GREEK CIVILIZATION

GREEK CIVILIZATION
Cradle of Western Civilization: Aegean islands and the Greek mainland

GREEK CIVILIZATION BEGINS IN THE AEGEAN

Minoan civilization develops on Crete Named after king Minos Worked with bronze and gold and developed a system of writing Built magnificent palaces that housed royal families, priests, and government officials

 Palace of Knossos like a small city with more than 800 rooms
Walls are brightly painted with scenes showing athletes, fanciful animals, and scenes of daily life

DECLINE OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION

Cause of Decline:
Disastrous earthquake or volcanic eruption

MYCENAEANS RULE CRETE AND MAINLAND GREECE

Invaders of Crete: Greek speaking InfoEuropean tribes Warrior-kings ruled walled cities built around their palaces at Mycenae, Thebes and other palaces in Greece. Palace of Mycenae: 1st palace investigated by archaeologists who believed that it was the richest and most important town

MYCENAEANS RULE CRETE AND MAINLAND GREECE

Mycenaeans borrowed much from the Minoan Civilization: designs in pottery and jewelry

They took over Minoans sea trade sending ships to Egypt, Phoenicia, Sicily and southern Italy.

GREECE ENTERS A DARK AGE

Frequent warfare among the kingdoms caused the decline of the Mycenaean civilization. Mycenaean palaces destroyed. Mycenaeans moved to other areas. With the collapse of this civilization, Greece entered the dark age.
Dorians tribe of Greek
Spoke Greek but were illiterate and their art of writing was forgotten

HELLENIC CIVILIZATION DEVELOPS

Hellenic from Hellas Greeks name for their country Hellenic Greeks inherited from their Mycenaean ancestors the skills in pottery making and metalworking Farmers grew wheat, barley, olive trees, and grapevines Raised sheep and goats Shipped wool, wine, olive oil, marble and pottery Imported grain (Egypt and Italy), fruit (Phoenicia and Sicily), copper (Cyprus), tin (England), glass (Egypt), and dyes (Phoenicia) adopted Phoenicians way of writing Practiced the Lydian practice of using coins Gained knowledge in geometry from the Egyptians

GREEK MYTHS TELL STORIES OF MANY GODS

Greeks consult oracles (oracle of Delphi), special temples whose priestess and priests gave vaguely worded hints about the future. Believed in many gods lived in Mount Olympus in northern Greece
Zeus most important Greek god
King of the gods and ruler of mankind

Hera goddess of marriage

LIST OF OTHER GODS

Poseidon god of the sea Ares god of war Apollo god of music, prophecy, medicine, and rational thinking Athena goddess of wisdom and handicrafts Aphrodite goddess of love and beauty Demeter goddess of farmland and grain Hades god of the underworld Artemis god of the hunt

THE GREEKS HOLD FESTIVALS TO HONOR THE GODS

Greeks built temple to the gods and honored them through festivals. The most famous athletic games were held every four years at Olympia to honor Zeus.
Athletes compete in foot racing, jumping, throwing of discus and javelin, wrestling and boxing.

HOMERS EPICS TELL THE STORY OF LEGENDARY HEROES

Homer Greek poet
Iliad and Odyssey 2 great epics that helped shape the Greek outlook and character
Iliad Homer spoke of deeds of noble warriors who were not only brave, skillful in battle and concerned with their honor and pride

 Hector, she said, you are possessed. This bravery of yours will be your end. You do not think of your little boy or your unhappy wife, whom you will make a widow soonAnd when I lose you I might as well be dead. There will be no comfort left, when you have met your doom nothing but grief -Andromache All that my dear, said Hector, is surely my concern. But if I hid myself like a coward and refused to fight, I could never face my peopleBesides, it would go against [my nature], for I have trained myself always, like a good soldier, to take my place in front line and win glory.

HOMERS EPICS TELL THE STORY OF LEGENDARY HEROES

To Homer a hero was more than just a brave warrior
Hero speaker of words and a doer of deeds
He combines courage and intelligence. This became the ideal goal of Greek education.

COLONIES SPREAD HELLENIC CULTURE

Colonies settlements in other lands
independent of Greece Maintained close ties with the Greek homeland through trade and culture Greeks set up colonies in Asia Minor and North Africa, on the islands of the Aegean sea, in Sicily and southern Europe and along the coast of the Black Sea.
This spread the Hellenic culture to many areas of the Mediterranean world.

GREEK CITY-STATES DEVELOP

Athens and Sparta
Also known as polis ideal size of a polis population of 5,000 male citizens Sparta largest city-state, 3,200 sq. miles (smaller than the state of Connecticut) Polis center of Greek community life

SPARTA TRAINS ITS MEN TO BE FEARLESS WARRIORS

Every stage of a Spartans life was planned. Sickly babies were left to die. At the age of 7, Spartan boy moved into military barracks until he reaches the age 30. Spartan women trained in gymnastics and physical endurance
Had the responsibility of managing their farms and households

THE ATHENIANS VALUE THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY ABILITIES

Athens commercial and cultural center of Greece Athenians look upon themselves as the teachers of all Greece Proud of their political freedom Boasted their artists, playwrights, poets and thinkers Believed that a mans life was empty if he failed to use his mind and develop all his talents Athenian womens training were only limited to skills needed to run a household.

ATHENIANS DEVELOP NEW IDEAS OF GOVERNMENT

Greeks 1st to establish a government in which free citizens rule themselves Athenians took the lead in the creation of democracy rule by the people Archons ruled the city-state
Nobles who tended to favor the upper class

ATHENIAN LAWS ARE WRITTEN

Draco drew up the first written code of laws for Athens

SOLON MAKES POLITICAL REFORMS

Solon regarded as very wise and just
Canceled the debts of the poor, freed those who had been enslaved for debt, made slavery for debt illegal To improve the farmers prosperity Solon encouraged them to grow new crops olives for oil and grapes for wine Ordered all citizens to teach their sons a skill or trade

PISISTRATUS PROMOTES CULTURAL LIFE

Tyrant sole ruler of a polis
Means a person who rules harshly

Pisistratus politician who encouraged sculptors and painters and sponsored drama festivals
Improved the water supply and built temples and fountains Collected Homers epics and gave prizes for public reading His promotion of the arts laid the foundation for Athens to become the cultural center of Greece.

CLEISTHENES ESTABLISHES MORE DEMOCRATIC PRATICES

Cleisthenes head of a political party composed of tyrants
Reformed the political system Divided Athens into 10 areas called demes 50 men from each deme served on an advisory council All male citizens could vote in the assembly, whether they owned land or not.

CLEISTHENES ESTABLISHES MORE DEMOCRATIC PRATICES

New practice: Once a year the Athenians were given the opportunity to point anyone who they believe was a threat to Athens. If 6,000 votes were cast against a particular person, he was forced to leave Athens for 10 years. This is known as ostracism because votes were written on a piece of broken pottery known as ostrakon.

THE PERSIAN WARS

499 B.C. some of the Greek colonists in Asia Minor rebelled against the rule of the Persian king, Darius - Athens sent 20 ships to help rebels but they were defeated. - To punish Athens, Darius invaded Greece. - The Persians were defeated. - Phidippides swiftest runner announced the victory of Athens

THE PERSIANS INVADE GREECE AGAIN

Xerxes son of Darius who sent a large army to conquer all Greece The invading Persians crossed the waters of the Hellespont and made their way through mountainous Greece. Persians and Greeks clashed at the Thermopylae pass. Greeks were defeated by the Persians.

THE GREEKS DEFEAT THE PERSIANS AT SEA

When Thermopylae fell, the Persians had an open route to Athens. Themistocles lead the new navy at the island of Silamis
Defeated the Persians

THE GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

Alliances were formed to protect Sparta and Athens from invaders or conquerors. Delian League composed of Athens and its 150 city-state allies Pericles rebuilt the city of Athens, strengthened its defenses and promoted democracy
Firm believer in peoples participation in government Believes that the government is in the hands of the many and not the few

THE CITY-STATES FALL TO CONQUERORS

Peloponnesian war Athens vs. Sparta
27 years Pericles died in this battle Sparta won both land and sea battles and forced Athens to make peace in 404 B.C.

 Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia and conqueror of the Persian empire crossed the Hellespont and freed the Greek colonies in Asia Minor, Phoenicia was next to fall, then Egypt, where he founded the city of Alexandria. Together with his army, they conquered Egypt to India without losing a single battle. died in Babylon of a fever

Alexander the Greats empire was divided into 3 parts when he died:
1. Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt 2. Seleucid Empire of Asia 3. Antigonic Empire of Macedonia

GREEK CULTURE
Greeks value excellence. Greeks value moderation. Poets express Greek ideals. Poetry develops into drama. Early Greek dramatists write tragedies. Playwrights also write comedies. Greeks develop a new approach to history.

GREEK CULTURE
Thucydides emphasizes factual reporting. Greeks are outstanding artists and architects. Greeks set lasting standards of beauty.

SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT AND PHILOSOPHY DEVELOP

Greek thinkers are curious about the natural world. Greek scientific thinkers explore many fields. Greeks influence modern scientific study.

SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT AND PHILOSOPHY DEVELOP

Socrates stresses use of reason. Socrates emphasizes careful thinking and questioning. Plato questions ideas about government and democracy. Aristotle studies all fields of knowledge.

HELLENISTIC AGE
Euclid organized earlier knowledge of geometry into a logical system Worked out hundreds of geometrical proofs, writing a textbook that became the basic work in geometry Eratosthenes knew that the earth was round Declared that the oceans of the earth are connected Made maps of the world he knew Estimated the earths circumference

HELLENISTIC AGE
Aristarchus mathematician and astronomer from the island of Samos
Argued that the sun is the center of the universe

Archimedes discovered the principles of the lever and pulley, the natural laws for calculating the weight of an object in water
Invented the catapult

HELLENISTIC AGE
HELLENIC AGE
Philosophers were concerned with the individual as a citizen of the polis

HELLENISTIC AGE
Philosophers gave more thought to the individual as an individual rather than as part of a community.

HELLENISTIC AGE
2 Schools of Philosophy 1. Epicureanism named after Epicurus
Epicurus tried to define ways on how to live untroubled lives. Advised against trying to gain wealth, political power, or fame because these increase anxiety wise people should not give in strong emotions Recommended enjoyment of simple pleasures

HELLENISTIC AGE
2 Schools of Philosophy 2. Stoicism founded by Zeno - emphasized dignity, self-control and reason - emphasized the need for religion as a guide to human happiness - Zeno stated that the essential part of a person is reason. - The individual should accept what life brings and remain indifferent to pain, pleasure and unhappiness.

 All human beings are by nature equal because they all have the power to use reason. Our [lives] should not be based on cities or peoples, each with its own view of right and wrong; but we should regard all men as our fellow countrymen and fellow citizens.

GREEKS CONTRIBUTIONS TO HISTORY

Democracy Literary classics Homers epic (Iliad and Odyssey), Greek lyrical poetry, fables, dramatic works and comedies Philosophy of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Historical works by Herodotus and Thucydides Ionian, Doric and Corinthian Architecture The Olympic Games Plebiscites and referendums

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

 Rome originally a little city on the bank of the river of Tiber in Italy Italy came from the Latin word italus which means boot

LEGEND OF THE FOUNDING OF ROME

Romulus and Remus twins who were abandoned on the river of Tiber
They were saved by a she-wolf and was later on raised by a shepherd. Romulus became the first king of Rome.

THE GREEKS AND THE ETRUSCANS INFLUENCE ROMAN CULTURE

Latin early settler of Rome Greeks established city states at Sicily and southern Italy. Romans adopted their alphabet, military techniques and styles of literature, art and architecture. Etruscans lived in prosperous trading cities to the north and west of Rome

ETRUSCAN INFLUENCE
skills in sanitation road building architecture pottery making

FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC

Lucius Junius Brutus led the Romans who fought against the Etruscans Republic a government without a king
Leaders came from the wealthy class called patricians Consuls directed the daily affairs of governing and also led the army Senate controlled Romes finances and foreign affairs

FROM THE ETRUSCANS TO A REPUBLIC

Twelve Tables of Laws Romes first written code
Written in bronze tablets

THE PUNIC WARS

Comes from the Latin word puni Phoenician because Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians 1st Punic War Romans won and made Sicily as the first province Province means territory outside the Italian peninsula Hannibal Carthaginian general who led the army during the 2nd Punic War

THE PUNIC WARS

3rd Punic Wars Rome defeated Carthage Carthage became the province of Rome

TRANSITION FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE

2 CLASHING SOCIAL CLASSES: 1. Aristocratic party composed on landowners, merchants and politicians 2. Peoples party group of the masses * To gain popularity, the generals and clever politicians gave free bread and entertainment to the masses. With the support of the masses, they were able to dominate the Senate and realize their political ambition.

1st TRIUMVIRATE
1ST Triumvirate coalition of Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar Each tried to win military in different parts of the Roman realm. Pompey Middle East Crassus Parthia Caesar Gaul
After his victories in Egypt and Asia Minor, he sent his message, Veni, vidi, vici (I came, I saw and I conquered) to Rome

PARTHIAN EMPIRE

EMPIRE OF GAULS

encompasses present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium, most of Switzerland, the western part of Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany

END OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

Battle of Actium marked the end of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire

EMERGENCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Octavian Augustus Caesar 1st emperor of the Roman Empire
Appointed honest and efficient officials Removed the corrupt and unworthy politicians Improved system of taxation Built roads and aqueducts

PAX ROMANA
The Roman Peace No civil wars Prosperous economy Good government directed by able and honest officials Social life was in bloom

DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Causes of decline: 1. Weakening of the government due to a lack of able and dedicated emperors 2. Economic retrogression due to the system of large estates that destroyed free farming by heavy taxes and by the decrease of population 3. Deterioration of Roman military power 4. Decadence of Roman Character caused by gluttony, drunkenness, and immorality

ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION

1. Roman law 2. Latin language, the language of the Western world during the Middle Ages, which influenced French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, English and other modern languages 3. Latin Literature, which includes the writings of Julius Caesar, Livy, Virgil (Bucolics, The Georgics, and the Aeneid), Cicero

ROMAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION

4. Roads and aqueducts (man-made channel) 5. Republican form of government

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION OF OTHER NATIONS OF ASIA

Hittites Iron greatest contribution for it enabled mankind to progress from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. use of horse-drawn chariots in warfare

Phoenicians
established colonies in various parts of the Mediterranean world, out of which emerged Carthage (North Africa), Cadiz (Spain), Cagliari (Sardinia), Palermo (Sicily), and Monaco (French Riviera) introduced cultural influences of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Palestine, Persia and India to the Mediterranean world Invented the alphabet

Jews
Monotheism belief in one God Judaism and Christianity The Bible Modern banking and finance

Persians
Zoroastrianism a religion based on the belief that the life is a constant struggle between good and evil
founded by Zoroaster

system of provincial administration includes provincial administration, local system of taxation, and postal service elaborate system of court etiquette still followed by royal courts up to the present

Indians
Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism Yoga the discipline of the minds and body by spiritual training

the first fable (Panchatantra) first dramatic epics (The Clay Cart by Sudakra and Sakuntala by Kalidasa) great epic poems (Mahabharata and Ramayana)

 worlds greatest philosophical poem (the Bhagavad Gita) invented the zero and the numerals in mathematics

Chinese
invented the first paper, brush-pen, and ink, compass, printing press using movable blocks, gunpowder for warfare and festivals, and the first water mill introduced sericulture (silk industry) and the use of silk clothes Confucian philosophy introduced rocketry in warfare printed the first paper money

 introduced the civil service examination introduced the use of chopsticks for eating, calligraphy as the art of writing, kite for outdoor sports, pagoda architecture the Great Wall