Table of Contents

Chapter I-Introduction . . .... ..... . . ............................ , . . . ..........

1.1

Purpose

.... .

..... . ..

1.2 Hislorical Review

...........

1.3

Objecli ves

1.4

Scope and Organization . .....

1.5

Nomenclature ilnd U nits

..
..... ...

. ... ..... ......... . .. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
..... .. . . . . .. . .
........
. . . . .. . .

2
2
2

Chaph:r 2-Volumetric lind Phase Behavior or Oil and Gas Systems .... . ......... ........ 5
2. 1 Introduction ...... . .. . . . ....... .

5
5

2.2
2.3
2.4

Reservoir Fluid Composition .. . . . . .

Phase Diagrams for Simple Systems . .
Retrograde Condensation

8
II

2.5

Classification of Oilfield Systems ...

12

Chapter 3-Gas and Oil Properties and CoJTtlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . .. 18

3. 1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Introduction ........... .
Review of Properties. Nomenc!atu re. and Un its
Gas Mi lttures ...... .
Oi l Milttures
1FT and Diffusion Coeffi cients . ..... . .... . .... . .... . ............
K-Value Correlations

18
18

22
29
38
40

C hapter 4-Equalion-Qf-Stale Calculations . . .. . ...... .. .... . ... 47

4. 1
4 .2

4.3
4.4

4.5
4 .6
4.7

Introduction ... . ......... .

C ubic EOS's ..... . . . .... .
.
\
Two-Phase Flash Calculation . . ... . ... ............... . . ... . .
Phase Stability ........... . ... .. ..... . ....... .
Saturation-Pressure Calculation . . .. . . . . . .. . . .
Equi librium in a Gravity Field: Compositional Gradients
Matching an EOS to Measured Data . . ......... .

... ....... ................ .. . .

47
47
52
55
62
63
65

C hapter S-Heptanes-Plus Characterization . . . . .. . . .... . ... . .... . ..................... 68

5. 1
5 .2

Introduction .................... .. ...... . ... . .............. 68

Eltperimental Analyses ................ . . . ..... ... ...... . ....... 68

5 .3

Mo lar Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inspection Properties Estimation
Critical Properties Estimation . . .. . .. . .... . .. .. . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .
. .. ............... .... .... .....
Recommended C,+ Characterizations
Grouping and Averaging Properties

5.4

5.5
5.6
5 .7

70
77

80
83
83

C hapter 6-Convenlional PVT Measurements ...... ... .. .. ..... 88

6 .1

6.2
6.3
6.4

6.5
6 .6

Introduction
Wellslreaj1l Compositions . . . .
Multi stage-Separator Test .. . .
Constant Composition Expansion . .. . . .
Differential Liberation Expansion . .
Constant Volume Depletion . .

88

88
91

93
...... . 95
.. ..... .... ... 97

Chapler 7-Black-Oil PVT Formulations .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..... .. ... . ... . .. ...... 109
7. 1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6

Inlroduction ...... .. . .... . . ... .

Traditional BlackOil Formu lat ion
Modified Black-Oil (MBa) Formu lation
Applications of MBa Formulation
Partial -Density Formulation ....
Modifications for Gas Injection

109
109
li D
11 6
118
119

Chapter 8-Gas-Injection Processes . . ......................... ................. 121

8. 1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5

Introduction ............................ . ...... .. ... . ........ . ....

Mi sc ibility and Related Phase Behavior... ... .. .. . . ..... .. .. .... .. ....
LeanGas Injection ...
..... . .......... . ....... . ..... .. .. . ...
Enriched-Gas Miscible Drive ..... . ....... . . ... . ..... .. . . .. . . . . . ... .
C~ Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

121
122
128
131
135

Chapter 9-Waler/Hydrocarbon Systenls . .. . . . .. . ... . ..... .. . .. . . . . . . ... . . . ... 142

9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

Introduct ion .... . ....... ... .. . .. . ............ .

Properties and Correlations.... . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .... ...
EOS Predictions ......... ..... . ...... .. . ... . . .. ... .. . . ......... .
Hydrates ....... .

Appendix A- Property Tables and Units

142
142
150
15 1

162

Appendix B-Exa nlple ProblenlS . ........ ........... .. . . ..... ...... . ....... 172
Appendix C-Equation-of-State Applications . ......... ......... ..... . .. ... .... . ...... 193
Appendix D-Understanding Laboratory Oil PVT Reports . ........ . .... . . . .......... . 209
Nomenclature ......................................... .. ........ .......... .. . 220
Author Index

225

Subje<:llndex

230