorous
 One pair of antennae and one pair of mouthparts (jaws)
 Distinct head
 One pair of legs on each segment
o Arachnida (examples: scorpion, spider, mites, ticksชิโร่)
 Terrestrial and carnivorous
 Body is divided into cephalothorax and abdomen
 Four pairs of walking legs
 One pair of appendages to capture prey and one pair sensory appendages (palps)
o Insecta (examples: locusts, fleas, beetles, aphids, bees, ants)
 Terrestrial
 Distinct head, thorax, and abdomen
 Three pairs of mouthparts and one pair of antennae
 Three pairs of walking legs
 Adults usually have wings

Nematodes (roundworms)
(Example: Ascaris)

• General Characteristics

o Unsegmented cylindrical bodies

o Mouth+Anus
o Separate sexes

Mollusca

• General Characteristics

o Mantle
o Unsegmented (with head, foot, visceral hump – central mass of internal organs)
o Have shells containing calcium carbonate (calcareous shell)
• Classes

o Gastropoda (Example: Garden Snail)

 Distinct eyes, head, sensory tentables
 Shells (often single-coiled)
 Radula (tongue-like organ armed with rows of teeth for feeding)
o Pelecypoda (Examples: Oysters, clams, scallop, mussels, cockles)
 Reduced Head
 No tentacles
 Filter feeders
o Cephalopoda (Example: Octopus)
 Conspicuous head with well developed eyes and tentacles
 Beak and a radula for feeding
 Fast-moving/Most intelligent invertebrate

Echinodermata
(Example: Starfish (Asterias), sea cucumbers, sea urchins)

• General Characteristics

o Marine mammals with 5 way radial symmetry

o Water vascular system
o Tube feet for locomotion (slow-moving)
o Spiny-skin

Chordata

• General Characteristics

o Notochord (slender, stiff, flexible rod running along the back later replaced by backbone)
o Dorsal hollow nerve cord
o Visceral clefts (Reduced or modified in other chordates/ becomes gills in fish)
o Post-anal tail (maybe reduced or lost in some adult chordates)
o Triploblastic coelomate, bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically segmented

(Class ของ fish ไม่น่าจะออกนะ)

• Problems of changing from living in water to land

o Move in low-density medium = little support

o Breathe air (without desiccation แห้งตาย)
o Reproduce out of water
o Cope with variable environmental conditions

• Locomotion on land

o Have bony endoskeleton and being tetrapods (4-limbed)

• Gaseous exchange

o Lungs (Amphibians = also breathe through skin)

o Uric acid nitrogenous waste helps to conserve water (for birds and reptiles)
o Urine (Urea) for others (conserve no efficiently as uric acid waste)
• Reproduction

o Amphibians breed where there is water, the larval stage leaves in water (most have external gills)
o Reptiles, birds, mammals have evolved an egg surrounded by protective membranes

• Environmental variation

o Evolved endothermy (the ability to maintain a constant body temperature)

Vertebrata… Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Habitat Aquatic Aquatic+Terrestrial Aquatic+Terrestial Terrestrial Terrestrial
Limbs Fins Yes Yes Fore/back Yes
Respiration Gills Gills/Fins Lungs Lungs Lungs
Skin Scales Soft moist + mucus Rough thick scaly Feathers Hairs
Heart 2 3 3-4 4 4
Body temp. Exo. Exo. Exo. Endo. Endo.
Circulation 1 2 2 2 2
Nitro. Wastes Ammonia Urea Uric Acid Uric Acid Urea
Fertilization External (H2O) External (H2O) Leather-shell egg Hard-shell egg Young
*The information above is for “most” animals but not all! There are some exceptions such as mammalia (some
are aquatic such as dolphins and whales)
Biology Exam: Short-Note Chapter 22