08 - 1 Genprot

Chapter 8 Generator Protection
Power Generation Customer Training
Generator / Transformer Protection
Index
1 General .............................................................................................................................3 1.1 What is the purpose of the generator /transformer protection? ................................3 1.2 Which requirements must meet the generator / transformer protection? .................3 1.3 Which fault types are there? Which damages and endangering for the plant and staff resulting from it? ...........................................................................................................3 1.4 How is a generator / transformer protection built up, in principle and how does it work? 4 Digital generator protection from Siemens: Siprotec V4 ...................................................4 Operation Software DIGSI ...............................................................................................5 3.1 Overview...................................................................................................................5 3.2 Communication.........................................................................................................5 3.3 DIGSI Manager.........................................................................................................6 3.4 DIGSI Operating Tree .............................................................................................7 3.4.1 Device Configuration ............................................................................................7 3.4.2 Settings Group A ..................................................................................................8 3.5 Masking I/O - Device Matrix......................................................................................8 3.6 Continuous Function Chart CFC.............................................................................10 3.7 Commissioning Tool ...............................................................................................11 3.8 SIGRA: Visualisation and Analysis of Fault Records..............................................11 Single Line Diagram (Example) ......................................................................................12 4.1 Current transformer CT...........................................................................................13 4.2 Voltage/Potential Transformer VT / PT...................................................................13 Tripmatrix (Example).......................................................................................................14 Protective Functions........................................................................................................15 6.1 Rotor Earth Fault Protection (R/E/F) ANSI 64R......................................................15 6.2 Rotor Earth Fault Protection (R/E/F) with 1-3 Hz ANSI 64R 1-3Hz ........................16 6.3 90% Stator Earth Fault Protection (S/E/F) ANSI 64G.............................................17 6.4 100% Stator Earth Fault Protection (S/E/F) ANSI 64G-100% ................................18 6.5 Differential Protection ANSI 87G / 87T ...................................................................19 6.6 Overcurrent protection with voltage seal-in ANSI 50/51V.......................................20 6.7 Thermal (Stator) Overload ANSI 49........................................................................20 6.8 Unbalanced Load Protection ANSI 46 ....................................................................20 6.9 Impedance protection ANSI 21...............................................................................22 6.10 Out of Step Protection ANSI 78 ..............................................................................23 6.11 Reverse power protection ANSI 32R......................................................................25 6.12 Frequency protection ANSI 81................................................................................25 6.13 Overexcitation protection ANSI 24..........................................................................26 6.14 Underexcitation protection ANSI 40........................................................................26 6.15 Overvoltage protection ANSI 59 .............................................................................27 6.16 Undervoltage protection ANSI 27 ...........................................................................27 6.17 Inadvertent energizing protection ANSI 50 / 27 ......................................................27 6.18 Breaker failure protection ANSI 50BF.....................................................................27 6.19 DC Voltage / DC Current Protection ANSI 59NDC / 51NDC ..................................28 6.20 Fuse Failure Monitoring FFM..................................................................................28 6.21 Trip Circuit Supervision...........................................................................................29 6.21.1 Trip Circuit Supervision with two binary inputs ...............................................30 6.21.2 Trip Circuit Supervision with one binary contact .............................................31 6.22 External trip coupling ..............................................................................................32
2 3
4 5 6
Siemens AG Industry Sector, I IS IN ICS2 KHC P.O.Box 3240 D-91050 Erlangen E-Mail: ics2khc.industry@siemens.com
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General
Generators are high-quality machines for securing the best possible continuity of power supply. In addition to a Suitable technical design and responsible mode of operation, automatic protection facilities have to be provided. This protection must ensure a fast and selective detection of any faults in order to minimize their dangerous effects. The protective equipment must be designed so, that any serious fault will result in an immediate disconnection, de-excitation of the generator and in serious case turbine trip. Faults which do not cause any direct damage must be brought to the attention of the operating staff, enabling them to operate the unit outside the critical range or to take precautionary measures for shutdown.
1.1

What is the purpose of the generator /transformer protection?

The identification of electrical faults and inadmissible operating states which endangering persons or high property damages and can lead to the shut down the TG The stepping of the fault by selective end solving commands to the operating supplies concerned. The report and documentation of the appeared fault.
1.2

Which requirements must meet the generator / transformer protection?

Reliability: Faults must for certain be recognized and switched off before it can get from damages to endangering persons and system parts or to avoidable expansions. Selectivity: Fault type and location have to be recognized obviously and only the actual affected plant parts have to be switched off by the protection. Plant availability: is influenced by the two aforementioned demands Interruption and repair times of the plant must be avoided as well as missing triggering. Redundancy: For the most important protection functions (equipment technically independent) reserve functions shall be available (e.g. unit differential protection as reserve to the generator and block transformer differential protection).
1.3
Which fault types are there? Which damages and endangering for the plant and staff resulting from it?
Inner faults, e.g. stator ground fault, shortened winding in the generator: Requiring an immediate switching off of the operating supplies concerned since there is a damage for which an expansion has to be feared. Examination of the damage and repair of the operating supplies are in general necessary. Outer faults, e.g. net short circuit, unbalanced load, over load. Faults out side the power station which endangering it. The Endangering can be eliminated by decoupling from the grid and running on island mode. After elimination of the fault cause on the net side, an immediate re-synchronization to the grid is possible Faults on the side of the turbine, e.g. reverse power, over/under-frequency in island operation: Requiring an electrical and on the steam side a protection switching off of the turbo set. Otherwise the turbine is endangered mechanically itself. The auxiliary power supply from the grid is maintained. fault in the excitation system, e.g. breakdown of power supply, fault in the thyristor bridge or controller
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1.4

How is a generator / transformer protection built up, in principle and how does it work?
Measuring of current and voltage at the operating supplies with transformers. Measuring of the ground fault displacement voltage with an open-delta-voltagetransformer. Arithmetical evaluation of the measurand within the protection relay At detection of an error, tripping of marshaled command relays. Alarm report and disturbing value storage. Measuring/error inquiry from measurand/tripping given to electrical operating supplies and turbine.
Digital generator protection from Siemens: Siprotec V4

is based on a uniform basic device in a mounting rack. Are multifunction relays which covers the complete spectrum of the generator protection, with an easily comprehensible type program Are manual programmable about a frontal membrane keyboard or with the DIGSI software about a PC Offers the possibility to read out operational measurements as well as the disturbing value storage. Execute a constant monitoring of the measurement quantities, as well as continuous selfdiagnostics covering hardware and software of the device.
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3 Operation Software DIGSI 3.1 Overview

DIGSI
DIGSI Manager
(Administration of EVS products)
Device Configuration
Control & Monitoring

(incl. Comtrade Viewer)
Test & Control
Basic Package includes: Configuration Indication Commissioning Tools Control
Additional
(Help, Online-Docum., Password prot. in device, Installation)
Options packages for DIGSI

DIGRA
(Fault Evaluation, Measured value processing)
Display Editor
(Mimic display creation)
Graphic Tools
(Representation of zones & characteristics)
SIMATIC CFC
(Interlocking, Logic functions)
DIGSI Remote
(Remote-interrogation via Modem)
Expert Package includes: Logic Functions Remote Operation Mimic Display Disturbance Recording
3.2
Communication
or
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The DIGSI 4 Manager manages SIPROTEC devices including their data and communication connections. It can be used: To create a project, To structure the project (definition of the plant topology), To insert objects into a project structure and structure them hierarchically, To edit project structures by duplicating, moving and deleting objects, Archive, reorganize or delete projects.
3.3
DIGSI Manager
Double click on the relay (Office 7SJ621 V4.0) opens the connection faceplate
If you computer is connected to the SIPROTEC device, choose Direct, COM1 and Front. If you is not connected to the device, choose Offline, no additional changes has to be made.
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3.4
DIGSI Operating Tree
After all the data have been read in, the DIGSI 4 operating tree is builtup and the device window is displayed.
These objects can be used to carry out the following actions: Parameterizing Displaying process data Performing operator actions Executing test functions
3.4.1 Device Configuration The device configuration is to enable, disable and to specify protection functions
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3.4.2 Settings Group A

When a protection function is enabled, the values has to be set in Settings Group A, e.g. Unbalanced Load
3.5
Masking I/O - Device Matrix
The device matrix is a versatile tool for configuring and editing the information of a SIPROTEC 4 device. The term "information" includes the quantities used for the DIGSI 4 CFC logic functions in addition to the measured values, metered values, indications and commands of the SIPROTEC device. The device matrix is only processed with DIGSI 4. You can have the configuration displayed, but not change it, at the display of the device.
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The source designates the origin of an information which the device receives for further processing. Sources are: Binary input BI Analog input Function key CFC System interface Optocoupler input for entering binary process indications. The number of binary inputs is device-specific. Transducer input for detecting analog process signals for voltage and current. The number of voltage and current values is device-specific. For linking the operation of a function key at the operator control panel of the SIPROTEC 4 device to the issuing of an input indication, for example the initiation of a switching operation. Result of a user-defined DIGSI 4 CFC (Continuous Function Chart) logic function. Information from a control center via the system interface.
The destination specifies to which component an information is forwarded. Destinations are: Binary output LED System interface CFC Buffer Relay for outputting a binary signal. The number of binary outputs is device specific. Destination of various indication types. The number of LED's is devicespecific. Information to a control center via the system interface. Input information for further processing by DIGSI 4 CFC. Indications which are to be saved in the SIPROTEC 4 device in the operational indication buffer, ground fault indication buffer, network fault buffer or warning buffer.
Configuring a Single Point Indication: Select one of the following options: HL_(active with voltage) The indication is created if a signal is applied to the binary input. (active without voltage) The indication is created when no signal is applied to the binary input. (not configured) The indication is not linked with the binary input.
Configuring Double Point Indications: Select one of the following options: X_(configured) The indication is created if a signal is applied to the binary input. (not configured) The indication is not linked with the binary input.
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3.6
Continuous Function Chart CFC
The DIGSI 4 CFC program is used to create logic operations ingraphical form, such as interlock conditions or limit monitoring of measured values. Device-specific CFC functions are in part implemented in the basic parameter settings at the factory. Generic logic blocks (AND, OR, NAND, etc.) and the analog blocks created specially for the requirements of process control engineering (for example UPPER_SETPOINT, LOWER_SETPOINT, etc.) can be used to create your own logic operations. The blocks are interconnected to CFC programs which, for example, Perform plant-specific checks, Generate indications when measured values approach a critical range or Form group messages for transfer to higher-level control centers.
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3.7
Commissioning Tool
The commissioning tool is only active in online mode. Binary- in and -outputs can be activated Danger: the related protection functions are activated !
3.8
SIGRA: Visualisation and Analysis of Fault Records
Analog Wave Forms Circle Diagrams Harmonic Components Synchronized Views
Measuring Tools Zoom Functions Display of Binary I/Os
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Single Line Diagram (Example)
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4.1
Current transformer CT
- ratio 11000/1 A - maximum burden 30VA - for Protection circuits - 20(5) times overcurrent will result in a 5(0,2) % deviation
!!! always short-out a CT !!!
4.2
Voltage/Potential Transformer VT / PT
- ratio 20000/110 - minimum burden 45(100)VA - Class 0.2% deviation - P for Protection circuits - can withstand 3 times overvoltage !!! never short-out a VT !!!
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Tripmatrix (Example)
Binary Outputs: BO 6/7 BO 8 BO 11/12 PDP
GeneratorCB De Excitation Turbine Trip Profibus DP
Binary Inputs: BI 1 BI 2 BI 3
Trip from Exc.. Trip from Trasf. eg. Cooling leakage
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6 6.1
Protective Functions Rotor Earth Fault Protection (R/E/F) ANSI 64R

protection for the entire excitation circuit of the generator rotor; symmetrical capacitive coupling of a system frequency AC voltage (50Hz) into the excitation circuit; Calculation of the fault resistance from the impedance; Alarm stage directly adjustable in Ohms (rotor-earth resistance); Measurement circuit supervision (minimum capacitive loading current) with alarm output Setting: eg. RREF 20 k - Alarm; RREF 5 k - Trip
Connection example
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6.2

Rotor Earth Fault Protection (R/E/F) with 1-3 Hz ANSI 64R 1-3Hz
the rotor earth fault protection works with a direct voltage of approx. 50 V, the polarity of which is reversed between 1 and 4 times per second, depending on the setting. This voltage is symmetrically coupled to the excitation circuit via high-resistance resistors, and at the same time connected to the earthing brush. Every time the polarity of the direct voltage Ug is reversed, a charging current Ig is driven across the resistor unit into the rotor-earth capacitors of the excitation circuit. In the presence of a rotor earth fault, a continuous earth current flows whose intensity is determined by the fault resistance. The use of a low-frequency square-wave voltage eliminates the influence of the rotorearth capacitors and ensures at the same time a sufficient margin against interference signals from the interference frequencies of the excitation system. A drop of the charging current allows to detect defects in the measurement circuit such as wire breaks, poor brush contact etc. Setting: eg. RREF 20 k - Alarm; RREF 5 k - Trip
Connection example
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6.3
90% Stator Earth Fault Protection (S/E/F) ANSI 64G

Measurement of phase- to-earth voltage and calculation of zero sequence voltage with a open delta voltage transformer or a neutral grounding transformer This principle results in a protected zone of 90%to 95%of the stator winding. Setting: e.g. V0 = 10% of Unsec; 0.1 x 110V = 11V
Voltage distribution at the stator coils
UE
ZE
UE
IE = 3
UE ZE
90%
Connecting principle: open delta voltage transformer
Open delta transformer
Connecting principle: neutral grounding transformer
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6.4

100% Stator Earth Fault Protection (S/E/F) ANSI 64G-100%

An external low-frequency alternating voltage source (20 Hz, square wave) injects into the generator star point a voltage of max. 1 %of the rated generator voltage. From the driving voltage USEF and the fault current ISEF, the protective relay determines the fault resistance. The protection detects earth faults at the generator star point, terminals, including connected components such as voltage transformers. 20Hz generator must be switched of during standstill by binary input to prevent electrical hazards. (eg. 1% of 15kV = 150V at the generator stator injected by the 20Hz generator)
! for neutral transformer: connection a,b has to be changed !
Connecting principle: 100% S/E/F protection with 20Hz generator, connected to earthing transformer or neutral transformer
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6.5

Differential Protection ANSI 87G / 87T

Tripping characteristic with current restraint; High degree of sensitivity; Insensitivity to DC components and current transformer saturation; High degree of stability even with different degrees of CT saturation; Restraint feature against high inrush currents with 2nd harmonics; Restraint feature against transient and steady-state fault currents with 3rd or 5th harmonics;
Measuring principle differential current: stabilization or restraining current: healthy generator: Idiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 I1| = 0 Istab= |I1|+ |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2 |I1| Internal fault: Idiff = |I1+ I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2 |I1| Istab =|I1|+ |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2 |I1| Idiff = |I1 + I2| Istab = |I1| + |I2|
Tripping characteristic
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6.6

Overcurrent protection with voltage seal-in ANSI 50/51V

Two instantaneous (Definite-Time) overcurrent elements for phase protection Voltage seal-in to avoid that the relay drops out again 2.Stage as backup protection for short circuits at the grid. Must be coordinated with switchyard protection. Setting: e.g. 1.Stage: 140% IN / 3.5 sec 2.Stage: 350% IN / 0.3 sec Voltage seal-in: 80% UN
6.7

Thermal (Stator) Overload ANSI 49

Temperature rise of the protected equipment is calculated using a thermal homogeneous model that takes into account energy entering the equipment and energy losses. Thermal overload protection has full memory capability. Adjustable warning levels based on temperature rise and current magnitude
6.8

Unbalanced Load Protection ANSI 46

Evaluation of negative sequence component of the three phase currents; Alarm stage when a set unbalanced load is exceeded; Thermal replica for rotor temperature rise with adjustable negative sequence factor K and adjustable time for cool down; high-speed trip stage for large unbalanced loads Setting: e.g. permissible unbalanced load, I2>: 10% IN high speed trip I2>>: 50% IN
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Thermal characteristic:
Tripping characteristic: unbalanced load
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6.9

Impedance protection ANSI 21

Phase selective overcurrent fault detection with undervoltage seal-in; Calculated from measured generator voltage and generator current 1 impedance zone Z1, 1 overreach zone for zone extension Z1B (controlled via signal Generator C.B. is ON), Polygonal tripping characteristics
Tripping characteristic impedance protection
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6.10 Out of Step Protection ANSI 78

In extensive high-voltage networks, short-circuits which are not disconnected quickly enough, or disconnection of coupling links which may result in an increasing of the coupling reactance, may lead to system swings. These consist of power swings which endanger the stability of the power transmission. Stability problems result in particular from active power swings which can lead to pole-slipping and thus to overloading of the synchronous machines. Power swing detection Is based on the impedance measurement The trajectory of the complex impedance vector is evaluated. Trip decision is made dependent of the rate of change of the impedance vector and on the location of the electrical centre of the power swing.
Equivalent of power swing With :
Z( m ) =
U( m ) I(m ) U( G ) U(N) Z( tot )
I(m ) = I =
U(m ) = U( G ) (mZ( tot )I); U( G ) = U( G )e j G ; U(N) = U(N)e jN; = G N 1 = m Z tot UN j 1 U e G
Z( m )
where is the displacement angle between the generator voltage and the network equivalent voltage. Under normal conditions, this angle depends on the load situation and is nearly constant. It fluctuates during power swings and can vary, in case of an out-of-step condition, between 0 and 360.
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Polygonal Out-of-Step Characteristic and Typical Power Swing Occurrences
An out-of-step condition requires, additionally, that the impedance vector enters a power swing characteristic at one side and leaves it at the other side (loss of synchronism, cases and ). This is characterized in that the real component of the impedance (or its component rectangular to the symmetrical axis P has changed its sign while passing through the characteristic. It is also possible for the impedance vector to enter and leave the power swing polygon at the same side. In this case, power swing tends to be stabilized (cases and ) The resonance frequency for power swing is around 1.3Hz for most power grids.
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6.11 Reverse power protection ANSI 32R

Prevents the generator to run as a motor driving the turbine, taking the required motoring energy from the network. This condition leads to overheating of the turbine blades Reverse power protection is also used for normal shut down to prevent the turbinegenerator-unit from overspeed in case of defect shut valves. Calculation of power from positive sequence components; Highly sensitive active power measurement (detection of small motoring powers even with small power factor Cos Phi, angle error correction); Independent long-time stage and short-time stage with turbine tripped Standard setting: 50% of max. reverse power taken from grid - 13% Sn / 10sec without stop valve - 13% Sn / 1sec with stop valve
6.12 Frequency protection ANSI 81

Three of the independently adjustable elements are applied for underfrequency alarm and trip (with time delay) One is adjustable for overfrequency Insensitive to harmonics and abrupt phase angle changes; Adjustable undervoltage blocking
Setting example:
fN 50Hz 48Hz 47Hz 49,5Hz 52Hz fN 60Hz 58Hz 57Hz 59,5Hz 62Hz time 1sec 6sec 20sec 10sec trip Disconnect from grid shutdown alarm alarm or trip
F1 F2 F3 F4
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6.13 Overexcitation protection ANSI 24

increase of induction leads to saturation and eddy losses core heats up Calculation of the ratio U/f; Adjustable warming an tripping stage; Characteristic selectable for calculation of the thermal stress by 8 value pairs
B~ B
U f U = UNMach U f f fN
BNMach
6.14 Underexcitation protection ANSI 40

maloperation of excitation system / step up transformer may result in a reduction of the excitation required to ensure system stability below a predetermined minimum value Conductance measurement from positive sequence components; Multi step characteristic for steady state and dynamic stability limits
Admittance diagramm of a Turbo Generator (please compare with reactive capability of generator)
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6.15 Overvoltage protection ANSI 59

serves to protect the electrical machine from the effects of impermissible voltage increases caused by incorrect manual operation of the excitation system, faulty operation of the automatic voltage regulator, (full) load shedding of a generator Two-stage overvoltage measurement, evaluation of the highest of the three phase-tophase voltages / 4sec Setting: e.g. U> 115% UN U>> 140% UN / 1sec
6.16 Undervoltage protection ANSI 27

The undervoltage element measures the positive sequence voltage. Faults could be related to system stability problems It is used to ensure an open generator breaker in case of a total blackout, too. Setting: e.g. U> 70% UN / 4sec
6.17 Inadvertent energizing protection ANSI 50 / 27

Limit damages by accidental connection of the standing or already started, but not yet synchronized generator by a fast actuation of the mains breaker. Fault evaluation with voltage U< and current I>>
a) Trip after inadvertent energizing
b) Unit connection
6.18 Breaker failure protection ANSI 50BF

monitors the reaction of a circuit breaker to a trip signal. To determine if the circuit breaker has properly opened in response to a trip signal, one of the following methods is used to ascertain the status of the circuit breaker: Checking whether the current in all three phases drops below a set threshold following a trip command, Evaluating the position of a circuit breaker auxiliary contact. Opens a higher-level circuit breaker after a programmable time delay (breaker failure),
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Functional Principle of the Breaker Failure Protection Function
6.19 DC Voltage / DC Current Protection ANSI 59NDC / 51NDC

The DC voltage/DC current protection is used for the detection of earth faults in the DC section of the start-up converter of a gas turbine set. If an earth fault occurs in the startup converter circuit, a current flows through all earthed parts of the system because of the DC voltage. As earthing and neutral transformers have a lower ohmic resistance than voltage transformers, the thermal load is the highest on them. As shown in the connecting principle, the DC current is converted into a voltage in a shunt, and fed via a shunt converter to the measuring transducer of the device.
Surge
150mV/ 420mV
Connection principle
6.20 Fuse Failure Monitoring FFM

Monitors faults in the VT circuit like broken wire, blown high voltage fuse, tripped MCB
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Faults in the VT circuit effects voltage dependent protections When a fuse failure is monitored, the voltage dependent protections are blocked to prevent unwanted operations. The detection is based on the fact a significant negative phase sequence system is formed with regard to the voltage during a 1- or 2-pole voltage failure, without influencing the current. This enables a clear distinction from asymmetries impressed by the power system.
Logik Diagram of undervoltage protection with FFM
6.21 Trip Circuit Supervision

detects interruptions in the trip circuit and loss of control voltage, it also monitors the response of the circuit breaker using the position of the circuit breaker auxiliary contacts. Monitoring with binary inputs Depending on the conditions of the trip contact and the circuit breaker, the binary inputs are activated (logical condition H) or not activated (logical condition L).
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6.21.1 Trip Circuit Supervision with two binary inputs
Connection principle
No. 1 2 3 4
Trip Contact Open Open Closed Closed
Circuit Breaker CLOSED OPEN CLOSED OPEN
AuxCont 1 Closed Open Closed Open
AuxCont 2 Open Closed Open Closed
BI 1 H H L L
BI 2 L H L H
Condition table for binary inputs
Logic Diagram for Trip Circuit Monitoring with Two Binary Inputs
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6.21.2 Trip Circuit Supervision with one binary contact

When only one binary input is used, malfunctions in the circuit breaker itself cannot be detected.
Connecting principle
Trip Logic
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6.22 External trip coupling

up to four signals from external protection or supervision units can be incorporated into the processing of 7UM62 for recording and processing of external trips; applied for trip by excitation system and for example from transformer Buchholz protection and transformer temperature
Example:
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Chapter 8 Generator Protection

Power Generation Customer Training

Generator / Transformer Protection

Generator / Transformer Protection

What is the purpose of the generator /transformer protection?

Which requirements must meet the generator / transformer protection?

Generator / Transformer Protection

Digital generator protection from Siemens: Siprotec V4

Generator / Transformer Protection

3 Operation Software DIGSI 3.1 Overview

Control & Monitoring

Test & Control

Basic Package includes: Configuration Indication Commissioning Tools Control

Options packages for DIGSI

Generator / Transformer Protection

Generator / Transformer Protection

DIGSI Operating Tree

Generator / Transformer Protection

3.4.2 Settings Group A

Masking I/O - Device Matrix

Generator / Transformer Protection

Generator / Transformer Protection

Continuous Function Chart CFC

Generator / Transformer Protection

SIGRA: Visualisation and Analysis of Fault Records

Analog Wave Forms Circle Diagrams Harmonic Components Synchronized Views

Measuring Tools Zoom Functions Display of Binary I/Os

Generator / Transformer Protection

Single Line Diagram (Example)

Generator / Transformer Protection

!!! always short-out a CT !!!

Generator / Transformer Protection

Binary Outputs: BO 6/7 BO 8 BO 11/12 PDP

GeneratorCB De Excitation Turbine Trip Profibus DP

Trip from Exc.. Trip from Trasf. eg. Cooling leakage

Generator / Transformer Protection

Protective Functions Rotor Earth Fault Protection (R/E/F) ANSI 64R

Generator / Transformer Protection

Generator / Transformer Protection

90% Stator Earth Fault Protection (S/E/F) ANSI 64G

Voltage distribution at the stator coils

Connecting principle: open delta voltage transformer

Open delta transformer

Connecting principle: neutral grounding transformer

Generator / Transformer Protection

100% Stator Earth Fault Protection (S/E/F) ANSI 64G-100%

! for neutral transformer: connection a,b has to be changed !

Generator / Transformer Protection

Differential Protection ANSI 87G / 87T

Generator / Transformer Protection

Overcurrent protection with voltage seal-in ANSI 50/51V

Thermal (Stator) Overload ANSI 49

Unbalanced Load Protection ANSI 46

Generator / Transformer Protection

Tripping characteristic: unbalanced load

Generator / Transformer Protection

Impedance protection ANSI 21

Tripping characteristic impedance protection

Generator / Transformer Protection

6.10 Out of Step Protection ANSI 78

Equivalent of power swing With :

U( m ) I(m ) U( G ) U(N) Z( tot )