HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

ABSTRACT
In an era where energy conservation has become the latest topic of discussion not only among the erudite but also among the ordinary responsible denizens, fuel efficiency along with minimum pollution has become the benchmark for any new automobile. Under the pressure of air pollution and oil shortage of transportations, hydrogen as a renewable and clean energy gets more and more attentions from all over the world. Nowadays, for the cost and not matured technology of fuel cell stack, hybrid system becomes the best solution. For a 5-ton fuel cell hybrid electric bus, high-pressure PEMFC and high-power NiMH battery pack forms the hybrid system. In order to obtain the higher fuel efficiency and avoid the frequent charge & discharge of battery pack, a fuel cell output power-oriented control system is built. Also two kinds of control strategies for the control system are put forward as conventional Fuel cell output power oriented control, Fuel cell output power oriented control based on FCE loading and unloading equations. The seminar on the above topic intends to bring to notice the concepts associated with the hybrid technology through the following topics components and constituents, need, efficiency, performance, etc.

INTRODUCTION

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power referred to as the alternative power unit (APU). Pure electric vehicles currently do not have adequate range when powered by batteries alone, and since recharging re-quires several hours, the vehicles are viewed as impractical for driving extended distances. If air conditioning or heating is used, the vehicles range is further reduced. Accordingly, the hybrid concept, where the alternative power unit is used as a second source of energy, is gaining acceptance and is overcoming some of the problems of pure electric vehicles. The hybrid electric vehicle operates the alternative power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to recharge the batteries, and to power accessories like the air conditioner and heater. Hybrid electric cars can exceed the limited 100 mile (160 km) range-per-charge of most electric vehicles and have the potential to limit emissions to near zero. A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of conventional vehicles with the low-noise, low-exhaust emissions, and energy independence benefits of electric vehicles. The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own hybrid versions.

CONCEPT OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Any vehicle is hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle at some point. For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider. Hybrid electric vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Cities like Seattle have diesel-electric buses -- these can draw electric power from overhead wires or run on diesel when they are away from the wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles -- some are nuclear-electric and some are diesel-electric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid. The most commonly used hybrid is gasoline-electric hybrid car which is just a cross between a gasoline-powered car and an electric car. A gasoline-electric hybrid car or hybrid electric vehicle is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. In hybrid electric vehicle the engine is the final source of the energy used to power the car. All electric cars use batteries charged by an external source, leading to the problem of range which is being solved in hybrid electric vehicle.

HYBRID STRUCTURE Two types of hybrid vehicle configurations are the series and the parallel hybrids. Series Hybrids A series hybrid is similar to an electric vehicle with an on-board generator. The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure electric vehicle until the batteries reach a predetermined discharged level. At that point the APU turns on and begins

recharging the battery. The APU operates until the batteries are charged to a predetermined level. Since the APU is not directly connected to the drive train, it can be run at its optimal operating condition; hence, fuel economy is increased and emissions are reduced relative to a pure IC engine vehicle. A schematic of a series hybrid is shown in Figure

Parallel Hybrids In the parallel hybrid configuration, an APU capable of producing motive force is mechanically linked to the drive train. This approach eliminates the generator of the series approach. When the APU is on, the controller divides energy between the drive train (propulsion) and the batteries (energy storage). The amount of energy divided between the two is determined by the speed and driving pattern. When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like an electric vehicle. The batteries provide electricity to the electric motor where it is converted to mechanical energy to power the vehicle. The batteries also provide additional power to the drive train when the APU is not producing enough and to power auxiliary systems such as the air conditioner and heater. Since parallel hybrids only work with APUs that produce a mechanical output, fuel cells cannot be used for this option.

HYBRID COMPONENTS Components used in hybrid electric vehicles are given below: Gasoline engine - The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid will be smaller and lighter, and is more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle, because the engine runs at a relatively constant speed, and does not need to provide direct power for acceleration, which is the biggest reason for large engines. Use advanced technologies to reduce emissions. Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline. Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Electric motor used in hybrid cars are usually dc series motor since its versatile and ease with which a variety of speed-torque characteristics can be obtained, and wide range of speed control is also possible in this. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. Generator - The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids. Generator used in hybrid electric vehicle is alternator since cooling is easy and hence maximum output and also the output/weight ratio is higher than that of the DC generator. In conventional cars, the kinetic energy developed during running is wasted as heat energy while braking which waste a lot of energy as heat. Here the alternator converts the kinetic energy into useful electric energy, which can be stored in the batteries. The alternator is connected to the propeller shaft and rotates all the time. When braking is needed the field of the generator is charged using a rheostat. This produces a flux in the coils and the electricity is produced. The rheostat can be

avoided by using electronic circuit, which can provide excellent variation in braking as needed. The alternator can also be employed at light loads when traveling at high speeds when the battery charge is low. The electric energy thus produced is sufficient to run the motor. This eliminates the need of external recharging. This contributes to the overall efficiency of the vehicle. Power split device The power split device is a clever gearbox that hooks the internal combustion engine and D.C motor together. The power split device helps the vehicle to accelerate to a speed of about 15km/hr before switching on the gasoline engine. The engine starts only after the vehicle attains a certain speed. Once the engine starts it operates on a narrow speed band. The power split device allows the engine to stay in its most efficient load and speed range most of the time. Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them. The batteries used in HEV is Ni-Cd cells since its lighter than the lead acid cells and its also mechanically strong and can stand very rough use. Transmission - The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, have conventional transmissions.

FUEL CELL HYBRID VEHICLE

The fuel cell hybrid is generally an electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell. The fuel cell as well as the electric battery is both power sources, making the vehicle a hybrid. Fuel cells use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric battery when it is depleted. The Chevrolet Equinox FCEV, Ford Edge Hy series Drive and Honda FCX are examples of a fuel cell/electric hybrid. A Fuel Cell is designed to convert hydrogen rich fuels into electrical energy that is stored in the vehicles battery pack. A fuel cell vehicle can be made to operate from a variety of hydrogen fuel sources including pure hydrogen, methanol and gasoline. A fuel cell vehicle will use the stored electrical energy to drive a 50kW or larger electric motor. Some vehicles will use more than one electrical motor to directly drive 2 or 4 wheels. A properly running fuel cell will produce electrical energy and pure water. Currently three main issues hinder the widespread use of fuels cells. 1. how to transport and store hydrogen fuel in the vehicle. 2. the cost of producing a powerful fuel cell is high. 3. the size and weight issue as fuel cells powerful enough to power a car or truck are still rather bulky and heavy. However technology is maturing fast, so fuel cells may well prove to be a viable option in automotive technology in the not so distant future. In the 21 century, the auto fuel will be replaced by such regenerative resources as hydrogen and the power system with traditional internal combustion engine will be replaced by hybrid system and finally be replaced by fuel cell power system to realize multi-resources, electric driving and zero emission. The fuel cell regeneration system with hydrogen is regarded as the new generation generator. The power system with fuel cell system is regarded as the third generation system

after steam engine and internal combustion engine. Under the background of great effort and support on developing clean and green vehicles, it is meaningful and valuable to do deep research on the key technologies of fuel cell vehicle. For the high energy density and slow output response of fuel cell stack and long starting time, fuel cell engine only driving system is seldom used on vehicle except for overlarge fuel cell stack with expensive cost. Hybrid system becomes a solution with smaller fuel cell stack and high-power secondary sources, such as FCX from Honda uses Fuel Cell and Ultra capacitor, TUCSON FCEV from HYUNDAI uses Fuel Cell and LiPb or NiMH battery pack. Under the support of Ministry of Science and Technology of Chinese government, Beijing Institute of Technology takes great efforts on technology development of hybrid electric vehicles. For the fuel cell hybrid electric bus developed, high-pressure PEMFC and high-power NiMH battery pack forms the hybrid system. In order to obtain the higher fuel efficiency and avoid the frequent charge & discharge of battery pack, the active control for the fuel cell pack to follow the drivers pedal and the surplus peak power from NiMH battery pack passively is used. FUEL CELL HYBRID POWERTRAIN SYSTEM Fuel cell Hybrid Power Train Structure Mainly there are two kinds of fuel cell hybrid power train.

Where in fig.1, FCE means Fuel Cell Engine, DC/DC means DC/DC converter, DC/AC refers to motor controller; MOT means electric traction MOTor, ESS means Energy Storage System. For fig.1 (a) named as fuel cell indirect power system, the FCE is connected with ESS in parallel after DC/DC converter, while for fig.1 (b) named as fuel cell direct power system, the FCEs output is directly inputted to DC/AC and the ESS is connected with the FCEs output in parallel after a bidirectional DC/DC. The power from the FCE and ESS is inputted to DC/AC together to drive the electric traction motor. In fig.1 (a), for the DC/DCs existence, the FCEs output is separated with the bus line. This structure is better for the optimization and control of the FCE and is an economic selection for the fuel cell vehicle nowadays. In fig.1 (b), for the FCE outputs power directly into DC/AC, the FCE must have good dynamic response to output enough power quickly to meet the vehicles driving performance requirement and good voltage maintained performance to avoid the large voltage drop of bus line and the large torque drop of electric motor. On the other side, the FCE must be overlarge to avoid the possible damage. For the fuel cell hybrid electric bus, we designed the power train as a kind of fuel cell indirect power system as fig.2

DC/DC Converter For the fuel cell indirect power system, the DC/DC converter functions as the output voltage or current regulator of the fuel cell and relieves the circuit relationship between fuel cell and battery pack. It is better and easy to realize the optimization control of fuel cell. For the hybrid system, a buck converter is

10

specially designed with the DC input voltage 300~420V and the output voltage DC 260~400V.The DC/DC converters control logic is shown as fig.5. Its target output current or voltage is determined based on the hybrid system control strategy. Also the output voltage or current feedback, close-loop control and PWM+PWF control is applied.

Where in fig.5, If is the fuel cell output current; Uf is the fuel cell output voltage; ID is the output current of DC/DC converter; UD is the output voltage of DC/DC converter; is the target current required; is the target voltage required.

FUEL CELL ACTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM In order to realize the fuel cell active control and vehicle system control, a multilayer networked control system is designed with CAN2.0B communication protocol and SAEJ1939. The control network is shown in fig.8. The main controller receives the pedal signals from the driver. With the values of pedal, speed, the driving power required is calculated by look-up table of motor performance map. The target power of fuel cell engine is the sum of the driving power and the SOC-regulated power of battery pack. The target current of the DCDC converter is real-time calculated by the target driving power divided by the bus voltage. The air compressors speed control is based on the target power of fuel cell engine.

11

SYSTEM CONTROL STRATEGY In order to properly determine the target power of Fuel cell and at the same time to realize the active control of fuel cell engine, it becomes very important to design a suitable and reasonable system control strategy. There are two kinds of control strategies as fuel cell output energy-oriented control and fuel cell output power-oriented control. Conventional fuel cell output power oriented control strategy The basic idea for the conventional fuel cell output power oriented control strategy is as following: setting the FCE as the main power sources and controlling the FCEs output power to follow the vehicles driving power requirement at some extent. The FCE is working on nearly for all of the driving time expect for the first cold start and small driving power requirement while battery pack is at high SOC.

12

Fuel cell output power oriented control strategy based on FCE loading and unloading equations The basic control logic is similar to the fuel cell output power oriented control strategy as just mentioned above, but there has some new control characteristics as following. When the vehicle is braking, the fuel cell works at the minimum power and charges the battery pack with the regenerative braking; The fuel cell engine works on nearly all of the driving time expect for the over high SOC battery pack and small driving power requirement at the first cold starting. To get better dynamic performance of fuel cell engine, high-pressured system [6] is used. At the rated power point, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack operates at 2.5~3.0 atm and 60~70oC. HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS You can get the best mileage from a hybrid car by using the same kind of driving habits that give you better mileage in your gasoline-engine car: Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly. Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel. Avoid abrupt stops - When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid acts like a generator and take some of the energy out of the car while slowing it down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can recover more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will do most of the work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted

13

CONCLUSIONS
The fuel cell indirect drive hybrid system is one of the practical power train topology for the nowadays technologies. A fuel cell active control system is put forward and corresponding equations are established. The FCE target power limitation model and the FCE loading dynamic imitation model are analyzed and built. The fuel cell output power-oriented control is preferred and two corresponding control strategies are put forward as the conventional fuel cell output power oriented control strategy and the control strategy of Fuel cell output power oriented control based on FCE loading and unloading equations. The general performance for the two control strategies are simulated and compared with the forward simulation models and the control strategy of Fuel cell output power oriented control based on FCE loading and unloading equations gets the better performance. Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in todays fuel deficit world. Though at present the concept has been put in to maximum utilization by Honda & Toyota, it is indeed an important research avenue for other car manufacturing units as well. A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent. If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era. One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in todays energy deficit world.

14

REFERENCES
Fuel cell output Poweroriented Control for a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle by HE Hong-wen, GAO Jian-ping and ZHANG Ya-ming 2008 American Control Conference Westin Seattle Hotel, Seattle, Washington, USA June 11-13, 2008 Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel-Cell Vehicles: Architectures and Modeling C. C. Chan, Alain Bouscayrol and Keyu Chen, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 59, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2010

15