Time

: 3 hrs.
(i) All questions are compulsory. (ii) Marks for each question are indicated against it. (iii) Question numbers 1 to 8 are very short-answer questions and carry 1 mark each. (iv) Question numbers 9 to 18 are short-answer questions and carry 2 marks each. (v) Question numbers 19 to 27 are also short-answer questions and carry 3 marks each. (vi) Question numbers 28 to 30 are long-answer questions and carry 5 marks each. (vii) Use Log Tables, if necessary. Use of calculators is not allowed.

Marks : 70 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Define desorption.

[1]

2. State one difference between physisorption and chemisorption. [1] 3. Define peptisation. What is colloidion? [1] 4. What do you mean by Brownian movement and the Tyndall effect? [1] 5. What is a gangue? 6. What is liquation? 7. What is meant by leaching? 9. What is a slag? 10. Describe the principle of Mond process. 11. Explain the term Bessemerisation. [1] [1] [1] [2] [2] [2]

16. How does chemical adsorption of a gas on a solid vary with temperature? [2] 17. Explain why lyophilic sols are relatively more stable than lyophobic sols. [2] 18. Which of two He and Ne, gets adsorbed on the surface of charcoal more readily, and why? [2] OR Explain the term dialysis with a suitable example. [2] [3]

19. Describe between minerals and ores.

8. Give formula of (i) haematite, (ii) magnetite. [1]

20. Explain the following processes with example: (a) van-Arkel method (b) Magnetic separation [3] 21. How can you separate alumina from silica in a bauxite ore associated with silica ? Give equations, if any. [3] 22. Explain the electrolytic refining for the purification of copper. [3] 23. What is the difference between a sol and emulsion. Give one example of each type. What is the role of emulsifier in forming emulsion? [3] 24. What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalysts? [3]

12. (a) Name three ores which are concentrated by froth-floatation process. (b) What is the role of a depressant in froth floatation process? [2] 13. Describe the liquation method used in the purification of metals. [2] 14. What are zeolites? 15. Define gold number. 24 Chemistry tODAy |
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25. Explain the following observations: (i) Sun looks red at the time of setting. (ii) Rate of physical adsorption decreases with rise of temperature. (iii) Physical adsorption is multilayered while chemical adsorption is monolayered. [3] 26. Distinguish between the meaning of the term adsorption and absorption. Give one example of each. [3] 27. Give the difference between condensation methods for the preparation of lyophobic sols. [3] OR Comment on the statement that colloid is not a substance but a state of substance. [3]

28. What is an adsorption isotherm? Describe Freundlich adsorption isotherm. [5] OR What is the difference between physisorption and chemisorption? [5]

29. Write a few properties of colloidal solutions. [5] OR Give applications of colloids in detail. [5] 30. Outline the principles of refining of metals by the following methods. (i) Zone refining (ii) Electrolytic refining (iii) Vapour phase refining. [5] OR (a) Describe the principle of froth floatation process. What is the role of a stabilizer and depressant? Give one example each. (b) Giving examples, differentiate between roasting and calcination. [5] SolutionS 1. The reverse process of adsorption i.e., removal of an adsorbate from the surface of adsorbent is known as desorption. 2. Physisorption has weak van der Waals type forces and chemisorption has strong chemical bond type forces between adsorbate and adsorbent. 3. Peptisation is the process of converting the precipitate into colloidal particles on adding a suitable electrolyte. Colloidion is a 4% solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcohol and ether. 4. Brownian movement is the continuous zig-zag movement of colloidal particles in a colloidal sol. Tyndall effect is the phenomenon involving the scattering of light by colloidal particles.

5. The earthly and siliceous impurities associated with the ores is called gangue. 6. Liquation is a method of refining of metals and is used when the impurities are not miscible with the metal and the melting temperature of the metal is lower than that of the impurities. 7. The process in which a particular mineral is dissolved selectively by using acids, bases or other reagents. 8. (i) Fe2O3, (ii) Fe3O4 9. A slag is an easily fusible material which is formed when gangue still present in the roasted or the calcined ore combines with the flux. For example, in the metallurgy of iron, CaO(flux) combines with silica gangue to form easily fusible calcium silicate (CaSiO3) slag. CaCO3 CaO + CO2 ; CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3 (slag) 10. Mond process : It is a process used for purification of nickel. Impure Ni is treated with carbon monoxide to form tetracarbonyl nickel which on heating gives pure nickel. 11. The process of passing a hot blast of air through an impure molten metal in a bessemer converter to oxidise impurities is called bessemerisation. 12. (a) (i) Zinc blende, ZnS, (ii) Copper pyrites, CuFeS2, (iii) Galena, PbS are the three ores which are concentrated by froth-floatation process. (b) Depressant is a substance used to prevent certain type of particles from forming the froth with the bubbles. e.g., NaCN. 13. A low melting metal like tin can be made to flow on a sloping surface and thus separated from higher melting impurities. This method is based on the principle of difference in melting point of the metal and the impurities. 14. Zeolites are aluminosilicates, i.e., three dimensional network silicates in which some silicon atoms are replaced by aluminium atoms. They are shape selective catalysts, i.e., only those molecules having a size, small enough to pass through their pores are adsorbed by them. 15. The minimum quantity in milligrams, of protective colloid which is just sufficient to prevent coagulation of 10 mL of standard gold sol when 1 mL of 10% solution of NaCl is added to it, is known as gold number.
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16. Initially the extent of adsorption increases with temperature (to meet the activation energy) and then it decreases due to exothermic nature of adsorption.

17. In lyophilic sols, there is more force of attraction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium whereas, in lyophobic sols there is no force of attraction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium. 18. Ne will get adsorbed to more extent because it has large surface area, therefore, more van der Waals forces of attraction, easily liquefiable as compared to He. It has higher critical temperature. OR Dialysis : It is a process in which colloidal solution containing ionic impurities is purified using semipermeable membrane which allows the passage of ions but not colloidal particles. e.g., If egg albumin sol is mixed with sodium chloride solution, Na + and Cl ions can pass through semipermeable membrane whereas pure colloidal solution will be obtained. 19. The naturally occurring chemical substances in the form of which metals occur in the earths crust along with impurities are called minerals. The mineral from which the metal can be extracted conveniently and profitably is called an ore. Thus, all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores. For example, aluminium occurs in earths crust in the form of two minerals, i.e., bauxite (Al2O3xH2O) and clay (Al2O32SiO22H2O). Out of these two minerals, Al can be conveniently and economically extracted from bauxite. Therefore, bauxite is the ore of aluminium. 20. (a) van-Arkel method : It is the process in which metal is reacted with suitable reagent to form volatile compound which readily changes into metal, e.g., Ti and Zr are purified by this method.

over magnetic roller. The ore leaves the band and falls from it. The particles are attracted by the magnetic field and form a separated pile. This method is used to separate tungsten ore particles from cassiterite (SnO2). This method is also used for separating other transition metal ores such as magnetite (Fe3O4), chromite (FeOCr2O3) and pyrolusite (MnO2) from unwanted gangue. 21. The bauxite ore containing SiO2 as an impurity is leached with sodium hydroxide at 473-523 K and 35-36 bar pressure. Al2O3 forms sodium aluminate while SiO2 forms sodium silicate. Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] SiO2 + 2NaOH + 2H2O Na2[Si(OH)6] The sodium aluminate in solution is neutralised by CO2 gas and hydrated Al2O3 is precipitated. 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 2CO2 Al2O3xH2O + 2NaHCO3 The sodium silicate remains in the solution. Al2O3xH2O on heating gives pure Al2O3. Al2O3xH2O Al2O3 (s) + xH2O 22. Impure copper can be purified by electrolytic refining. The anode is of impure copper while cathode is made up of pure copper. Electrolyte is the solution of metal salt. On passing electricity, the metal from the anode goes into the solution as Cu2+ ions while pure metal gets deposited at the cathode. The impurities settle down below anode as anode mud. The reactions involved are: Anode : Impure Cu Cu2+ + 2e (impurities) 2+ Cathode : Cu + 2e Cu (pure) 23. Sol is the colloidal solution of solid in liquid, i.e., solid is dispersed phase whereas dispersion medium is liquid. e.g., starch sol, paint. Emulsion is liquid in liquid colloidal dispersion, i.e., both dispersed phase and dispersion medium are liquids, e.g., milk. Emulsifier stabilizes emulsion, e.g. soap solution is emulsifier in emulsion of oil, dirt, grease in water. 24. Activity of catalyst : The ability of a catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction is called activity. For example, H2 + 1/2 O2 No reaction H2 + 1/2 O2 + [Pt] H2O + [Pt] (explosion and very fast reaction takes place) Selectivity of catalyst : It is the ability of a catalyst to direct a reaction to yield a particular product. For example, both dehydrogenation and dehydration of ethanol are possible. But in presence of a suitable catalyst only one reaction is made to occur. CH3CH2OH CH3CHO + H2 (dehydrogenation) Contd. on page No. 71

(b) Magnetic separation : This method is based on magnetic and non-magnetic properties of two components of the ore (pure, impure). The ground ore is carried on a travelling band which passes
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Contd. from page No. 26 CH3CH2OH CH2 CH2 + H2O (dehydration) 25. (i) At the time of setting, the sun is at horizon. The light emitted by the sun has to travel a relatively longer distance through the atmosphere. As a result, blue part of light is scattered away by the particulates in the atmosphere causing red part to visible. (ii) Gas (adsorbate) + solid (adsorbent) gas adsorbed on solid + heat Physical adsorption is an exothermic process. At equilibrium as the temperature is increased, by Le Chateliers principle, equilibrium shifts in the backward direction, i.e., adsorption decreases. (iii) Physical adsorption involves van der Waals forces, so any number of layers may be formed one over the other on the surface of the adsorbent. Chemical adsorption takes place as a result of the reaction between adsorbent and adsorbate. When the surface of adsorbent is covered with one layer, no further reaction can take place. 26. Differences of Adsorption and Absorption Adsorption 1. I t i s a s u r f a c e p h e n o m e n o n . Adsorbate molecules are held at the surface of adsorbent. The concentration of the adsorbate at the adsorbent surface is much more than that in the bulk. Absorption A b s o r p t i o n o c c u r s i n t h e bulk of absorbing substance. Absorbed material i s u n i f o r m l y d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h o u t the bulk. Thus, concentration is same throughout. Absorption occurs w i t h u n i f o r m rate. Example : Water v a p o u r s a r e a b s o r b e d b y anhydrous CaCl2.

etc. Icecreams are prepared on this principle. (b) Condensation of hot vapours under liquid phase: The vapours of certain substances when passed into cooled dispersion medium, sols of vapours are obtained. Mercury and sulphur sols can be prepared by this method. (c) Exchange of solvent : When a solution is shaken with other solvent in which solute present in solution is less soluble but solution is soluble, it changes into colloidal solution. When sulphur or phosphorus solution in alcohol are mixed with water in which they are less soluble, colloidal solution of sulphur or phosphorus is obtained. Chemical methods : In all chemical methods, giving rise to insoluble reaction products, can be converted into sols in presence of suitable stabilizers. (a) Oxidation : The sol of sulphur can be obtained by the oxidation of H2S. When H2S is passed in bromine water or dilute HNO3, sulphur sol is obtained. H2S + Br2 2HBr + S (colloidal) Similarly, HIO3 + 5HI 3H2O + 3I2 (b) Reduction : Gold sol can be made by reducing its salt by stannous chloride or formaldehyde etc. 2AuCl3 + 3SnCl2 3SnCl4 + 2Au (c) Hydrolysis : Sols of metal hydroxides are prepared by this method. For example, when AlCl3 or FeCl3 is treated with boiling water, sol of Al(OH)3 or Fe(OH)3 is obtained. FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl (d) Double decomposition : Sols of As2S3 and HgS can be prepared by passing H2S into saturated solutions of these salts. As2O3 + 3H2S As2S3 + 3H2O
(sol) (sol) (colloidal) (colloidal)

2.

3.

I n i t i a l l y r a t e o f adsorption is rapid. It decreases slowly t i l l e q u i l i b r i u m i s attained. E x a m p l e : Wa t e r vapours on silica gel.

Hg(CN)2 + H2S

(sol)

HgS + 2HCN

27. In condensation methods the smaller particles (molecular size) are converted into aggregates having colloidal size. Condensation methods involve physical as well as chemical methods. Physical methods: (a) By excessive cooling : Colloidal ice can be prepared by chilling a mixture of water and organic solvent like chloroform, ether or pentane

OR Colloid is not a substance but it is a state of substance. This statement means a particular substance may exist as a colloid under certain conditions and as a crystalloid under other conditions. For example, sodium chloride in water behaves as a crystalloid while in benzene, it behaves as a colloid. Similarly, dilute soap solution behaves like a crystalloid while the concentrated solution behaves as a colloid (called associated colloid). It is the size of the particle that decides
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the state in which the substance exists. If the size of the particles lies in the range of 10 nm to 100 nm, it is in the colloidal state. 28. A plot between the amount of gas adsorbed per gram of adsorbent (x/m) and the pressure of the adsorbate at constant temperature is called adsorption isotherm. Freundlich adsorption isotherm x ... (i) = kP1/ n (at moderate pressure) m where x is the amount of gas adsorbed by m gram of the adsorbent at a pressure P, while k and n are constants.

D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p h y s i s o r p t i o n a n d chemisorption: Physisorption Chemisorption 1. It arises because of I t i s c a u s e d b y v a n d e r W a a l s c h e m i c a l b o n d forces. formation. 2. It is not specific in It is highly specific nature. in nature. 3. It is reversible. 4. It depends on the nature of gas. More e a s i l y l i q u e f i a b l e gases are adsorbed readily. 5. E n t h a l p y o f adsorption is low (2040 kJ mol 1 ) in this case. 6. L o w t e m p e r a t u r e i s f a v o u r a b l e f o r a d s o r p t i o n . I t d e c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s e o f temperature. It is irreversible. It also depends on the nature of gas. Gases which can react with the adsorbent show chemisorption. E n t h a l p y o f adsorption is high (80-240 kJ mol1) in this case. High temperature i s f a v o u r a b l e f o r a d s o r p t i o n . I t i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s e o f temperature.

Taking logarithm of equation (i), we get x 1 log = log P + log k m n

7. I t r e s u l t s i n t o I t r e s u l t s i n t o m u l t i m o l e c u l a r unimolecular layer. layers. 29. Properties of colloidal solutions are : Physical properties Heterogeneous character : Colloidal particles being larger than molecules form a heterogeneous mixture. Stability : Colloidal sols are quite stable. Filtrability : Colloidal particles cant be filtered by animal membrane or parchment paper but they pass through ordinary filter paper. Visibility : The particles in a colloidal solution arent visible to naked eye or under ordinary microscope. Colligative properties : These properties depend on the number of moles present and since colloidal particles have very high average molecular masses as the number of moles is very small. Thus, the value of any colligative properties will be smaller than the value for a true solution. Brownian movement : It is the continuous zig-zag movement of the colloidal particles in a colloidal sol due to the constant collision of the moving molecules of the dispersion medium with the colloidal particles.

x versus log P is a straight m line the Freundlich adsorption is valid. This isotherm explains the behaviour of adsorption 1 approximately and can have any value between n 0 and 1. 1 x (i) When (slope) = 0, = constant which shows n m that adsorption is independent of pressure. 1 x x = kP i.e., P, (ii) When = 1, n m m the adsorption varies directly as pressure. Both these conditions are experimentally verified, however the experimental isotherm always sum up to approach saturation at high pressure. This cannot be explained by Freundlich adsorption isotherm. OR As the plot of log
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Tyndall effect : It is the phenomenon of the path of light through a colloidal solution becoming visible due to the scattering of light by colloidal particles. The illuminated path of beam is called Tyndall effect. Colloidal particles possess some type of electric charge : Depending on the charge, they move towards a positive or negative electrode under the effect of an electric field. This is called electrophoresis. OR Colloids including emulsions have great number of uses in day to day life, such as (i) Sewage disposal : Sewage water contains charged colloidal particles of dirt, rubbish, etc. which are removed by electrophoresis. (ii) Rubber plating : The negatively charged rubber particles from rubber sol are deposited on handles of tools. (iii) Cottrell smoke precipitator : Smoke contains positively charged colloidal particles which are separated by Cottrell smoke precipitation. (iv) Building roads : Emulsified asphalt in water is used in making roads. (v) In disinfectants : Dettol, lysol, etc. disinfectants forms emulsions of oil in water and are then used. (vi) In medicine : Medicines and pharmaceutical preparation in the form of emulsions are more easily assimilated. 30. (i) Zone refining : This method is based on the principle that in metals impurities are more soluble in the molten state than in the solid state. The impure metal is heated with the help of circular heaters at one end. The molten zone is moved forward along with impurities and reaches the other end and is discarded. Pure metal crystallises out. The process is repeated several times and heater is moved in the same direction. It is used for purifying semiconductors like germanium, silicon, boron, gallium and indium.

Anode : M Mn+ + ne Cathode : Mn+ + ne M The method is used for refining Cu, Au, Ag, Pb, Zn and Al. (iii) Vapour phase refining : In this method, the metal is converted into its volatile compound and collected elsewhere. It is then decomposed to give pure metal. So, the two requirements are (a) the metal should form a volatile compound with an available reagent. (b) the volatile compound should be easily decomposable, so that the recovery is easy. OR (a) Froth floatation method (i) This is used for the dressing of lighter ores (mainly sulphide ores). (ii) The process is based on the different wetting nature of ore and gangue particles. (iii) Finely powdered ore is mixed with water and small quantities of castor oil or pine oil. The mixture is finely agitated by passing compressed air through it. The oil reduces the surface tension and the concentrated ore preferentially wetted by oil which comes in froth leaving behind heavy matter of gangue wetted by water. The froth flowing over the gangue particles are taken out where they settled down to give concentrated ore. Collectors (e.g. pine oil, fatty acids) enhances the non-wettability of the mineral particles. (b) Calcination : Calcination involves simple decomposition of ore on heating below its melting point usually in absence of air to produce new compounds having higher percentage of metal as well as removing the moisture, organic matter and volatile impurities, e.g., CO 2. Calcination makes the ore porous and is made in reverberatory furnace. Roasting : Roasting involves action of heat in limited supply of air on ore below its melting point to produce other chemical changes along with decomposition. The ore lose sulphur as oxide leaving behind oxide of metal. 2CuFeS2 + O2 Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2 2FeO + 2SO2 2FeS + 3O2 2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2 Roasting is usually done in reverberatory or blast furnace. mm
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(ii) Electrolytic refining : In this method, impure metal is taken as anode, pure metal as cathode. Soluble salt of same metal is used as electrolyte. When electric current is passed impure metal forms metal ions which are discharged at the cathode forming pure metal.

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