Lecture 4

Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien
MIMO Communications (389.094), Lecture 4

T. Zemen and M. Guillaud (contr. C. Mecklenbr auker)
November 8, 2007
Outline Lecture 4
Last lecture
Capacity of random MIMO channels
Capacity of random frequency-selective MIMO channels
Today
Diversity
Coding gain vs. diversity gain
Receive antenna diversity
Transmit antenna diversity
Diversity order and channel variability
T. Zemen and M. Guillaud MIMO Communications (389.094), Lecture 4 November 8, 2007 2/25
Diversity Gain (I)
Wireless links are impaired by fading (random uctuation in
signal level across space)
Diversity provides the receiver with multiple (ideally
independent) looks of the same transmitted signal.
Each look is a diversity branch.
We assume M independent Rayleigh fading links
(frequency diversity, time diversity, ...)
We transmit the same symbol s across all links.
y
i
=
E
S
M
h
i
s + n
i
, i {1, . . . , M}
Diversity Gain (II)
The signal to noise ratio (SNR) is maximized by maximal
ratio combining
z =
M
i =1
h
i
y
i
assuming perfect channel knowledge at the receiver.
SNR is given by
=
1
M
M
i =1
|h
i
|
2
Diversity provides the receiver with multiple (ideally

independent) looks of the same transmitted signal.
Diversity Gain (III)
Assuming maximum likelihood (ML) detection the
corresponding symbol error probability is given by
P
e
N
e
Q
d
2
min
2
N
e
number of nearest neighbors
d
min
minimum distance of symbol constellation
Using the Chernoff bound Q(x) e
x
2
2
we obtain an upper
bound
P
e
N
e
e
(
1
M
M
i =1
|h
i
|
2
)
d
2
min
4M
for a specic channel realization.
Diversity Gain (IV)
Assuming h
i
is zero mean complex symmetric circular
Gaussian the average symbol error probability
P
e
N
e
M
i =1
1
1 +
d
2
min
4M
For high SNR it can be further simplied
P
e
N
e
d
2
min
4M
M
The diversity order M effects the slope of the symbol error
rate (SER) versus SNR curve.
Diversity Gain (V)
l
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
SNR[dB]
slope= -1
slope= -M
Diversity Combiners
Diversity provides the receiver with multiple (ideally:
independent) observations of the same transmitted signal.
Each observation is a diversity branch.
Receivers can exploit the diversity by combining these
diversity branches.
Several types of diversity combiners can be dened:
Random hopping
Selection combining (SC)
Equal gain combining (EGC)
Maximal ratio combining (MRC)
Coding Gain
Coding gain shifts the BER
curve horizontally to the left in a log-log plot (here: shift by
c
dB)
g
c
l
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
SNR[dB]
Diversity Gain
Diversity gain changes the slope of the BER curve vs.
SNR in a log-log plot.
The asymptotic slope at SNR is called diversity order
l
o
g
(
B
E
R
)
SNR[dB]
slope= -1
slope= -M
Coding Gain vs. Diversity Gain
The SNR advantage due to diversity gain M increases with
SNR.
The SNR advantage due to coding gain
c
does not
depend on SNR.
P
e

c
(
c
)
M
log(P
e
) logc M(log
c
+ log)
c . . . scaling constant
Receive Antenna Diversity (I)
Consider a system with a single Tx antenna and multiple
Rx antennas.
We assume at fading conditions
We assume the noise to be i.i.d., spatially white
y =
E
S
hs + n
where
h = [h
1
h
2
. . . h
M
R
]
T
We assume that the receiver knows the channel h
To maximize the received SNR, the receiver performs MRC
for calculating a scalar decision variable z from y
Receive Antenna Diversity (II)
The decision variable z is a linear combination of the
diversity branches y
1
, y
2
, ...., y
M
R
The combining weights are chosen proportionally to the
channel gains
z = h
H
y
=
E
S
h
H
hs + h
H
n
=
E
S
|h|
2
s + h
H
n
The SNR conditioned on the channel at the receiver is
= |h|
2
Receive Antenna Diversity (III)
We assume that the channel gains are random, i.i.d.
Large separation between the Rx antenna elements
Adjacent antenna elements are separated by more than the
coherence distance.
h
i
is zero mean, complex circularly symmetric Gaussian
The average probability of symbol error is bounded by
P
e
N
e
M
R
i
1
1
1 + d
2
min
/4
In the high SNR regime this becomes asymptotically
P
e
N
e
d
2
min
4
M
R
Receive Antenna Diversity (IV)
Thus, the diversity order is the number of Rx antennas
Furthermore, since
E
{|h|
2
} = M
R
, the average SNR at the
receiver (not conditioned on the channel) becomes
=
E
{} = M
R
Hence, the average SNR at the receiver is enhanced by a

factor of M
R
over a 1 1 link due to array gain
arraygain = 10 log
10
M
R
[dB]
Receive Antenna Diversity (V)
Summary
Receive diversity techniques are capable of extracting full
diversity gain and full array gain
The performance improvement is proportional to the
number of Rx antennas
The receiver needs to know the instantaneous channel
realization
Deploying multiple antennas at the receiver might be
unfeasible
Transmit Antenna Diversity
We assume the channel to be known to the receiver (as
before).
In the rst scenario, we assume the channel to be
unknown to the transmitter (as before).
In the second scenario, the transmitter knows the channel.
Tx Diversity: Alamouti-Scheme (I)
Transmit Diversity (2 Tx, 1 Rx)
Transmitter neednt to know the channel
Receiver must know (or estimate) both channels
h
1
h
2
Tx Diversity: Alamouti-Scheme (II)
Transmit Diversity (2 Tx, m Rx)
Transmitter neednt to know the channel
Receiver must know (or estimate) all 2m channels
Tx Diversity: Alamouti-Scheme (III)
s
*
n+1
,s
n
=
-s
*
n
,s
n+1
=
{.... s
*
6
s
5
s*
4
s
3
s*
2
s
1
}
{.... -s
*
5
s
6
-s*
3
s
4
-s*
1
s
2
}
Tx Diversity: Alamouti-Scheme (IV)
r
1
r
2
s
1
s
2
s
2
s
h
1
h
2
n
1
n
2
r[m] = S[m]h + n[m]

The 2 2 symbol block S has orthogonal columns.
Tx Diversity: Alamouti-Scheme (V)
r
1
r
h
1
h
2
h
2
h
s
1
s
2
n
1
n
y[m] = Hs[m] + n[m]

The 2 2 channel matrix H has orthogonal columns.
Zero forcing principle for detection:
s[m] =
1
|h
1
|
2
+|h
2
|
2
H
H
y[m]
Tx Diversity: Alamouti-Scheme (VI)
S.M. Alamouti, IEEE JSAC 16(8):1451-1458, Oct. 1998
Tx Diversity: Channel known at Tx
MISO communication systems (transmit beamforming)
Dual to Rx diversity: It can be seen as transmit-MRC.
Tx Diversity: Summary
Transmit diversity techniques are capable of extracting
full diversity gain and
full array gain if the channel realization is known at Tx side
The performance improvement is proportional to the
number of Tx antennas
To exploit the array gain, it is crucial that the transmitter
knows the instantaneous channel
It is difcult to obtain channel knowledge at the Tx side.
Channel estimation is impossible, prediction is required.
Exploitation of temporal coherence
Exploitation of frequency coherence
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 1
Array gain and diversit y order
Configurat ion Channel Expect ed
array gain
Diversit y
order
SI MO unknown at
Tx
M
R
M
R
SI MO known at Tx M
R
M
R
MI SO unknown at
Tx
1 M
T
MI SO known at Tx M
T
M
T
MI MO unknown at
Tx
M
R
M
R
M
T
MI MO known at Tx E{
max
} M
R
M
T
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 2
Channel known at Tx: MI MO ( I )
Consider a syst em wit h mult iple Tx ant ennas and mult iple
Rx ant ennas.
We assume flat fading condit ions
We assume t he noise t o be i. i. d. , spat ially whit e
We assume t hat Tx and Rx know t he channel h
To maximize t he received SNR, t he t ransmit t er uses
dominant eigenmode t ransmission
T M
S
M w w w
s E
T
= =
+ =
2
T
2 1
and ] ... [
where
w w
n Hw y
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 3
Channel known at Tx: MI MO ( I I )
Dominant eigenmode t ransmission
Similar t o t ransmit - MRC for MI SO syst ems
The same signal is t ransmit t ed from all Tx ant ennas using
weight vect or w .
The receiver combines t he Rx ant enna out put s using
anot her weight vect or g.
Goal: Maximizing t he SNR at t he receiver
condit ioned on t he channel
T
2 1
] ... [
where
R
M
H
g g g
z
=
=
g
y g
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 4
Channel known at Tx: MI MO ( I I I )
Maximizing t he SNR at t he receiver
condit ioned on t he channel
is maximized when w and g are chosen
proport ional t o t he dominant left and right
singular vect ors of H which belong t o
max
.

2
2
g
Hw g
T
H
M
=
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 5
Channel known at Tx: MI MO ( I V)
The maximum of is
2
max

2
max
=
max
is t he maximum eigenvalue of HH
H
.
The array gain of dominant eigenmode t ransmission is E{
max
}
Transmit - MRC for MI SO syst ems i s dominant eigenmode
t ransmission over a rank- 1 channel
n s E z
s E z
S
S
+ =
+ = =
max
H H H
becomes
n g Hw g y g
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 6
Channel known at Tx: MI MO ( V)
Not e:
Therefore, we get t he lower and upper bounds
For i. i. d. MI MO channel, we have
2
,
2
1
F
n m
mn
r
i
i
H H

= =
=

2
max
2
F
F
r
H
H

R T R T
R T
F
R T
M M M M
M M
M M r

=
=
) , max(
} E{
surely almost ) , min(
2
H
14.11.2007 ftw. 2007 Lect ure 4 7
Tx Diversit y: Summary
Transmit diversit y t echniques are capable of ext ract ing
- full diversit y gain and
- full array gain if t he channel realizat ion is known at Tx side
The performance improvement is proport ional t o t he
number of Tx ant ennas
For t he exploit at ion of array gain, it is crucial t hat t he
t ransmit t er knows t he channel
- Not j ust t he average channel, t he inst ant aneous channel
I t is difficult t o obt ain channel knowledge at t he Tx side:
channel est imat ion is impossible: predict ion is required
a) Exploit at ion of t emporal coherence
b) Exploit at ion of frequency coherence

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Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien

MIMO Communications (389.094), Lecture 4

Diversity provides the receiver with multiple (ideally

Hence, the average SNR at the receiver is enhanced by a

r[m] = S[m]h + n[m]

y[m] = Hs[m] + n[m]

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