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GENERATORSTATOREARTHFAULTPROTECTIONBYGENERATORSOWNHARMONICS.

By:Eng.FayyazAliShahExecutiveDirector(Technical)ICC(Pvt)Ltd.

General: Harmonicsareundesirableduetoseveralreasonsbutmainlyduetoincreasedironlossesandcircuitresonanceresulting inlargeharmoniccurrent.AdvantageistakenofthisundesirablecomponentofPowersystemintheformofEffective Statorearthfaultprotection. StatoristhemostexpensivepartofGenerator.Ifthewindingisdamagedthereispossibilitytorepairitinsomedaysbut ifthefaultpersistsandarcingstarts,laminationswillalsogetdamagedwhichmaytakelongtimetorepairandpassit throughroutinetests.Assuchquickandeffectiveprotectionisrequiredtoclearthefaultbeforeheavydamageoccurs. The most dangerous fault for the machine is low level earth fault in the stator. If an earth fault occurs near the Generator Neutral, it will not be detected by conventional relays and the probability of second fault will be much increased.Secondfaultwilloccurasaresultofinsulationdeteriorationcausedbyunstablelowcontinuouscurrentdue toarcingphenomenaatthefirstfaultposition.Thiscurrentwillincreasetillheavydamageisresultedandprotection operates.Therefore100%statorearthfaultprotectionisrequiredtodetectthefaultandisolateitimmediately. Statorearthfaultprotectionunderdiscussionisthirdharmonicinjectionintotherelayanditsmonitoringbythelatter. Conventionalrelayslimitations: ConventionalStatorprotection,consistingofDifferentialrelays,StatorEarthfaultrelaysetc.areineffectivetoclearthe faultunlessthefaultdevelopsandcurrentreachesoperatingvalue. IffaultisclosetoNeutral,Earthfaultrelaywillnotinitiateatallbecausetherewillnotbesufficientvoltagetodrivethe current.Differentialrelywillsenseonlywhenthedamageisbigenoughtocausedifferentialcurrenttoflow.Itwillalso dependonmethodofNeutralearthing.Normallythegeneratorneutralisearthedthroughhighresistancetolimitthe earthfaultcurrent.Inthiscaseitwillbemoredifficultfortherelaytooperate.Thehighertheresistance,thelesserthe fault current and more difficult for relay to operate. Thermal relay operates when the winding gets overheated. Subsequenttooverheating,windingsinsulationpropertiesareimpairedanditisliabletodamageanytime.EarthFaults inthesystemstressthegeneratorwindingandcore.ThepossibilityofundetectedEarthfaultsmaycausearcingdueto transientovervoltages,resultingindamagetoinsulationandcore.Damageshavealreadybeenrecordedworldwideand withinthecountry HarmonicsinjectionTechnologyprovides100%E/Fprotection. A stator winding earth fault with low fault resistance will result in increase of fundamental frequency Neutral point voltage,proportionaltothedistanceofthefaultfromthestarpoint.Assuchforminimumrelaysettingof5%,only95% windingwillbeprotectedandtherestwillnotbedetected. A.C machines produce odd harmonic voltages, out of which third harmonics are most dominant. Analysis of A.C Generatorsofdifferentsizesandoperatingunderdifferentconditionsrevealedthatthe3rdharmonicvoltageproduced inthemachinesvaryfrom1to3%ofterminalvoltageofthesegenerators.Whenthemachineisrunningundernormal conditionsthethirdharmonicsvoltagesaresharedbetweenterminalsideandNeutralside.ProportionofLinesidethird harmonicvoltagetoNeutralsidethirdharmonicvoltageisalmostconstant.Analysishasshownthatabout4060%of harmonicvoltagesappearacrossNeutralresistance. ThefollowingdatawillexplainhowvoltagesaredistributedbetweenstatorsterminalsideandNeutralside.

Distributionofcapacitances,capacitivereactancesandNeutralimpedancesareshowninfiguresgivenbelow. OperationPrinciple: Thirdharmonicvoltageinducedinthemachinestatorhassamemagnitudeandangleinallthethreephasesandthereis aclosedloopofcurrentsthroughphasetoearthcapacitancesandearthresistance.Asisexplainedabovethereisalmost fixed ratio of Phase to Neutral 3rd harmonic voltages under normal conditions. When fault occurs anywhere in the machine,thisratiowilldisturb,causingtherelaytosenseandoperate.Ifthefaultisnearterminals,harmonicvoltageon thatsidewillreduceandthatonNeutralsidewillincreaseandtheratiowilldisturb.Similarlyifthefaultisonneutral side,harmonicvoltageonterminalsidewillincreaseandthatonNeutralsidewillreduce,againcreatingunbalance. Assuchrelaywillworkperfectlyunderallloadconditions,alloperatingconditionsandevenifthefaultisatstarpoint. Practicalarrangement: ArrangementforV.TsonGeneratorphaseandNeutralsidesareshowninfig.(1)below:

PRINCIPLE OF STATOR E/F RELAY FIGURE-1

FIGURE-2 Fig(2)showsthedistributionofharmonicvoltagesunderhealthyconditions.

100% V3 = % PHASE-N VOLTAGE OF MACHINE FIGURE-3 X FAULT POSITION FIGURE-3(a) Fig(3)showsthedistributionofvoltagesforvariousfaultpositionsreferredtoNeutralpoint.Italsoshowsquiescent conditionsQ. Fig(3a)showsthescalarquantities/VL3/&/Vn3/asapercentageoftotal3rdharmonicswithrespecttofaultpositionX.

Thisdifferenceiscontinuouslymeasuredbytherelay.Ifitexceedsthesetvalue,calleddeadbandsettingK,relaywill operate.Whenthefaultisonneutralend/Vn3/becomeszeroandifitisonterminalside/VL3/becomeszero.Ineither casethedifferenceinthetwomagnitudes>>0.

Fig(4)showsPrincipleBlockdiagramofrelay. VoltagesarepickedupfromterminalV.TsandGroundingtransformerandfedtotherelays.Intherelay3rdharmonic voltagesarefiltered,withhighrejectionoffundamentalfrequencyandothersubharmonicvoltages, leavingonly 3rd harmonicvoltages.Absolutevaluesoflinesidevoltage,VL3andNeutralsidevoltage,VN3andabsolutevaluesoftotal3rd harmonicV3,whichisvectorsumofLinesideandNeutralsideharmonicvoltagesarederivedfromthefilteroutputs.The difference [/VN3/ ~/VL3/] is compared with a set proportion of total 3rd harmonic k* [/VL3/ + /VN3/]. K is dead band settingadjustedinthefieldbymeansofaswitch.Anydifferencebetween[/VN3/and/VL3/isnullifiedbymeansofNull detector,duringfieldtestingunderhealthyconditions.ThisisshownbyanLEDprovidedontherelay,whichwillswitch offwhenthevoltageiszero.The[/Vn3//VL3/]iscomparedwithapresetpercentageoftotal3rdharmonicvoltageina comparator circuit. Setting is adjusted by a switch. Comparator output is fed to AND gate output of which triggers a timerwithadjustablesetting.TwootheroutputsfedtoANDgatearefusefailureinhibitioncircuitandarmingcircuit. Armingcircuitchecksthevoltageandifitislessthanpresetpercentageofterminalvoltage(normally8590%)relaywill beinhibitedfromtripping.Similarlyiffuseblowsduetocircuitproblem,relayoperationwillbeinhibited. Asexplainedtherewillbeapointinthewinding,forwhichtherelaywillbeblind.Forthatpurpose Otherfeatures: ProtectionalsotakescareofNeutrallink.Iflinkisleftopened;e.g.aftermeggaringofwindingduringroutinetesting,it willbedevastatingbecausenoneofearthfaultrelayswilldetectfault.

FIGURE-5

Ascanbeseenfromfig.5(a)thirdharmonicvoltagewillnotbepickedupbyrelayfromNeutralendandwilloperate. SimilarlyiftheNeutralisearthedformaintenancepurposeandnotremovedbeforestartofmachine,thirdharmonic voltagewillbecomezeroonNeutralsideandwillcausetherelaytooperateascanbevisualizedfromfig.5(b)

References: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. AdvancedElectricalEngineeringbyAHMorton HigherElectricalEngineeringbyShepherd,Morton&Spence ElectricalTransmissionandDistributionreferenceBookbycentralStationEngineersofWestinghouse. ElectricalmachinesbyM.Kostenko,L.PiotrovskytranslatedfromRussiantoEnglishbyA.Chernukhin ABBApplicationGuide6418AG ALSTHOMProtectiveRelaysapplicationguide. Practicalexperienceofwriterininstallation,testing&commissioningofGeneratorProtection.

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