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Bile is a yellow-green fluid that is made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder and passes through the common bile duct into the duodenum where it helps digest fat. The principal components of bile are cholesterol, bile salts, and the pigment bilirubin. The liver secretes about 700 ml of bile each day. Bile contains no digestive enzymes, but it plays an important role in digestion by diluting and neutralizing stomach acid and by dramatically increasing the efficiency of fat digestion and absorption. Digestive enzyme cannot act efficiently on large fat globules. Bile salts emulsify fats, breaking the fat globules into smaller droplets, much like the action of detergents in dishwater. The small droplets are more easily digested by digestive enzyme. Bile also contains excretory products such as bile pigments, cholesterol and fats. Bilirubin is a bile pigment that results from the breakdown of hemoglobin.
bile pigments such as bilirubin. Bile pigments a group of substance that contributes to the color of bile, which may range from a yellowish to brown.
2. Bitter in taste
II- Chemical Composition of the Bile Bile is a yellowish green viscous liquid with a pH of 7.8 to 8.6.Because it is alkaline, it serves to neutralize the acid entering from the stomach. Primarily, bile contains bile salts, bile pigment, and cholesterol. Biliary sludge is most commonly composed of cholesterol monohydrate crystals, calcium bilirubinate granules, or other calcium salts embedded in strands of gallbladder mucus. Proteins and xenobiotics, such as ceftriaxone, are also important components. Sludge contains a large proportion of undefined residue, protein-lipid complexes, and mucin. Calcium bilirubinate granules are almost invariably present, and bilirubin is usually found in its unconjugated, least soluble form. The source of the unconjugated bilirubin is controversial. Bilirubin is excreted by the liver mainly in its diglucuronide form, but small amounts of the monoglucuronide and unconjugated forms are also seen. The enzyme glucuronidase, which deconjugates bilirubin, may be important. Conditions, in which the activity of this enzyme is increased, such as chronic low-grade biliary infection, are associated with pigment gallstones. -glucuronidase has also been identified in uninfected bile, probably having originated in the biliary epithelium. Nonenzymatic hydrolysis of bilirubin may occur. The chemical composition of sludge varies with the clinical situation. In the general population, sludge is composed of calcium bilirubinate and cholesterol monohydrate crystals in various proportions. In patients receiving total parenteral nutrition, sludge consists primarily of calcium bilirubinate; in pregnant women, cholesterol monohydrate predominates. In patients receiving high-dose ceftriaxone therapy, sludge is composed of calcium-ceftriaxone complexes.