c.

NASA Technical Paper 1804

1-

Solar Power Satellite System Sizing Tradeoffs

G. D. Arndt and L. G . Monford

FEBRUARY 1981

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

NASA Technical Paper 1804

Solar Power Satellite System Sizing Tradeoffs

G. D. Arndt and L. G. Monford Lyudon B. Johtzsou Space Celzter Houston, Texas

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Scientific and Technical Information Branch

1981

CONTENTS

Section

Page

............................ BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O P T I M I Z E D MICROWAVE SYSTEMS.2450 M z AND 5800 M z . . . . . . . . . H H MAXIMUM ANTENNA S I Z E N S I D E R A T I O N S CO ................. SYSTEM COST TRADEOFFS ........................ IONOSPHERIC, ATMOSPHERIC. AND THERMAL LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . I O N O S P H E R IIC I T A T I O N S L M ......................
INTRODUCTION
.

1
1 2

9 14
16 16

...................... THERMAL L I M I T A T I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MULTIPLE ANTENNAS .......................... CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ATMOSPHERIC LIMITATIONS REFERENCES A P P E N D I XA APPENDIX B

17
18
19
22
A-1

............................. .ANTENNA TAPERS ..................... .EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS ..................

B-1

iii

TABLES

Table
1
2

Page MICROWAVE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AT 2.45 GHz MICROWAVE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS AT 5.8 GHz SPS SUMMARY COSTS FOR 2.45 GHz OPERATION (a) (b) Physical parameters Costs

......... .........

................... ..........................

11 11

SPS SUMMARY COSTS FOR 5.8 GHz OPERATION

B-1
B-2 B-3

................... .......................... STUDY ASSUMPTIONS ...................... COST AND MASS FACTOR DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b)

(a) Physical parameters Costs

12 12 B-3 B-5

PREDEFINED COST AND MASS FACTORS FOR ANTENNA/RECTENNA CONFIGURATIONS COST AND MASS STATEMENTS FOR 5.8 GHz SYSTEMS (a)SPS (b) Rectenna

.......................

B-7

B-4

........................... ........................

B-8
B-10

B-5

COST AND MASS STATEMENTS FOR 2.45 GHz SYSTEMS (a) SPS ( b ) Rectenna

........................... ........................

B-11 B-13

B-6

COSTSUMMARY (a)
(b)

Physical parameters Costs

................... ...........................

B-14 B-14

iv

FIGURES

Figure
1

Page Microwave transmission efficiency for the 2.45 GHz referenceSPSconfiguration Antennaand

................ rectennasizingsummary .............

Rectenna collection efficiency for various phase error budgets

4
5

.......................... Electricitycostsfor 2.45 GHzsystems ...........

Electricity costs for
5.8 GHz systems

8
13 15 15

............

6
7

Antenna patterns for three SPS configurations Relative sizes for several antennalrectenna configurations

........

A-1

...................... Rectenna collection efficiency vs . array taper .......

20

A-2

INTRODUCTION

The i n i t i a l s i z i n g f o r t h e s o l a r power s a t e l l i t e (SPS) was o p t i m i z e d t o a 1k - m transmittingantennaproducing 5 GW of DC power from a r e c e i v i n g ant e n n a( r e c t e n n a )a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 km i nd i a m e t e r .T h e r e are a d v a n t a g e st o a lower power output and a smaller rectenna. Commercial u t i l i t y companies pref e rt oi n t e g r a t el o w e r power l e v e l si n t ot h e i rg r i d s .R e c t e n n a s smaller t h a n t h e 10-km d i a m e t e r i n t h e r e f e r e n c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n would make more r e c t e n n a sites available. The purposeof t h i sp a p e r i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e t r a d e o f f s of smaller SPS systems. The end r e s u l t i s a comparisonbetweenthecostsof smaller systems and t h o s eo ft h e 5 GW, 10 k d i a m e t e rr e c t e n n ar e f e r e n c es y s t e m . m The microwave system i s r e o p t i m i z e df o re a c ha n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n .B o t ht h e 2.45 GHz r e f e r e n c ef r e q u e n c ya n d a h i g h e r( 5 . 8 GHz) f r e q u e n c y a r e u s e d i n t h e c a n d i d a t es y s t e m s . I nc o m p l i a n c ew i t ht h e NASA's p u b l i c a t i o np o l i c y ,t h eo r i g i n a lu n i t s measurehavebeenconverted totheequivalentvalueinthe S y s t s m eI n t e r n a t i o n a ld ' U n i t &( S I ) . A s an a i dt ot h er e a d e r ,t h e S I u n i t sa r ew r i t t e n f i r s t and t h e o r i g i n a l u n i t s a r e w r i t t e n p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y t h e r e a f t e r . of

BACKGROUND

The SPS s i z i n g w i t h a 1k - m t r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n a power from a r e c t e n n a was basedon 1.

2.

and 5 GW of DC o u t p u t

A t h e r m a ll i m i t a t i o n

of 23

kW/m2 i nt h et r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n a

A peak power d e n s i t y o f 23 mW/cm2 i nt h ei o n o s p h e r e

3 .C o s te f f e c t i v e n e s s( t h el a r g e rt h e effective)

power s y s t e mt h e

more c o s t

The t h e r m a l l i m i t a t i o n a t t h e c e n t e r of t h ea n t e n n a i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e amount of h e a tg e n e r a t e d by t h e k l y s t r o n s (DC-to-RF c o n v e r t e r s ) andofthe eff e c t i v er a d i a t o ra r e a . The r e f e r e n c ec o n f i g u r a t i o nh a s 7 2 k k l y s t r o nt u b e s W o p e r a t i n g a t 8 5 - p e r c e n tc o n v e r s i o ne f f i c i e n c ya n dc o o l e d by p a s s i v e h e a t p i p e r a d i a t o r s . From t h e r m a lc o n s i d e r a t i o n s ,l a r g e rt r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n a s are des i r a b l e . However, a st h ea n t e n n as i z ei n c r e a s e s ,t h e power d e n s i t yi nt h e i o n o s p h e r ei n c r e a s e si nd i r e c tp r o p o r t i o n . A t some t h r e s h o l d power d e n s i t y l e v e l , which i s d e p e n d e n tu p o nt h eo p e r a t i n gf r e q u e n c y ,n o n l i n e a ri n t e r a c t i o n sb e t w e e nt h ei o n o s p h e r ea n dt h e power beam c o u l db e g i nt oo c c u r .T h e s e n o n l i n e a rh e a t i n ge f f e c t s are o fc o n c e r nb e c a u s eo fp o s s i b l ed i s r u p t i o n sp r o duced i n low f r e q u e n c yc o m m u n i c a t i o n sa n dn a v i g a t i o ns y s t e m sb yr a d i of r e q u e n c yi n t e r f e r e n c e( W I )a n d by m u l t i p a t he f f e c t s .T h e o r e t i c a ls t u d i e s of t h ei o n o s p h e r ec o m p l e t e dd u r i n gt h ee a r l yp h a s e s of t h e SPS e v a l u a t i o n program i n d i c a t e d t h e power d e n s i t y s h o u l d be l i m i t e d t o 23 mW/cm2 i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n ts u c hn o n l i n e a rh e a t i n ge f f e c t s .T h i st h e o r e t i c a lv a l u e was t a k e n

as the SPS design guideline. Subsequent ionospheric heating tests have indicated that this23 mW/cm2 threshold may too low, as will be discussed be later. From ionospheric considerations, smaller antennas are desirable. Therefore, from the two opposing requirements, the reference system was sized to produce 5 GW of power with an antenna lan in diameter. 1 The 2.45 GHz downlink power beam frequency is in the center 100 MHz a of wide IMS (Industrial, Medical, and Scientific) band in which users may interfere with other users of that band. This 2400-2500 MHz band is not particuit should not larly affected by weather conditions and an SPS system using suffer weather outages. Another IMS band (5800 f 75 MHz) is also available for possible SPS usage. However, an SPS system operating in this frequency region might have to be shut down under very poor weather conditions, as will be discussed later. Smaller rectennas are more amenable to the higher 5.8 GHz operating frequency as a result of greater antenna focusing. SYSTEMS - 2450
~~

OPTIMIZED

MICROWAVE

MHz AND 5800 M z H

To use a smaller rectenna, the antenna must be enlarged and the transmitted power decreased in order to avoid exceeding the 23 mW/cm2 ionospheric limit. In reoptimizing the microwave sys,tem to decrease the rectenna size and reduce the transmitted power, two operating frequencies, 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, were considered. The reference SPS microwave system has an efficiency budget shown in figure 1 (ref. 1. ) The rectenna collection efficiency (88 percent) is the percentageof transmitted power from the satellite antenna incident upon the ground rectenna. One of the ground rules for this study was that the rectenna for each configuration be sized to receive 88 percent of the transmitted power. It was assumed that the antenna performance parameters would be the same as those in the present SPS reference configuration. These include loo root mean squared (rms) phase error, fO.l dB amplitude error, 2-percent tube failure rate, 0.63 cm (0.25 in.) mechanical spacing between subarrays, arc min antenna fl tilt, and +3 arc min subarray tilt. A 10-dB Gaussian taper is used for antenna illumination, sincethis taper maximizes rectenna collection efficiency A while minimizing sidelobe peaks (see appendix ) . The only constraint on sidelobes is that the first sidelobe peak should have power density of less a than 0.1 mW/cm2. A buffer strip extends around the rectenna to exclude the general public from 0.1 mW/cm2 or higher microwave radiation levels. The procedure to optimize the microwave system for maximum efficiency with different antenna/rectenna configurations first to use closed-form is equations (1) and (2) to obtain the general microwave system characteristics. These characteristics, together with the antenna error parameters listed previously, are then used in microwave simulation programsobtain the antenna to patterns and collection efficiencies.

63% overall efficiency (from DC/RF input to RF/DC output)

0.98 - mechanicalpointing
and subarray/waveguide tolerances

b
w

b
0.89 0.97

5 )

GW

0.88
(10 km rectenna diameter; a=lO 0 , & 0.1 dB, 2% tolerances on transmitting antenna)

Figure 1.- Microwave transmission efficiency for the 2.45 GHz reference SPS configuration.

- 'D-ARRAY

rl

'-R DG
A2R2

- 10-dB/20
0.115dB

1 '

where

'-R DG

peak power density at rectenna boresight

=

'D-ARRAY

peak power density at center of transmitting antenna

AT = transmitting antenna area

power beam wavelength (0.1225 m)

R = nominal range from satellite rectenna ( 3 6 000 km) to dB = amount of dB taper for Gaussian antenna illumination (10)

'TRANS

total power radiated from transmitting antenna

For a 2.45 GHz operating frequency, two operating constraints were considered:
1. Retaining the 23 mW/cm2 ionospheric limitby reducing transmitted power as the size of thesatellite antenna increased.

2. Allowing the ionospheric power density limit to increase by retaining the same transmitted power as the size of the antenna increased, The microwave system characteristics for GHz operation may be summarized 2.45 as shown in table 1.

TABLE 1.- MICROWAVE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

AT 2.45 GHz

Characteristic

Ionospheric l i m i t of23 mW/cm2

No i o n o s p h e r i c 1i m i t

Transmittingantenna d i a m e t e r , km

........ . . .23. . .23. . . 7.6 .

1 1.36 1.53

1.53 1.36

Transmitted microwave power, GW

. . . . . . 6.56.56.5. 3.53 . . . 1.64 6.5 2.78

23 54 42 91

Power d e n s i t y i n i o n o s p h e r e , mW/ cm2 23 Output DC power from r e c t e n n a , GW

........

2.72 1.2 2.14

5 6.8

5 5.05 5.05
7.6 5

Rectennadiametertocapt u r e 88%energy, of km 6.8 Rectennaarearelativeto reference

. .

10

..........

0.25 0.46 0.56 1.0

Thethermal l i m i t of 23 kW/m2 i s not a c o n s t r a i n t f o r t h e l a r g e r a n t e n n a / s m a l l e rr e c t e n n as y s t e m so p e r a t i n ga t 2.45 GHz. The i o n o s p h e r i c l i m i t i s t h e c r i t i c a lp a r a m e t e ri ns y s t e ms i z i n gf o r 2.45 GHz.

a d i f f e r e n t s e t of conF o ro p e r a t i o ni nt h e 5.8 GHz IMS frequencyband, s t r a i n t s m u s tb ec o n s i d e r e d .S i n c et h eg a i n of anantenna i s p r o p o r t i o n a lt o t h ef r e q u e n c ys q u a r e d ,a n t e n n a ss m a l l e rt h a n 1 k i nd i a m e t e rc a n m be usedwith r e c t e n n a s smaller t h a nt h e1 0 km d i a m e t e rr e f e r e n c er e c t e n n a s . The antenna t h e r m a ll i m i t a t i o n i s t h ec r i t i c a lp a r a m e t e rf o rs y s t e ms i z i n g a t 5.8 GHz. The i o n o s p h e r i c l i m i t of 23 mW/cm2 i s nolonger a f a c t o rb e c a u s et h i st h r e s h o l d i s a l s op r o p o r t i o n a lt of r e q u e n c ys q u a r e d .T h a t i s , the djusted onoa i s p h e r i c l i m i t f o r5 . 8 GHz i s

'D-5.8

GHz

'D-2.45

GHz

[I G
5'80

= 23 [5.6] = 129 mW/cm

S i n c et h e 5.8 GHz a n t e n n a w i l l be smaller, o r a t l e a s t no l a r g e r , t h a n 1 k i nd i a m e t e r ,t h ea d j u s t e di o n o s p h e r i c m l i m i t of 129 mW/cm2 w i l l notbe e x c e e d e d .O t h e rf a c t o r si n f l u e n c i n gs y s t e ms i z i n gi n c l u d el o w e re f f i c i e n c i e s

inseveral quency. The

of t h em i c r o w a v es u b s y s t e m so p e r a t i n g a t thehigher5.8 o p e r a t i n gc o n s t r a i n t s a t 5.8 GHz are

GHz f r e -

1. R e t a i n i n gt h e 23 kW/m2 antennathermal l i m i t by r e d u c i n gt r a n s m i t t e d power as t h e s i z e of t h e s a t e l l i t e a n t e n n ad e c r e a s e s .

2. Allowing antenna the thermal l i m i t t oi n c r e a s e somewhat as t h e a n t e n n as i z ed e c r e a s e s by r e d e s i g n i n g t h e t h e r m a l r a d i a t i o n s y s t e m . 3R e d u c i n g u b s y s t e m f f i c i e n c i e s . s e 8 0 - p e r c e n t ,r a t h e rt h a n8 5 - p e r c e n t , efficiency

as f o l l o w s :
DC-RF k l y s t r o nc o n v e r s i o n

9 7 - p e r c e n t ,r a t h e rt h a n9 8 - p e r c e n t ,e f f i c i e n c yf o rn o r m a l a t m o s p h e r i ct r a n s m i s s i o n 8 7 - p e r c e n t 9r a t h e rt h a n8 9 - p e r c e n ta v e r a g e efficiencyinthe g r o u n dr e c t e n n a Themicrowavesystem characteristics for 5.8 summarizedas shown i n t a b l e 2.

RF-DC

conversion

GHz o p e r a t i o n may be

TABLE 2.-

MICROWAVE SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

AT 5.8 GHz
~~ ~

t h CrhP r e s e e r i s t i c e m aa c t n t a l
l i m i t of 23 kW/m2

Thermal 1i m i t withimproved design

T r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n a d i a m e t e r , km

........

0.5

0.75

0.75

1.5

Transmitted microwave power, GW

..........

1.68 2.84

6.5 3.78

2.88

Power d e n s i t y i n i o n o s p h e r e , mw/ cm2 Output DC power from r e c t e n n a , GW

...........
........

7.87

30

122 40

129

1.17 4.8 2.72

2.12

R e c t e n n ad i a m e t e rt oc a p t u r e 88% o ft r a n s m i t energy, k m Rectenna area r e l a t i v e t o reference

.........

8.75

5.8

4.3 5.8

2.8

. . . . . . . . . . 0.765 0.336
6

0.336 0.185

0.078

The candidate configurations have two thermal limits; i.e., the present 23 kW/m2 limit and that of an improved design, which will be discussed later. MAXIMUM ANTENNA SIZE CONSIDERATIONS

The relative antenna and rectenna sizes for 2.45 GHz and 5 . 8 GHz operation are shown in figure2 . Let us now consider the mechanical and electronic constraints on the maximum size for the satellite antenna as a function of frequency. One limitation on antenna size is the phase control system. An active retrodirective phase control technique is used point and focus the downto link power beam. In the reference system, a pilot beam signal is transmitted from the ground to the satellite, where it is received and processed at each of the 101 000 power modules (tubes). A phase reference is distributed throughout the antenna to each of the power modules a Master Slave Revia 2). turnable Timing System (MSRTS) developed by the LinCom Corporation (ref. If the antenna is enlarged, additional power modules are needed. The power output from each tube would be reduced, but the number would increase even if the overall transmitted power were lower. The reason is that the antenna mechanical pointing requirement for the attitude control system is determined by grating lobe levels which are dependent the area of the antenna on driven by one tube. Thus, given as an average antenna area associated with one tube as constrained by the antenna attitude control system, a larger antenna requires more power modules. If the antenna size increases,the phase reference has to be distributed over a larger area, thereby increasing the phase error buildup. The present SPS system has a loo rms phase error budget, which consists of errors in the phase distribution system, ionosphere-induced perturbations of the uplink pilot beam signal, errors in the receiver and processing electronics in E@ each power module, etc. Larger antennas must still adhere to the 10' phase error budget in order to achieve the expected transmission efficiencies. Rectenna collection efficiencies for 1.5 km diameter antenna with varying a amounts of phase error are shown in figure The data indicate that an in3. crease in phase error could easily negate the advantage of a larger antenna; i.e., a smaller rectenna. Operating at the 5 . 8 GHz frequency imposes a further constraint the on phase reference distribution system within the antenna. This reference signal is distributed at an intermediate frequency and is then multiplied up to the power frequency, either 2.45 GHz or 5 . 8 GHz, in theRF receiver electronics in order to perform the phase conjugation of the uplink pilot signal. Because of this multiplication process, the allowable phase error within the reference distribution system is inversely proportional the output freto quency. Thus, operating at 5 . 8 GHz requires an improvement (reduction) of 5 . 8 1 2 . 4 5 or 2.37 in the phase distribution system error. A smaller antenna at 5.8 GHz would probably help the phase control system achieve the required performance. In summary, when considering the present reference system phase
7

Transmitting antenna diameter (km)

Figure 2.- Antenna and rectenna sizing summary.

1 00
-

88%collection

80

...*...............

60
0" - 10" rms phase error rms phase error
"

40

..... 20" rms phase error

20

4 Rectenna diameter (km)

+
2

Conditions: 1.53 km antenna diameter (7 = 2% failures, 0.1 dB amplitude error

3.- Rectenna collection efficiency for various phase error budgets.

8

c o n t r o l and a t t i t u d e c o n t r o lr e q u i r e m e n t s ,r e a s o n a b l ea n t e n n as i z e sm i g h t

be

a 1.5-km d i a m e t e r a t 2.45 GHz and a 0.75-km d i a m e t e r a t 5.8 GHz.

SYSTEM COST TWDEOFFS

A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s ofsubsystemcostsand masses f o r t h e r e f e r e n c e 5 GW s o l a r power s a t e l l i t e w i t h s i l i c o n s o l a r c e l l s i s g i v e ni nr e f e r e n c e 3. These v a l u e s are used as a b a s e l i n e f o r computing c o s t s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t a n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n s .S i n c et h ep u r p o s e of t h i sr e p o r t i s t od e t e r m i n et h e r e l a t i v eo rd i f f e r e n t i a lc o s t sf o rt h ev a r i o u sc o n S i g u r a t i o n s , any f u t u r e changes i n t h e a b s o l u t e c o s t s f o r t h e r e f e r e n c e s y s t e m s h o u l d n o t h a v e a great i m p a c to nt h ec o n c l u s i o n ss t a t e dh e r e i n . The p r i n c i p a le l e m e n t si nt h e
SPS r e c u r r i n g c o s t s

are

1.
2.

S a t e l l i th a r d w a r e e Transportationspace ( and ground)

3.
4.

Space onstruction ndupport c a s Rect enna Program management and Cosallowance or t f integration mass growth

5.

6.

Some g e n e r a lc o s t i n ga s s u m p t i o n si n c l u d e

1.
2.

3 0 - y e a ro p e r a t i n gl i f e t i m e 0 . 9 2p l a n tf a c t o rf o r 0 . 9 0p l a n tf a c t o rf o r 1 5 - p e r c e n tr a t e 2.45 GHz o p e r a t i o n

3.
4.

5.8 GHz o p e r a t i o n

of r e t u r n o n i n v e s t m e n t c a p i t a l

5.
6.

22-percent mass g r o w t h f a c t o r t o c o v e r p o t e n t i a l r i s k s i n s o l a r a r r a y andmicrowavesystemperformance estimates 17-percent of n e t SPS h a r d w a r e c o s t f a c t o r t o a c c o u n t f o r power g e n e r a t i o n c a p a c i t y massgrowth

7.

10 GW p e r y e a r a d d i t i o n a l

The t o t a l mass and c o s t f o r t h e r e f e r e n c e SPS system are 59 984 m e t r i c t o n s and 432 $12 m i l l i o n . The c o s ta n d mass s t a t e m e n t sf o rt h ei n d i v i d u a l s a t e l l i t e subsystem a r e d i v i d e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s :

1.
2.

Power c o l l e c t i o n s t r u c t u r e s o l a r : , maintenance R o t a r yo i n t j

c e l l s , power d i s t r i b u t i o n , and

3.

Power t r a n s m i s s i o n s t r u c t u r ek l y s t r o n s : , a n dh e r m ac o n t r o l , t l waveg u i d e s ,s u b a r r a ys t r u c t u r e , power d i s t r i b u t i o n( c o n d u c t o r s ,s w i t c h g e a r s , DC-DC c o n v e r t e r s ,t h e r m a lc o n t r o l ) ,e n e r g ys t o r a g e ,p h a s e c o n t r o l ,m a i n t e n a n c es y s t e m s , and a n t e n n am e c h a n i c a lp o i n t i n g management and attitude ontrolhardware nd ropellant c : a p

4I n f o r m a t i o n . Communications 5.

6.

Transportationelectric rbitransfer ehicle : o v (EOTV), p e r s o n n e l l a u n c hv e h i c l e (PLV), p e r s o n n e lo r b i tt r a n s f e rv e h i c l e (POTV), and heavy l i f t l a u n c hv e h i c l e (HLLV) Construction perations:ow arth rbit o l E o o r b i t (GEO) (LEO) and geosynchronous

7.

The c o s t andmassfromeach of t h e s es u b s y s t e m s w i l l v a r y a c c o r d i n g t o t o t a l power, a n t e n n as i z e ,f r e q u e n c y ,e t c . of t h e a n d i d a t e n t e n n a / r e c t e n n a c a s y s t e m s .S i n c et h ec a l c u l a t i o n s are q u i t el e n g t h y ,o n l yt h e end r e s u l t s f o r 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz o p e r a t i o n are shown i n t a b l e s 3 and 4. The d e t a i l s a r e g i v e ni na p p e n d i x B, t o g e t h e r w i t h a c o m p l e t es a m p l ec a l c u l a t i o nf o ro n e conf i g u r a t i o n .I nt a b l e 3 (2.45 GHz), the microwave system been has sized to conformwiththe23 mW/cm2 i o n o s p h e r i c l i m i t f o r t h e f i r s t f o u r a n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n s .T h i si o n o s p h e r i cc o n s t r a i n th a sb e e n removed f o r thelastthreeconfigurations,resultingin a maximum of 91 mW/cm2 f o r t h e 5 GW, 2 k diameterantennasystem. m The e l e c t r i c i t y c o s t s i n m i l l s per kwh and t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l c o s t i n c r e a s e as compared t o t h e 5 GW, 1-km a n t e n n ar e f e r e n c es y s t e ma r e shown i n f i g u r e 4 f o r 2.45 G z o p e r a t i o n . The t o pc u r v e ,c o n s t r a i n e dt oa ni o n o s p h e r i c H limit of 23 mW/cm2, shows a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n e l e c t r i c i t y c o s t as t h ea n t e n n a s i z ei n c r e a s e s . Microwave power d e n s i t yi nt h ei o n o s p h e r e i s d i r e c t l yp r o p o r t i o n a lt ot r a n s m i t t i n ga n t e n n a area and t o t a lt r a n s m i t t e d power; t h e r e f o r e ,i f t h ea n t e n n a area i s d o u b l e d ,t h e power mustbereducedbyone-half in order to m a i n t a i nt h e same power d e n s i t y . The e l e c t r i c i t yc o s tr a t e s( m i l l s / k W h )a r e determined by t h et o t a ls a t e l l i t ec o s t sd i v i d e d by t h ed e l i v e r e d power. A s t h ec o s t summary i n t a b l e 3 s h o w s ,t h et o t a l s a t e l l i t e c o s t sd e c r e a s ea t a much s l o w e rr a t et h a nd o e st h ed e l i v e r e d power as t h e a n t e n n a s i z e i n c r e a s e s . The c o s td i s a d v a n t a g ew i t hl a r g e ra n t e n n a s i s removed i f t h e t o t a l t r a n s m i t t e d power r e m a i n s o n s t a n t c as t h e n t e n n a i z e h a n g e s . a s c However, t h ei o n o s p h e r i c power d e n s i t yi n c r e a s e sa c c o r d i n g l y .

10

TABLE 3.-

SPS S T M R COSTS FOR 2 . 4 5 GHz OPERATION LM A Y

( a )h y s i c a la r a m e t e r s P p

Specification

23 mWlcm2 i o n o s p h e r i c 1i m i t 1.36 3.53 23 7.6 2.7 1.53 2.78 23 6.8 2.1 2 1.64 23 5 1.26

I n c r e a s e di o n o s o h e r i c
limit
~

-__

A n t e n n ad i a m e t e r , S a t e l l i t e power

....... o u t p u t , GW . . . .
km

1.36 6.5 42 7.6

1.53 6.5 54 6.8 5.05

. ~ ..

6.5 23 10

6.5 91 5 5.05
. " "

............. R e c t e n nd i a m e t e r , a km . . . . . . Power d e l i v e r e d , GW . . . . . . .

Power d e n s i t ya tr e c t e n n a , mw/ cm2

Cost c a t e g o r y

2 3 mW/cm2 i o n o s p h e r i c
limit

I n c r e a s e di o n o s p h e r i c 1imit

SPS h a r d w a r e ,m i l l i o n

dollars

. . . . . . . . . . .8112 .

6455 58984072 5069 4946

4120

L e s sa m o r t i z a t i o n of i n v e s t m e n t ,m i l l i o n dollars. T o t a l ,m i l l i o nd o l l a r s

............
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .

473 4473

257 381 5 10 10

202 3918 10

119 4950

473 5425

473 5982

473 7639

M i s s i o nc o n t r o l ,m i l l i o n dollars

10

10

10

10

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,m i l l i o n dollars

. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .

31 20

2700 1066 1561

4849 3918 3639 31 86 2721 1615 835 1233 1852 1395 1646 1933 1283

C o n s t r u c t i o no p e r a t i o n s , m i l l i od o l l a r s n R e c t e n n am i l l i o d o l l a r s , n Program management and i n t e g r a t i o n ,m i l l i o n dollars C o s ta l l o w a n c ef o rm a s s g r o w t hm i l l i o d o l l a r s , n

96 1 2578

1170 1293

....

............

495 760 12 32 4 47 1.3

407 64 9 1 02 4 3 71.6
2.0

412 666 1 01 9 0 90.6 2.5

5 50 7 84 1

64 90 922 13 6 7 1 52 1.4

5 1017 1 46 1 3 55 1.5

811 1299 17 24 8 67.1 1.9

. T o t a l ,m i l l i o nd o l l a r s ... Mills p e r kwh . . . . . . . C e n t sp e r MJ . . . . . . . .

% i n c r e a s ei ne l e c t r i c i t y c o s t sc o m p a r e dt oc o s to f 1 . 3 ~ 1 M . J( 4 7m i l l s / k W h )f o r t h e r e f e r e n c e SPS s y s t e m

. . . .

. . . .

. . . .

11 9 4 4
180.1 5.0

....

283 52.4

92.7

10.6. 7 42

17

11

TABLE 4 . - SPS SUMMARY COSTS FOR 5 . 8 GHz OPERATION

( a )P h y s i c a lp a r a m e t e r s

Specification

Present thermal design

Improved hermal t design

A n t e n n ad i a m e t e r , S a t e l l i t e power

....... o u t p u t , GW . . . .
km

0.75 0.75 6. 2 . 8 45

0.5

1.0

1.5

3.78 1.68

2.88

Power d e n s i t y a t r e c t e n n a , mW/ cm2

............. R e c t e n nd i a m e t e r , a km . . . . . .
Power d e l i v e r e d , GW

30

7.87 8.75 1.17

40 5 .a 2.72

122 4.3 4.8

129 2.8 2.12

5 .a
2

.......

(b) Costs
.

C o s tc a t e g o r y design
-~ .

t hIemmPo e s e n t r pr rved al thermal design

.~ ...

SPS h a r d w a r e ,m i l l i o n dollars

. . . . . . . . .. . .

1452

. . . . . . . . . . 2.0 6. T o t a l ,m i l l i o nd o l l a r s ... . . .
M i s s i o nc o n t r o l ,m i l l i o n dollars

L e s sa m o r t i z a t i o n of i n v e s t m e n t , m i 11i o n dollars

1 209 22 473

275

22aa 4568 4893 2763 1330

............
......... ...

10

10

10

10

10

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,m i l l i o n dollars

1794 3120 2070 1 2 a 2720 a

. . . . . . . . R e c t e n n am i l l i o d o l l a r s , n . . . .
Program management and i n t e g r a t i o n ,m i l l i o n dollars

C o n s t r u c t i o no p e r a t i o n s , m i l l i od o l l a r s n

663 41270 1057 734 44 2578 2 2 4 9 2 51 0 6 3 0 0 3 6 7 2

. . . . . . . . . . .249 .

477 145 536

303

. . . . T o t a l ,m i l l i o nd o l l a r s ... ... 7 . Mills p e r kwh . . . . . . . . . 6.1 C e n t sp e r MJ . . . . . . . . . . .

% i n c r e a s e in e l e c t r i c i t y

C o s ta l l o w a n c e f o r mass g r o w t hm i l l i o d o l l a r s , n

226 a368 9 138 5 0 . 3 9 3.8

470 10 451 9022 12 64

a3 2

389 777

aa5

7969

I2 . 1 2 . 7 1 . 4 .a

of c o s t sc o m p a r e dt oc o s t 1.3clM.l ( 4 7 m i l l s / k W h )f o r t h er e f e r e n c e SPS s y s t e m a t 2.45 GHz

. . . . . . ....

193

36

62 7

111

12

5 .O

180 160 140

280 240

cn +-

cn

4.4

3.9

2 3.3 > 1 2 0 .E - 2.8 - 1 0 0 cn cn

\
t4

3 x

23mW/cm2 ionospheric / limit

I
C .120 $

cn

. , c

cn

0
0

2.2

0
0

..
Reference

a ,

c u

80
60

+ .0

) r

.= 1.7 +

0 .-

.*

..-* .*

.-*'

Increasing ionospheric

80 'C 0
.+

40

2 1.3 w 1.1

0
1 .O 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 Transmitting antenna diameter (km)
2.45 GHz systems.

2 a , a

Figure 4 . - E l e c t r i c i t y c o s t s f o r

13

The 5.8 GHz s y s t e m s d e s c r i b e d i n t a b l e 4 h a v et h e r m a ll i m i t a t i o n si n as t h e dominant thetransmittingantennaratherthanionosphericlimitations c o n s t r a i n t . The 5.8 GHz systems are i n h e r e n t l y smaller ( a n t e n n a , r a n s m i t t e d t power, and r e c t e n n a ) as compared t o t h e 2.45 GHz c o n f i g u r a t i o n s as a r e s u l t o ft h ei n c r e a s e da n t e n n ag a i n a t h i g h e rf r e q u e n c i e s . The e l e c t r i c i t y c o s t s f o r t h e 5 . 8 GHz systems are compared t o t h e r e f e r ence 2.45 GHz system i n f i g u r e 5. The d a t ai n d i c a t et h a t a s i g n i f i c a n tr e d u c t i o ni nc o s t sc a nb ea c h i e v e dw i t h a modestimprovement i n t h e r m a l r a d i a t o r d e s i g n .S i n c et h ei n c r e a s ei nd i f f e r e n t i a lc o s t i s reduced from 64 p e r c e n t t o 36 p e r c e n t f o r t h e 0 . 7 5 km d i a m e t e ra n t e n n a by u s i n g a new t h e r m a lr a d i a t o rc o n f i g u r a t i o n , improvements i nt h e r m a ld e s i g n are consideredmandatory. D e t a i l s of t h e t h e r m a l d e s i g n e s t i m a t e s a r e g i v e n i n a later section. I n s u m m a r i z i n gt h ec o s t i n gr e s u l t s and t h em i c r o w a v es y s t e mt r a d e o f f s , s e v e r a lo p t i o n ss h o u l db ec o n s i d e r e df u r t h e r :
' Increase

ionospheric l i m i t t o 54 mW/cm2 2.45 GHz R e t a i n 23 mW/cm2 as i o n o s p h e r i c 1i m i t

--

1.53-km a n t e n n a ; 6.8-km r e c t e n n a w i t h 5 GW g r i d power; d i f f e r e n t i a l c o s ti n c r e a s e i s 1 7 p e r c e n t ( t o 1.5c/MJ(55mills/kWh)) 1.36-km a n t e n n a ; 7.6-km r e c t e n n a w i t h 2.7 GW g r i d power; d i f f e r e n t i a l c o s t i n c r e a s e i s 5 0 . 2p e r c e n t( t o 2.Oc/M.J (70.6mills/kWh)) 0.75-km a n t e n n a ; 5.8-km r e c t e n n a w i t h 2.72 GW g r i d power; d i f f e r e n t i a l c o s ti n c r e a s e i s 36 p e r c e n t( t o 1.8c/MJ (64mills/kWh))

--

5.8 GHz

I n c r e aa n t e n n a se thermal l i m i t by 3 3p e r c e n t

--

The microwave radiationpatternsforthe 1.53-km a n t e n n a o p e r a t i n g a t 2.45 G z H and t h e 0.75-km a n t e n n a o p e r a t i n g a t 5.8 GHz a r e compared i n f i g u r e 6 w i t h t h e lk - m a n t e n n a , 5 GW r e f e r e n c e SPS system.

IONOSPHERIC

, ATMOSPHERIC,-

AND THERMAL LIMITATIONS . .. . .

The r e l a t i v e e l e c t r i c i t y c o s t s f r o mt h ev a r i o u sa n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n s are h e a v i l yd e p e n d e n tu p o nt h ei o n o s p h e r i c ,a t m o s p h e r i c ,a n dt h e r m a l c o n s t r a i n t s imposed on themicrowavesystems. The v a l i d i t y of t h e s e cons t r a i n t s i s underreviewand may be r e v i s e d p e n d i n g t h e r e s u l t s of a number of s t u d i e s .

14

3.9

3.3

I
\
v

2.8

1 ool ool

present Costs using present using antenna thermal limit

* 2.2 cn
0
0
c .
L
Y

cn

80

>r

'0 1 . 7 .-

60

$ -

1.3 1.1

I 40 P.75 .5 .75 1 .o 1.51.25 1.5 Transmitting antenna diameter (km)

F i g u r e 5.Electricitycosts

Reference system costs

o o

for 5.8 GHz systems.

100;
1.53-km antenna, 2.45 GHz, rectenna output power= 5 . 0 5 GW

antenna, 5.8 GHz, rectenna output 2.72 GW

10
h

1-km antenna, 2.45 GHz, rectenna output

E
--

power=5 GW Power density level at edge of rectenna

1
Radius from rectenna boresight (km)
for t h r e e SPS c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

15

F i g u r e 6 . - A n t e n n ap a t t e r n s

15

IONOSPHERIC LIMITATIONS

Resistive(ohmic)heatingeffects

by t h e power beam may producenonlin-

ear i n s t a b i l i t i e s s u c h as e n h a n c e d e l e c t r o n h e a t i n g i n t h e l o w e r i o n o s p h e r e (D and E r e g i o n s ) a n d t h e r m a l s e l f - f o c u s i n g e f f e c t s i n t h e u p p e r i o n o s p h e r e (F r e g i o n ) . The Department of Energy (DOE) h a sr e c e n t l ys p o n s o r e d a number of i o n o s p h e r i cs t u d i e sw h i c hi n c l u d e ( 1 ) t h e o r e t i c a l andexperimentalanaly s e s of t h e e f f e c t s of underdenseheatinguponionosphericphysics,performed i n p a r t a t t h eA r e c i b b ,P u e r t oR i c o ,o b s e r v a t o r y ;( 2 )e x p e r i m e n t a ls t u d i e s by t h eI n s t i t u t ef o rT e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o nS c i e n c e s( I T S )i n t oh e a t e di o n o s p h e r i c e f f e c t s uponlowfrequencyconnnunicationandnavigationsystems(loran, OMEGA, W V and AM b r o a d c a s t i n gs t a t i o n s ) .T h i s W, ITS work i s beingperformedunder t h ed i r e c t i o no fC h a r l e s Rush u s i n g t h e P l a t t e v i l l e , C o l o r a d o , h e a t i n g facility. The r e s u l t s of t h e t e s t s p e r f o r m e d t o d a t e a t Arecibo and P l a t t e v i l l e show no e v i d e n c et os u p p o r t 23 mW/cm2 as an upper limit. The e l e c t r o n t e m p e r a t u r ei n c r e a s e sd u et ou n d e r d e n s eh e a t i n g are a f a c t o r of 2 o r 3 , r a t h e r t h a nt h eo r d e r of m a g n i t u d ep r e d i c t e di nt h ee a r l ya n a l y s e s( r e f .4 ) . The t h e o r y i s now b e i n g r e v i s e d and i n i t i a l r e s u l t s p r e d i c t a l/f3heatingrather t h a nl / f 2 . The l / f 3h e a t i n g would i n c r e a s et h e power d e n s i t y l i m i t . I n addit i o n , t h e r e a r e no i n d i c a t i o n s of i r r e g u l a r i t i e s b e i n g formed i n t h e l o w e r i o n o s p h e r ed u r i n gu n d e r d e n s eh e a t i n g .E f f e c t sp r o d u c e d by s i m u l a t e d SPS h e a t i n g a r e many times l e s s t h a n n a t u r a l i o n o s p h e r i c d i s t u r b a n c e s c r e a t e d by s o l a r f l a r e s ( p r i v a t e communication from C . Rush, Dec. 1979). An i o n o s p h e r e power d e n s i t y l e v e l of 50-60 mW/cm2 may be a r e a s o n a b l e l i m i t and would accommodate t h e 54 mW/cm2 l e v e lp r o d u c e d by t h e 1.5-km antenn a , 5 GW s a t e l l i t e system. More i o n o s p h e r i cs t u d i e sw i t hu p g r a d e df a c i l i t i e s a t A r e c i b oa n dP l a t t e v i l l et op r o d u c e 50-60 mW/cm2 e q u i v a l e n t h e a t i n g l e v e l s (F r e g i o n ) a r e n e e d e d t o v e r i f y t h e h i g h e r limits. i nt h eu p p e ri o n o s p h e r e

ATMOSPHERIC LIMITATIONS

The e f f i c i e n c y b u d g e t f o r t h e 2.45 GHz r e f e r e n c e c o n f i g u r a t i o n h a s 98-percentransmission 2-percent ( loss) through atmosphere. the This sign a la t t e n u a t i o n i s p r i m a r i l yd u et or a i n and atmospheric absorption. The 2 - p e r c e n ta t t e n u a t i o n ,o r 130 MW loss, r e p r e s e n t s a badcase(butnotthe w o r s tp o s s i b l ec o n d i t i o n )f o rt h e2 . 4 5 GHz f r e q u e n c y . The 5.8 GHz f r e q u e n c y h a sa p p r o x i m a t e l yt h e same t r a n s m i s s i o ne f f i c i e n c ya sh a st h e2 . 4 5 GHz through a n o n r a i n ya t m o s p h e r e ,b u tt h e5 . 8 GHz frequency i s s e v e r e l yd e g r a d e d u n d e rr a i n yc o n d i t i o n s . The l o s s e sf o r two s y s t e m sp r o v i d i n g 5 GW of ground g r i d power may b es u m m a r i z e da sf o l l o w s( r e f s . 5 and 6 ) :

16

Attenuationlosses Medium Ionosphere N e u t r a la t m o s p h e r ea tm i d - U n i t e dS t a t e s l a t i tude (water vapor and oxygen absorption) Rain Heavy ( 1 5 mmlhr o v e r 15-km p a t h ) C e n t r a l / E a s t e r n U.S. - 9 h r / y r 3 hr/yr S o u t h e r n U.S. Western U.S. - 3 h r / y r

2.45 GHz 0.25 k W

5.8 GHz 1 k W 100 Mw

90 Mw

148 MW

1.8 GW

Moderate ( 5 mmlhr o v e r 10-km p a t h ) C e n t r a l l E a s t e r n U.S. - 4 5 h r / y r S o u t h e r n U.S. - 85 h r / y r Western U.S. - 10 h r / y r Wet h a i l

34 Mw

405 MW

2.6

GW

4.99 GW

The 2.45 GHz f r e q u e n c yh a sv e r ym i n i m a ll o s s e s due t on o n i d e a lw e a t h e rc o n d i t i o n s ;t h e 5.8 GHz f r e q u e n c y o p e r a t e s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i n t h e d r y c l i m a t e s o f t h es o u t h w e s t e r nU n i t e dS t a t e sb u t would s u f f e r o u t a g e s i n w e t t e r r e g i o n s . The impact on a commercial u t i l i t y g r i d of a 5.8 GHz microwavesystem t h a t may h a v e t o be s h u t down on an u n s c h e d u l e db a s i sb e c a u s e of weathereff e c t s i s n o t known. I f a 5.8 GHz microwave system i s t ob es e r i o u s l y cons i d e r e da sa na l t e r n a t i v et o a 2.45 GHz s y s t e m ,t h e na ni n d e p t hs t u d yo ft h i s question is required.

THERMAL LIMITATIONS

S i n c ea n t e n n at h e r m a lr a d i a t i o n is a majorconstraintfor a 5.8 GHz s y s t e m , a ni n v e s t i g a t i o ni n t ot h eu p p e rt h e r m a l l i m i t was u n d e r t a k e n . The i n i t i a l d e s i g nf o rt h et h e r m a lr a d i a t o r si nt h er e f e r e n c e SPS s y s t e m ( g i v e n i n r e f e r e n c e 7 ) was found t o be q u i t e c o n s e r v a t i v e and improvements (increases) i n t h e amount of waste h e a t r e j e c t i o n are p o s s i b l e . The major improvement is due t o u s i n g g r a p h i t e c o m p o s i t e m a t e r i a l s w i t h a highemissivitycoatingfor t h e r a d i a t o r , as w a s p r o p o s e ds e v e r a ly e a r sa g o by Grumman i n t h e s y s t e m designforcrossfieldamplifiers.
It i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o estimate t h e RF l o s s e s anddeterminewherethey o c c u ri n a 5.8 GHz k l y s t r o nt u b e . A p r e l i m i n a r y estimate, a sp r o v i d e d by

17

E. Nalos of theBoeing Company, of t h e waste h e a ts o u r c e sf o r o p e r a t i n g a t 8 0 - p e r c e n te f f i c i e n c y i s givenbelow:

a 70 k t u b e W

Collector: Cavity: Solenoid: T oo a1 7 .s5 l t sl e s

9.7 k a t 773 K (500 C) W

4.3 k a t 573 K (300' C) W

3.5 k a t 573 K (300 C) W k W

U s i n gt h eS t e f a n - B o l t z m a n ne q u a t i o nf o rh e a tr a d i a t i o n ,w i t h c i e n c y of 80 p e r c e n t and 8 5 - p e r c e n t e f f i c i e n c y f o r t h e e m i s s i v i t y c o a t i n g s ,t h er e q u i r e dr a d i a t o r areas are

a fin effiof t h e

2.22 m2

forcollectorradiators

a t 773 K (500'

C) C)

.76 m2 - f o r c a v i t y

a n ds o l e n o i dr a d i a t o r sa t

573 K (300'

.22 m2 - 7 p e r c e n t a d d i t i o n a l 3.2
m2

area f o r m e c h a n i c a l s p a c i n g s

t o t a lr a d i a t o ra r e ap e rt u b e

The waste h e a t r a d i a t e d p e r u n i t area i s 17.5 kW/3.2 m2 = 5.46 kW/m2, an i n c r e a s e of 33 p e r c e n to v e rt h er e f e r e n c e SPS d e s i g n ,w h i c hr a d i a t e s 4.1 kW/m2. The c o r r e s p o n d i n g RJ? r a d i a t e d power p e ru n i t area i s 70 kW/3.2 m2 = 21.9 kW/m2. The t o t a lt r a n s m i t t e d power from a 0.75 km d i a m e t e ra n t e n n ar a d i a t i n ga t5 . 8 GHz w i t h 70-kW k l y s t r o n s o p e r a t i n g a t 8 0 - p e r c e n t e f f i c i e n c y may be c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g e q u a t i o n (2):

where dB = amount of dB t a p e rf o rG a u s s i a na n t e n n ai l l u m i n a t i o n( 1 0 ) . T h i s t r a n s m i t t e d power 3780 of Mw hasbeenused i n t a b l e s 2 and 4 tocalculate ystem erformance s p and e l e c t r i c i t yc o s t s .C o r r e s p o n d i n gt r a n s m i t t e d power v a l u e s are c a l c u l a t e df o rt h eo t h e ra n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n s u s i n gt h e same t e c h n i q u e . It a p p e a r s h a t n n c r e a s e d h e r m a l t a i t l i m i t i s feas i b l ef o rt h e5 . 8 GHz s y s t e m s( a n da l s of o rt h e2 . 4 5 GHz s y s t e m s ) .I n gene r a l , o p e r a t i n g a t t h eh i g h e rf r e q u e n c y makes t h et h e r m a lr a d i a t i o np r o b l e m are p h y s i c a l l y smaller and p r e s e n t a l a r g e r more d i f f i c u l t s i n c e t h e t u b e s h e a tl o a d .

MULTIPLE ANTENNAS

The p r e s e n t SPS s c e n a r i oh a s s y n c h r o n o u so r b i t ,e a c hd e l i v e r i n g

60 s a t e l l i t e s s e p a r a t e d 1' (700 km) i n geo5 GW of r e c t e n n a DC g r i d power. Because

18

of i n c r e a s e d demands f o rg e o s y n c h r o n o u ss l o t s by o t h e r u s e r s , i t may become n e c e s s a r yt or e d u c et h e number of SPS s a t e l l i t e s . M u l t i p l ea n t e n n a so no n e SPS s a t e l l i t e are recommended. I t has been shown t h a t SPS antennas opercan a t e i nc l o s ep r o x i m i t yw i t hn e g l i g i b l ei n t e r f e r e n c ef r o me a c h0 t h e r . l An exampleof a multipleantennasystem wouldbe a 5 km by 20 km s o l a r a r r a y ( t w i c et h es i z e of t h ep r e s e n ts o l a ra r r a yf o ro n ea n t e n n a )f e e d i n g two 5 GW a n t e n n a s ,o n e a t each end. I t may be advantageous t o have four or more antennas on a s i n g l e s a t e l l i t e e s p e c i a l l y i f a l a r g e r a n t e n n a / s m a l I e r r e c t e n n a conf i g u r a t i o no r a h i g h e rf r e q u e n c y( 5 . 8 GHz) system i s chosen. The r e l a t i v e s i z e s f o r a number of a n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e shown i n f i g u r e 7 .

CONCLUSIONS

The s a t e l l i t e and a s s o c i a t e d microwavesystemhavebeenreoptimizedwith l a r g e ra n t e n n a s( a t 2.45 GHz), reduced output power and s m a l l e r e c t e n n a s . r were c o n s i d e r e d : 1 ) h e 3 ( t 2 mW/cml i o n o s p h e r i c l i m i t , F o u rc o n s t r a i n t s ( 2 ) a higher (54 mW/cm2) i o n o s p h e r i c l i m i t , ( 3 ) t h e 23 kW/m2 thermal l i m i t i nt h ea n t e n n a , and ( 4 )a ni m p r o v e dt h e r m a ld e s i g nf o rt h e5 . 8 GHz systems a l l o w i n g 33 p e r c e n ta d d i t i o n a lw a s t eh e a t . The d i f f e r e n t i a lc o s t si ne l e c t r i c i t yf o rs e v e na n t e n n a / r e c t e n n ac o n f i g u r a t i o n so p e r a t i n ga t2 . 4 5 GHz and f i v es a t e l l i t es y s t e m so p e r a t i n ga t 5.8 G z h a v e e e n a l c u l a t e d . H b c The conc l u s i o n sa r e

1. L a r g e r n t e n n a / s m a I l e r e c t e n n a o n f i g u r a t i o n s r e c o n o m i c a l l y e a a r c a e f s i b l eu n d e rc e r t a i nc o n d i t i o n s .
2. Transmitting ntenna iameters hould robably a d s p be l i m i t e dt o 1-1.5 k m f o r 2.45 GHz o p e r a t i o n and 0.75-1.0 k f o r5 . 8 m G z because of p h a s e c o n t r o l , H c o n s t r u c t i o nc o s t s , and a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l .

1 G . D. Arndt and J. W. S e y l : RF I n t e r f e r e n c e / O r b i t a lS p a c i n gA n a l y s i s f o rS o l a r Power S a t e l l i t e s . Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center (Houston, Tex.), t o bepublished.

19

Single antennaconfigurations

Relative satellite size

Transmitting antenna diameter

Relative rectenna size

nlo 00 0
5 km 2.45 GHz km

5.8 GHz

1 km

1.36 km

1.53 km

0.75 km

1 km

1.5 km

lOxl3km 5 GW

7.6x9.9km 6.8x8.8km 2.7 GW

5 . 8 7.5 km ~ 2.72 GW

4.3 x 5.6 km 4.78 GW

2.8 x 3.6 km 2.12 GW

Ground power output

5.05 GW

Multiple antenna configurations

Two - 5 GW, 1 km

dia. systems a t 2.45 GHz

Four - 5.05 GW, 1,53 km dia. systems a t 2.45 GHz

Four - 272 GW, .75 km dia. systems a t 5.8 GHz

1 l o x 13 km

6.8 x 8.8 km

15.8 x 7.5 km

Figure 7.- Relative sizes for several antenna/rectenna configurations.

20

3. Two 2.45 GHz configurations are selected, dependent uponthe ionospheric power density limit. 23 mW/cm2 1imit Antenna diameter,km 5.05 Rectenna DC grid power, GW Rectenna diameter, km Relative rectenna area, % Electricity cost increase, % Electricity cost, mills/kWh 1.5 Electricity cost, c/MJ Note:

54 mW/cm2
1imit 1.53

.......... ....... ......... ....... ...... ...... .........

1.36
2.76

7.6
56 50.2

70.6
2.0

6.8 46 17 55

The rectenna areas and electricity costs arein comparison to those for the reference SPS system.

4 The present ionospheric limit of 23 mW/cm2 is too low and should be . raised after the ionospheric heating tests and studies are completed. Because of SPS cost considerations, it is very important to ascertain the true upper limit

5. The 5.8 GHz configurations are constrained by antenna thermal limitations rather than ionospheric limits. A reasonable configuration based on a 33-percent improvement in waste heat rejection is Antenna diameter, km Rectenna DC grid power, GW Rectenna grid, km Relative rectenna area, % % Electricitycostincrease, Electricity cost, mills/kWh Electricity cost, c/MJ

.......... ....... ........... ....... ...... ...... .........

0.75 2.72 5.8 33 36 64 1.8

6. The impact on commercial utility grids a 5.8 GHz system that has of to be shut down on an unscheduled basis due to localized weather conditions should be investigated. 7. Multiple (two to four) antennas on a single solar satellite are definitely recommended regardless of the particular antenna/rectenna configuration chosen. This is a means of maintainingthe same amount of power supplied to the ground while reducing the number of geosynchronous slots (spacings) required for the satellites. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center National Aeronauticsand Space Administration Houston, Texas, December 1980 5, 986-15-89-00-72

21

REFERENCES

1.
2.

S a t e l l i t e Power System: Concept Development Evaluation and Program, Reference System Report. N S TM-79762, 1979. AA L i n d s e y , W. C.: A S o l a r Power S a t e l l i t eT r a n s m i s s i o nS y s t e mI n c o r p o r a t i n g Automatic Beamforming, Steering nd hase ontrol. a P C Rep. TR-7806-0977, LinCom Corp.(Contract N S 9-152371, June1978. A S o l a r Power S a t e l l i t e S y s t e mD e f i n i t i o nS t u d y Reference ystem escription. oeing erospace S D B A NAS 9-15636). N S CR-160443, 1979. AA

3.

P h a s e 11. Volume I1 Co. ( C o n t r a c t

4. Duncan, L e w i s M.; and Gordon, William E.: I o n o s p h e r i c Power B e a m S t u d i e s . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t SPS Workshop onMicrowavePower T r a n s m i s s i o na n d Reception (Houston, Tex.), 15-18, Jan. 1980. 5. Gordon, Wli m E . ; and ila Duncan, L e w i s M.: Ionosphere/Microwave Beam Int e r a c t i o nS t u d y ,F i n a lR e p o r t .R i c eU n i v e r s i t y( C o n t r a c t N S 9-15212). A NASA CR-151821, 1978. 6P a r k , .

K. Y.: Attenuation f o S-Band, X-Band, and Ku-Band S i g n a l si n a One-way and Two-way E a r t h - t o - S a t e l l i t eL i n k . Rep. ASAO-PR20079-9, Magnavox Government and I n d u s t r i a l E l e c t r o n i c s Co., Feb. 1979.
Volume I V Co. ( C o n t r a c t

7.

S o l a r Power S a t e l l i t e S y s t e mD e f i n i t i o nS t u d y - P a r t 11. Microwave Power Transmission Systems. Boeing Aerospace NAS 9-15196). NASA (33-151668, 1977.

22

APPENDIX A

ANTENNA

TAPERS

The antenna illumination taper for the reference SPS system was optimized to provide maximum rectenna collection efficiency while minimizing sidelobe levels. Previous simulation results for a 1-km antenna indicated that a 10-dB Gaussian taper maximized the rectenna collection efficiency in 85-90 perthe cent range while satisfying the antenna thermal constraints. These data, taken for an antenna operating with the specified error parameters (i.e., (5 = loo phase error, kO.1 dB amplitude error, and percent tube failures) 2 yield an 88-percent collection efficiency over approximately km 10 a diameter rectenna. This appendix addresses the question of whether other tapers would be more efficient with larger antennas. The results are given in figure A-1 for a 1-km antenna operating with no errors and a 2-km antenna transmitting with the specified error parameters. As the amount of taper increases, the main beam peak intensity decreases and the beam width increases. There is more power in the main beam and less power in the near sidelobes. This condition increases the rectenna collection efficiency. Both systems achieve good performance, with rectenna collection efficiency in the 85-90 percent range using a 10-dB taper.All the SPS configurations in this report have a 10-dB taper.

A- 1

15 10

..-.. 0 dB
501
40

2 km, 1.26 GW,U=l O0,&0.1 dB,

0
+ 0

..............
4

a,

1 2 3 Rectenna radius (km)

Figure A-1.-

Rectenna collection efficiency VS. array taper.

A- 2

APPENDIX B EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS

The purpose of this appendix is review the assumptions, methods, to and steps by which cost and mass were calculated for various SPS configurations. The rationale is explained the body of the text. The Boeing-JSC reference in design cost and mass numbers were used as the basis for all comparative calculations in this study. Where applicable, these numbers are included as case L. Study assumptions are defined table B-1, and cost and mass (C/M) factors in are included in table B-2. The factors referred to table B-1 are defined in They were used to estimate new costs and masses for the various in table B-2. alternative configurations. Factor values are presented in table B-3. In case A , the satellite RF power output is 1.68 GW. Factor 1 is calculated by dividing this number by 6.5 GW, as explained in table B-2. The resulting value of factor 1 is 0.258. The antenna diameter in case is 0.5 km. Therefore, factor 2 is calculated A ( 0 . 5 ) 2 / ( 1 ) 2 = 0.25. The reference rectenna diameter (case) excluding the L buffer zone is 10 km. In case A , the rectenna diameter is 8.75 km. Factor 3 is then given by (8.75)2/(1012 = 0.76. Factor 4 is the relative land area including the buffer zone out to 0.1 mW/cmZ. For case A , major and minor diameters are found in table B-4 (12.9 km and 9.2 km). Factor 4 is thus calcui 4 (158.3) = 0.589. The buffer zone area for the referlated 71 ( 1 2 . 9 )( 9 . 2 ) 5 ence configuration is given in table B-5. Before factor can be calculated, the total mass of the transmitting antenna in question must be estimated. Factor 6 is required for maintenance system mass. It is determined by extracting the s uare root of factor 2. In this case factor 2 was 0.25, so factor 6 is 0.25 = 0.5.

P-

Factors 7 , 8 , 9 , and 10 are simple calculations based on factors 2, 1, and 3 . Factor 11 is used for calculatingHLLV costs as a portion of factor 13. In the reference case, 208 launches are required- 94 for solar power systems, 46 for the transmitting antenna, and for other purposes. Factors 1 and 2 68 are used in scaling factor11 for HLLV costs, as is shown in table B-2. Be12-16, a detailed explanation of their calcause of the simplicity of factors culation is not necessary (see table B-2). In table B-5, the values for reference system mass and cost are listed in the last two columns. The first two columns (case F) are derived by multiplying the last two columns, respectively, by the appropriate factor value The mass of the power collection structure, for example, is from table B-3. found by multiplying4654 X 0.543 = 2527. In this manner, values are found for all costs and masses until antenna mechanical pointing is reached. This 5 To requires the use of factor , which has not been determined. overcome this obstacle, the mass for mechanical pointing is assumed to be the same as the reference. Using this value, an interim total power transmission mass is found. Factor 5 is determined using this mass, and new mechanical pointa ing value is calculated using the factorvalue. Then a more accurate power 5 transmission mass is totaled.
B- 1

A s can be calculated from the first mass column in table B-5, the subtotal of all powertransmission masses except that for mechanical pointing is 12 679 t. Adding 134 t to this from the Last mass column (reference case) results in 12 813 t for the interim total. The power transmission mass total 13 for the reference case is 628 t. From the definitionin table B-2, factor 5 (for case F) turns out to be

(12 813)

(1.36)2/(13

68() 2)12

1.74

This value of factor is then used to determine new value for the mechani5 a cal pointing mass: 134 x 1.74 = 233 t. The power transmission mass may then be retotaled to provide 12 912 t for the 1.36-km case. The equations presented as factor 17 are used to determine the cost of electricity in mills per kwh. For a 15-percent rate of return R ) over a ( 30-year period (y), the equation

produces 152.3 as a constant multiplying factor. In the denominator of the equation for 2.45 GHz, the hours per year of operation with a 92-percent plant factor were 8050. Because of brownout during rainstorms at 5.8 GHz, the plant factor was reduced 90 percent, resulting in 7875 annual hours to of operation. Using these constants, system cost, and plant capacity for 2.45 and 5.8 GHz cases, the cost of electricity was calculated for each scenario. Results are presented in table B-6. For case A , in which power delivered is 1.17 GW and total systemcost is $8368 million, factor results 17 in a cost of

(152*3)(8368) (7875) (1.17)

138 mills/kWh = 3.8c/MJ

In each instance, factors are used determine the amount of variation to from the reference case. Tables B-4 and B-5 present the results obtained after applying the equations and factors as described above. Totals for the various satellite configurations are listed in table B-6.

B- 2

TABLE B-1.- STUDY ASSUMPTIONS 1.

2.

Each scenario will have the same total electrical capacity GW) (10 installed per year. For the following subsystems of the solar power collection system, cost and mass (C/M) vary linearlywith power (factor1 . )
a a

Structure Solar cells Power distribution Maintenance

3.

The cost and mass of the rotary joint are related to antenna mass and diameter squared (factor5 . ) Cost and mass of the following subsystems of the microwave power transmission system vary as indicated. Structure - C/M vary linearly with area (factor 2) Klystrons and thermal control C/M vary linearly with power (factor 1) Waveguides - C/M vary linearly with area (factor) 2 Subarray structure - C/M vary linearly with area (factor) 2 Power distribution

4.

Conductors - C/M vary linearly with area and power (factor 9) Switchgears, DC-DC converters, thermal control C/M vary 1) linearly with power (factor

a a

Energy storage - remains constant Phase control - C/M vary linearly with area (factor 2) Maintenance systems - C/M vary with square root antenna area of (factor 6 ) Antenna mechanical pointing C/M vary linearly with factor 5

5.

The information management and control systems have cost and mass variations as follows.
a a

Mass varies with antenna area (factor . 2) Cost varies with square root of antenna area (factor 6).

6.

The cost and mass of the attitude control system vary linearly with factor 5. Communication systems remain constant. The mass growth allowance for satellite remains constant at perthe 22 cent of the total satellite mass.
B- 3

7.
8.

TABLE B-1.-

Concluded

9,

The cost of the rectenna is dependent upon the following items: Buffer zone out to 0.1 mW/cm2 - factor 4 Structure and installation varies with rectenna area (factor 3) Ground plane and RF assemblies - vary with rectenna area (factor 3); RF assemblies also vary with frequency squared Distribution buses- vary with rectenna area and power according to factor 8 Command and control center- remains constant Power processing and grid interface- varies with square root of power (factor 7 )

10.

The amortization of satellite investment costs varies with power (factor 1). The costs of the transportation system for personnel and materials are divided into four categories: EOTV - varies with PLV - varies with POTV - varies with HLLV - varies with power (factor1) power (factor 1) and antenna diameter power (factor1) and antenna diameter powerand antenna area according to factor 11

11.

12.

Program managementand integration requires10 percent of the hardware costs

13.

The construction operation costs for the satellite are divided into low Earth orbit staging costs and geosynchronous orbit construction costs. LEO - varies with square root of power (factor ) 7 GEO - varies with square root power and the transmitter area of according to factor 10

B-4

TABLE B-2.- COST AND MASS FACTOR

DEFINITIONS

1.
2. 3.

Power/reference power Antenna area/reference area Rectenna area/reference area

4 Rectenna buffex area out 0.1 mW/cm2/reference buffer area . to

5.
Antenna mass X diameter2/reference antennax diameter2

6. Square root of antenna area (factor 2)

7. Square root of power (factor 1)
X X

8. Rectenna area (factor 3)

9.
10.

power (factor 1) power (factor 1)

Antenna area (factor 2)

+ 0.5

Construction operation costs 0.5 x square root of factor 1 = X factor 2

12. End-to-end 13.

microwave power transmission efficiency at 5.8 GHz

Satellite material and personnel transportation costs ($1

0 0 0 0

EOTV PLV POTV HLLV

= = = =

$652 million X factor 1 $286 million X factor 1 X antenna diameter $14 million X factor 1 X antenna diameter $2167 million X factor 11
=

1 . Amortization of investment 4
15.

$473 million X factor 1

Program management and integration expenses= 10% of hardware costs

16. Construction costs ($1, for 2.45 GHz operating frequency

0 0

LEO = $313 million x factor 7 GEO = $648 million x factor 1 0

For 5.8 GHz operating frequency

0

LEO = $344 million X factor 7 GEO = $713 million x factor 10

B- 5

TABLE B-2.17.
E l e c t r i c i t yc o s t si n

Concluded

m i l l s p e r kwh

F~~ 5.8 GHz

152.3 X s y s t e m c o s t ($10 .......................... 6 ) 7875

X

p l a n tc a p a c i t y

(GW)

B-6

TABLE B - 3 . -

PREDEFINED COST AND MASS FACTOHS FOR ANTENNA/HECTENNA CONFIGUKA'I'IONS

Microwave characteristic A B
C

Satellite configuration FD E
G

L
. .__ .

Transmitting frequency. GHz Antenna diameter. km

... .....

5.8 0.5 1.68 7.87 8.75 1.17 12.5

5.8 0.75 3.78 40 5.8 2.72 53.6

5.8
1.0

5.8 1.5 2.88 129 2.8 2.12 65.8

5.8 0.75 2.84

30

2.45 1.36 3.53 23 7.6 2.7

30.3

2.45 1.53 2.78 23 6.8

2.1

2.45 2 1.64 23 5 1.26 30.9

2.45 1.36 6.5 42 7.6 5 53.6

2.45 1.53 1

2.45 2

2.45

Satellite power output. GW Power density at rectenna.

....

6.5 122 4.3 4.8 67.9

5.5 6.5 6.5 54 23 6.8 10 5.05 67.5 91 5 5.05 110.6 5 31.6

............. Rectenna diameter. km . . Power delivered. GW . . . . . . .

mWlcm2
Power delivered per ! a 2 o f land. kW/kmZ Factor

5.8 2 39.8

..........

29.9

1 2
3

4 5 6 7 8 9
10

11 12

............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............

0.258 0.25 0.76 0.589 0.07 0.5 0.508 0.196 0.0645 0.378 0.5 0.698

0.581 0.562 0.336 0.320

0.33

1
1

0.443 2.25 0.078 0.203 2.36 1.5 0.666 0.034

1

0.436 0.562 0.336 0.320 0.278 0.75 0.660 0.146 0.245 0.611 0.65 0.713

0.543 1.85 0.58 0.562

I 74

0.427 2.34 0.462 0.445 2.34 1.53 0.653 0.197

1

0.252 4.0 0.25 0.258 5.4 2.0 0.50 0.063

1

1
1
1

1.85 0.58 0.589 2.32 1.36

I

2.34 0.462 0.468

3.3

4.0 0.25 0.286 7.7 2.0

1

0.185 0.445
I
1

1 1 1 1 1
1

0.75 0.762 0.195 0.326 0.662 0.72 0.720

1.36 0.736 0.314

1

1.53
1

0.185
I

0.58 1.85 1.42 1.19

"

0.462 2.34 1.67 1.30

"

0.25 4.0 2.5 1.66

"

I
1

1.46
1.03

I .29

1.49 1.037
"

2.25 1.325
"

1
1
"

0.98

0.735

0.735

-_

B- 7

TABLE B-4.-

COST AND MASS STATEMENTS FOR 5 . 8 G H ~ SYSTEMS

Component

A ( 0 . 5 km, 1 . 6 8 GW) Mass, t C o s t , $

( 0 . 7 5 km, 3 . 7 8 GW) Mass, t C o s t , $

( 1 km, 6.5 GW) Mass, t C o s t , $

D ( 1 . 5 km, 2.88 GW) Mass, t C o s t , $

E ( 0 . 7 5 km, 2.84 GW) cost, $

Power c o l l e c t i o n ( 1 )S t r u c t u r e ( 1 )S o l a rc e l l s ( 1 ) Power d i s t r i b u t i o n ( 1 )M a i n t e n a n c e T o t a l a1762 Rotary (5) P o w e rt r a n s m i s s i o n 81 701 241 074 16 557 a783 7 137 102 17 a1343 256 12 34 a3032 7 666 2 a1321

nt

236

78

28

23

Conductors

(2) Structure K1 ) s t r o n s r mo n t r o l ( ly ahe c al t d 1 808 ( 2 ) Waveguides ( s t)r uS u u r e r a y 2 ctbar 70 314 Power d i s t r i b u t i o n (9) DC-DC c o n v e r t e r s , 78 482 S(w ) t c h g e a r s , 1i t h e r m a lc o n t r o l E n e r g ys t o r a g e 5 31 3 5 ( 2 ) P h a s ec o n t r o l 252 115 ( 6 )M a i n t e n a n c es y s t e m s 14 ( 5 )A n t e n n am e c h a n i c a lp o i n t i n g

7 123

182 4 071 120 1 576 158 705

116 175 1 086 313 10 173 66

15 277

324 7477 007 2 804 213 1 254 281

26

729 3 104 6479 309 2 822 356 828

59 211 632

15 208 120 158 4 76 5 51 378 6

18 133
5
203 756 50

5 90

23 1

51 378

313 18 230 200

5 504 21

313 41 345 471

I n f o r m a t i o nm a n a g e m e n ta n dc o n t r o l C Mass ( 6 ) Computers - ( 2 )o s t 23 - (C2o)s tMass ( 6 ) Cabling A t t i t u d ec o n t r o l Hardware (5) ( 5 )P r o p e l l a n t 6 47 26 1 10 15 205 9 30.7 17.3 4.5 3 91.1 51 23 13 31 17

17 0

5 3

240

204 114

566

481 259

67

a T h e s ec o s tt o t a l sh a v eb e e na d j u s t e d

by 0 . 8 5 / 0 . 8 0

= 1 . 0 6t oa c c o u n tf o rr e d u c e dk l y s t r o n

DC-RF

c o n v e r s i o ne f f i c i e n c y .

TABLE H-4.-

Continued

(a)

Concluded
~ ~~

Canponent

A ( 0 . 5 km, 1.68 GW)

(0.75 km, 3.78 G ) W

$

Cost, Mass, t Camnunications

Mass growth (22% of t o t a l s a t e l l i t e mass)

Cost, Mass, t 0.2 5 393

C ( 1 km, 6.5 GW) Mass, t Cost, $

D (1.5 km, 2.88 G ) W Mass, t Cost,

E (0.75 km, 2.84 G ) W cost, $

8 0.2 2 435

x lo6

8 x 106

0.2 9

8 x 106

0.2 6

8 x lo6

8 x lo6

340

401

2494

S a t e l l i t et o t a l Transportation ( 1 3 ) EOTV PLV POTV HLLV Total Construction operations (16) LEO GEO Total Missioncontrol

13 506 1452

293038 905

5366 795 51

4171 497 35

168 37 2 1081 1288

379 125 6 1560 2070

652 286 14 2167 3120

289 190 9 2332 2720

284 94 5 1409 1794

175 269 663 10 444 10 10

262 472 1270 734

344 713 1057 10

436

229 1041

22 7

10

TABLE B-4

.-

Concluded

(R e c t e n n a b)

Canponent

A ( 0 . 5 km, 1.68 GW)

B ( 0 . 7 5 km, 3.78 GW)

( 1 km, 6.5 GW)

D ( 1 . 5 km, 2.88 GW)

E ( 0 . 7 5 km, 2.84 GW)

C o s t ,m i l l i o nd o l l a r s

w
I"L

.................... .......... ........ .............. ............ ..... Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L a n dr e q u i r e do u tt o0 . 1 mW/cm2, km2 ........ Rectediameter, nna km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B u f fd i a m e to0rot1 er etu. mW/cm2 ( m i n o ra x i s ) , km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B u f f e rd i a m e t e ro u tt o0 . 1 mW/cm2 ( m a j oa x i s ) , r km . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(4) and. L ( 3 )S t r u c t u r ea n di n s t a l l a t i o n ( 3 )G r o u n dp l a n ea n d RF a s s e m b l i e s ( 8 )D i s t r i b u t i o nb u s e s Ccmunand a n dc o n t r o lc e n t e r (7) ower rocessing nd ridnterface P p a g i

57 263 4081 60 70 394 4925 93.2 8.75 9.2 12.9

31 116 1804 60 70 591 2672 50.7 5.8 6.8 9.5

44 64 993 57 70 775 2003 70.4 4.3 8 11.2

20 27 419

11
70 516 1063 32.2 2.8 5.4 7.6

31 116 1804 45 70 512 2578 50.7 5.8 6.8 9.5

TABLE 8-5.-

COST AND MASS STATEMENTS FOR 2.45 GHz SYSTEMS

(a)

SPS

Canponent

F
( 1 . 3 6 km, 3.53 C W )

H
( 2 km, 1.64 C W )

I
( 1 . 3 6 km, 6.5 GW)

J
( 1 . 5 3 km, 6.5 G W )

K
( 2 km, 6.5 GW)

L
( 1 km, 6.5 GW)

( 1 . 5 3 km, 2.78 GW)

Cost Mass,
t

,
$Ma

Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass,
t

Mass,

Cost,

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

Power c o l l e c t i o n (1) S t r u c t u r e (1) S o l a rc e l l s (1) Power d i s t r i b u t i o n ( 1 ) Maintenance Total

( 5 ) R o t a r yj o i n t

2 527 11 4 8 1 617 337 15 0 2 3 420

243 1079 81 149 1553 181

1 987 9 029 532 265 11 813

192 849 64 117 1221 238

1 173 5 329 314 156 6 972 1 273

113 501 38 69 721 5 50

4 654 2 1 145 1 246 621 27 666 547

448 1988 150 274 2860 237

4 654 21 145 1 246 621 21 666 778

448 I988 150 214 2860 336

4 654

21 145
1 246 621 21 666

448 1988 150 214 2860

4 654 21 145 I 246 621 21 666 236

448 1988 150 274 2860 102

553

1785 817

td I P P

Power t r a n s m i s s i o n ( 2 ) Structure (1) K l y s t r o n sa n dt h e r m a l control ( 2 ) Waveguides ( 2 ) S u b a r r a ys t r u c t u r e Power d i s t r i b u t i o n ( 9 ) Conductors (1) witchgears, S DC-DC c o n v e r t e r s , thermal ontrol c E n e r g ys t o r a g e ( 2 ) P h a s ec o n t r o l ( 6 ) Maintenancesystems ( 5 ) Antennamechanical pointing Total I n f o r m a t i o n managementand controls Computers - ( 2 ) Mass ( 6 ) Cost - ( 2 ) Mass Cabling ( 6 ) Cost

600 3 805 4 323 1 933 356

48 259 329 433 18 163

7 58 2 992
5 469 2 445 356 798

61 204 41 7 548 18 129

1 296 1 766 9 348 4 180 356 471

104 120 712 936 18 76

600 7 007 4 323 I 933 559 1 869

48 477 329 433 33 301

158 7 007 5 469 2 445 833 1 869

61 417 41 7 548 42 30 1

1104 296

324 411

7 001
9 112 348 4 936 180 1 424 12 1301 869

7 001
2 331 1 045 356 1 869

26 417 178 234 18 30 1

1 014

313 22.2 313 233 12 912

5 22.2 685 24 1986

313 28 352 314 13 825

5 28 771 33 2214

313 48 460 722

5 48 1008 75 3102

313 22 313 310 17 250

5
22 685 32 2364

313 20 352 442

5
28 771 46 2658

313 48 460 1 032 21 038

5 48 1008 108 3771

313 12 230 134 13 628

5 12 504 14 1769

18 960

1 9 516

8 169

42 24

10 213

47 26

18 364

61 35

8 169

42 24

10 213

4 1 61 26 35

18 364

4.5 91.1

30.1 17.3

a$M = m i l l i o n d o l l a r s .

TABLE 8-5.-Continued

(a) Concluded

Component

H
( 2 km, G ) W

I
(1.36 km, 6.5 G ) W

K
( 2 km, 6.5 GW)
t

L
( 1 km, 6.5 G ) W
t

( 1 . 3 6 km, 3.53 G ) W Mass, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, Mass, Cost, cost,
t

( 1 . 5 3 km, 1.64 2.78 GW)

( 1 . 5 3 km, 6.5 G ) W
t

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

SM

047

528

449

A t t i t u d ec o n t r o l 371 Hardware (5) 315 600 734 ( 5 )P r o p e l l a n t Camnunications

374

318

278

236 135
.2

177
.2

411
.2

177
.2

251
.2

586
.2

76.1
.2

0
8

a
754

a
149 10

growth (22% Mass

of t o t a l satellite mass)

358 6 146 321 69 920 878 - 5

12

10

w
P
h)

tS a t e l l i t e otal Transportation ( 1 3 ) EOTV PLV POTV HLLV 2871 3918 Total

278 187 9 2247 3639

54 1

7 4849

3 21 10 2125 3186 2700 230 a36 1066 10 10

652

652

164 144

652 572 389 19 2579

652 428 21 2817

28 3597

2721

286 14 2167 3120 313 648

3 920 1233 control

Constructionoperations 157 ( 1 6 ) LEO 204 966 GEO 1615 T o t a l 1170 Mission 10 10

313 1458

10

10

10

TABLE B-5.- Concluded

(b)

Rectenna

Canponent

K
(2 km,

(1.36 km, GW)GW) 1.64 GW) 2.78 3.53 Cost, million dollars

(1.53 km,

km, (2

(1.36 km, (1.53 km, 6.5 GW) GW) GW) GW) 6.5 6.5 6.5

(1 km,

(4) Land (3) Structure and installation (3) Ground plane and RF assemblies (8) Distribution buses . Command and control center . . (7) Power processing and grid interface
Total

............. ..........

61
201

53

30 86.5 240
20

71 201 556 179 70

56 160 443 142 70 775 1646 74.06 6.8 8.2

34 86.5 240 77 70 775 1283 45.2 5 6.4

9.0

120 346 959 308

70

160

......... ......
.

556 97 70 570 1561 89.01 7.6 9 12.6

443 61 70
506 1293 70.33 6.8 8
11.2

70 388 835 40.88

........... ...........

715
1852 93.2 7.6 9.2 12.9

775 2578 158.3 10 12 16.8

I P

Land required to mW/cm2, out 0.1 km2

............... Rectenna diameter, km . . . . . . .

Buffer diameter out to 0.1 mW/cm2 (minor axis), km Buffer diameter out to 0.1 mW/cm2 (major axis), km

5
6.1 8.54

.........
.........

11.5

TABLE 8-6.- COST SUMMARY (a) Physical parameters

ellite

characteristic

Microwave
A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.82.455.8 2.45 5.8 2.45 5.8 2.45 5.8 Antenna diameter, k . . . . . . . . . . m 0.5 0.75 Satellite power output, GW . . . . . . 6.53.78 1.64 2.78 3.53 2.84 2.88 6.5 1.68
Frequency, GHz

I .o

0.75 1.36 1.5 1.53

2 6.5

1.36 1.53 6.5 6.5

( b ) Costs

category

Cost C SPShardware,milliondollars Less amortization of investment (see factor 14), million dollars
A

B 5366

L 4946

.....

14523038

47774072 2494

4120

5069

5898

6455

8112

............... Total, million do11ars . . . . . . . . . Mission control, million dollars .... Transportation, million dollars ....
.......... . ....... Rectenna, milliondollars
Program management and integration (see factor 15), million dollars Cost allowance for mass growth, million dollars Construction operations, milliondollars

122275 1330
10

473 2763
10

209 4568
1 0

206 2288
10

257 3815 10 2700 1066 1561

202 3918
10

119 4950 10 3186 1615 835

473 5425 1 0 3639 1233 1852

473 5982
10

473 7639

473 4473
10

4893 1 0 3120

10
4849 1933 1283

1288 2070

2720 1270 1063

1794 663 2578

2721 1170 1293

3918 1395 1646

3120 961 2578

444
49252672

734

1057 2003

.....

......

145 303 226 8368 9022 138 3.8 64 1.8 470

536 832 12 451 50.3

I .4

477 777 10 885 99 2.7

249 389 7969 76.1 2.1

407 649
10 243

412 666
10 190

507

590 922 13 671 52

645 1017 14 613 55 1.5

811 1299 17 824 67.1 1.9

495 760 12 432 47 1.3

.....,. Total, million dollars . . . . . . . . . Mills per kwh (see factor 17) . . . . . Cents perMJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Z increase in electricity costs
compared to cost of 1.3c/MJ (47 mills/kWh) for the referenceSPSsystem

841

I1 944
180.1 5.0

71.6 2.0

90.6 2.5

14 .

..

.......

193

36

111

62

52.4

92.7

283

10.6

17

42.7

~~

~.

Report

1.

2. Government Accession No.

3. Recipient's Catalog No.

SOLAR POWER

SATELLITE

SYSTEM

SIZING

TRADEOFFS
1
~~ ~~

"

8. Performing Organization Report

No.

G. D. Arndt and L.G. Monford

10. Work Unit No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

Lyndon E. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 7 7 0 5 8

13. Type of Report and Period Covered
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address

Technical PaDer
14. Sponsoring Agmcy

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546

15. Supplementary Notes

code

16. Abstract

The present reference configuration for a solar power satellite system provides of electrical power at the ground using a diameter antenna transmitting at 2.45 GHz 1 km and a 10 km diameter receiving antenna (rectenna). This paper considers technical and economic tradeoffs of smaller solar power satellite systems configured with larger antenna reduced output power, and smaller rectennas. These systems are reoptimized by changing the guidelines of the sizing studies; that is, the ionospheric power density limit, the op frequency, and the antenna thermal limit.

The differential costs in electricity for seven antennalrectenna configurations operatin at 2.45 GHz and five satellite systems operating at 5.8 GHz are calculated. Two 2.45 GH configurations dependent upon the ionospheric power density limit are chosen as examp If the ionospheric limit could he increased to 54 mW/cm2 from the present 23 mW/cm2 a 1.53 km antenna satellite operating at 2.45 GHz would provide 5.05 GW of output power from a6.8 km diameter rectenna. This system gives a 54-percent reduction in rectenna ar relative to the reference solar power satellite system at a modest 17-percent increase 0.75-km antenna providing 2.72 GW of power from km 5.8 a electricity costs. At 5.8 GHz, a diameter rectenna is selected for analysis. This configuration would have a 67-percent duction in rectenna area at a 36-percent increase in electricity costs. Ionospheric, a mospheric, and thermal limitations are discussed. Antenna patterns for three configurations to show the relative main beam and sidelobe characteristics are included. Multiple anten satellites can effectively reduce the number of geosynchronous slots (spacings) required for the solar power satellites.
17.Key Words(Suggested byAuthor(s) )

18. Distribution Statement

Solar generation power Microwave Energy conversion efficiency Antenna design Ionospheric heating
19. Security Clanif. (of this report)

Unclassified - Unlimited transmission Phase error Cost analysis Subject Category 44

20. Security Classif. (of this page)
NO.

of Pages

22.Rice'21.

Unclassified

Unclassified

44

A0 3
NASA-Langl ey , 1981

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