Antennas

Simple array of two antennas Consider two identical parallel Hertzian dipoles separated by a distance d

z r2
r

i i 2

r1

2
I2

d 2

1
d 2
I1

x
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Antennas

The dipole currents have the same amplitude and total phase difference

I1 ( t ) = Io cos( t + 2) I2 ( t ) = Io cos( t 2)

phasor

I1 = Io e j 2 I 2 = I o e j 2

phasor

The electric farfield components at the observation point are

E1 i 1 E2 i 2

j Io z e 4 r1

j r1 + j 2

sin 1 sin 2
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j Io z e 4 r2

j r2 j 2

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At long distance, we have

r >> d 1 2 i 1 i 2 i d r2 r + cos 2

d r1 r cos 2

and the field components can be written as

E1 i E2 i

j Io z e j ( r ( d 2) cos ) + j 2 sin 4 ( r ( d 2) cos ) j Io z e j ( r + ( d 2) cos ) j 2 sin 4 ( r + ( d 2) cos )

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After applying the approximations, the two components can be combined to give the total electric field

j Io z sin j r E = E1 + E2 i e 4 r j ( d 2) cos + 2 ) j ( d 2) cos + 2 ) e ( +e (

The final result is

E i

j Io z sin j r d cos + e 2 cos 4 r 2

array factor

field of a Hertzian dipole located at the center of the array

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The resultant radiation pattern of the electric field is proportional to

sin
unit pattern

d cos + cos 2
group pattern

The unit pattern is proportional to the radiation pattern of the individual antennas, assumed to be identical. The group pattern is proportional to the radiation pattern the array would have with isotropic antennas. Note: on the xy plane, coincides with the azimuthal angle . Following are examples of twoantenna arrays with specific values of dipole distance and current phase difference.
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Antennas

d = /2

=0

Broad-side pattern z

z x x x

Unit Pattern

Group Pattern

Resultant Pattern

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Antennas

d = /2

=0

Broad-side pattern
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern

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Antennas

d = /2

= 180

End-fire pattern
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern

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Antennas

d = /4

= 90

Cardioid pattern
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern

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Antennas

d = /4

= 90

Cardioid pattern
Power Radiation Pattern

Radiation Pattern for E and H

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Antennas

d = /2

= 90
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern

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Antennas

d=

=0
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern

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Antennas

d=

= 180
Radiation Pattern for E and H Power Radiation Pattern

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Antennas

CASE STUDY - 1) A radio broadcast transmitter is located 15 km West of the city it needs to serve. The FCC standard is to have 25 mV/m electric field strength in the city. How much radiation power must be provided to a quarter wavelength monopole? We consider =90 for transmission in the plane perpendicular to the antenna

E = i

j e j r Imax cos90 cos 2 r sin 90 2

/ 2 dipole
Imax = 6.25 A

Imax E = 120 = 0.025 V/m 2 15, 000

In a monopole, the lower wire is substituted by the ground. The equivalent radiation resistance is half that of the corresponding dipole. Therefore, the total radiated power is half the power radiated by the half-wavelength dipole, for the same current.
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Monopole

/4
GROUND PLANE

A perfect ground would act like a metal surface, reflecting 100% of the signal. The ground creates an image of the missing wire delivering to a given point above the ground the same signal as a complete dipole. The transmission line connected to the antenna sees only half of the radiation resistance, with total radiated power:

1 2 2 73.07 Ptot = Imax 0.193978 / 2 = 0.5 6.25 = 713.6W 2 2

Req
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2) Improve the design by using a twoantenna array. A good choice of array parameters is

d = /4
phase(antenna B) phase(antenna A) = = 90
which gives a cardioid pattern

d
A B

15 km

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The Poynting vector is given by

P( t ) = i r

Imax
2 2 2

8 r sin
2

cos

cos 2

4 cos

d cos + 2

2 dipole Poynting vector

( array factor ) 2
cos 2

= ir

Imax
2 2 2

8 r sin

cos

4 cos

cos

( array factor ) 2

Note cos = sin cos

R cos

R sin cos
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R sin sin

R sin
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The total radiated power is

Only /2 because it is a monopole

2 2 2 Ptot = r sin d P( t ) d 0 0

2 2 Ptot = r 0

2 I max 2 cos cos sin d 8 2 r 2 sin 2 2

2 2 0 4cos 4 sin cos 4 d

( array factor )2
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The integral over the azimuthal angle gives

2 2 4 cos sin cos d 0 4 4

2 1 1 sin cos d =4 + cos 0 2 2 2 2

2 1 1 sin cos d = 4 =4 + sin 0 2 2 2

For a monopole, we only have the integral

2 d = 2 0

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In the direction of maximum

= 90 & = 90 array factor = 2

The same field strength (25 mV/m) is obtained by applying half the current of the original monopole to the array elements (also monopoles)

6.25 Imax = = 3.125 A 2

The total radiated power is proportional to the square of the current, and the integral over gives a factor 4 instead of 2 for the array. Overall, the total radiated power needed by the array, to produce the same electric field, is half that of the individual monopole

714 Ptot = = 357 W 2

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For a monopole Radiated Power = 0.51428.3127 = 714.155635 [ W ] Rad. Resistance = 0.573.129616 = 36.564808 [ ]

SAME FEEDING CURRENT FOR BOTH DIPOLE AND MONOPOLE

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For monopoles Radiated Power = 0.5714.1532 = 307.0766 [ W ]

SAME FEEDING CURRENTS FOR BOTH DIPOLES AND MONOPOLES

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Antennas

N-Element Antenna Array Assume a uniform array of N identical antennas. The elements are fed by currents with constant amplitude and with phase increasing by an amount from one to the other. The spacing d between the antennas is uniform.

r ( N 1) d cos

1 23 d

I (1) = Io ; I (2) = Io e j ; ; I ( N ) = Io e j( N 1)
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The electric field at the observation point (r,) is of the form

E( r, ) = Eo e j r + Eo e j ( r d cos ) e j + + Eo e j ( r ( N 1) d cos ) e j ( N 1) = Eo e j r 1 + e j( d cos + ) + + e j( N 1)( d cos + ) = Eo e 1 e jN ( d cos + ) j r 1 e j( d cos + )

N 1
We have used

n= 0
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e jn( d cos + ) =

1 e jN ( d cos + ) 1 e j ( d cos + )
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Antennas

The magnitude of the electric field is given by

E( r, ) = Eo

1 e jN ( d cos + ) 1 e j ( d cos + )

sin[ N( d cos + ) / 2] = Eo sin[( d cos + ) / 2]

array factor
We have used

1 e

jx

x jx 2 x = 2 j sin e = 2 sin 2 2

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We can rewrite

1 sin[ N ( d cos + ) / 2] E( r, ) = N Eo N sin[( d cos + ) / 2]

group pattern

The group pattern has

Maxima when Nulls

d cos + = 0, 2 , 4
for m = integer 0, N , 2 N ,

when N ( d cos + ) = 2 m

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Antennas

Examples Broadside array (plots on the azimuthal plane, with = 90)

2 dipoles

4 dipoles

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Antennas

8 dipoles

16 dipoles

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Antennas

End-fire array (plots on the azimuthal plane, with = 90)

2 dipoles

4 dipoles

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Antennas

8 dipoles

16 dipoles

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Antennas

Cardioid array (plots on the azimuthal plane, with = 90)

2 dipoles
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4 dipoles

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Antennas

8 dipoles

16 dipoles

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